Seeds of Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Bl. germinate faster on the KC medium than on the VW medium. Protocorms of R. retusa were successfully encapsulated in the KC solution (containing 3% sodium alginate) to get syntheti...Seeds of Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Bl. germinate faster on the KC medium than on the VW medium. Protocorms of R. retusa were successfully encapsulated in the KC solution (containing 3% sodium alginate) to get synthetic seeds and germination rate of synthetic seeds stored at 4℃ was higher than at 20℃ and 25℃ on the KC medium containing 15% coconut milk, 2 g·L -1 peptone and 1 mg·L -1 NAA. Time taken for germination will be longer and germination rate will decrease at different storage temperatures with the increasing of storage time. Survival rates of seedlings from the synthetic seeds stored at 4℃ for 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 d are 93%, 89%, 80%, 75% and 63% on field transfer, respectively.展开更多
CXL (Compute Express Link) technology is a relatively new high-speed interconnect standard that was developed to enable faster communication between CPUs, GPUs, and other high-performance components in data center sys...CXL (Compute Express Link) technology is a relatively new high-speed interconnect standard that was developed to enable faster communication between CPUs, GPUs, and other high-performance components in data center systems. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive technical overview of CXL technology, including its features, advantages, and potential applications in the modern data center environment. CXL Technology Research: CXL technology is based on Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) and its extensions. CXL 1.0 is a switch-based interconnect architecture that operates on PCIe Gen5 electrical signaling, achieving data speeds of up to 32 Giga transfers per second (GT/s) per lane. CXL technology provides hardware-based support for cache coherency and memory semantics. CXL technology architecture consists of three main components: 1) CXL Devices: Devices that are compatible with the CXL interface can include processors, accelerators such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and Smart Storage Devices;2) CXL Switch: The switch enables communication between devices that support CXL. The switch can be external or embedded, allowing for more complex topologies;3) CXL Memory: CXL memory devices support the CXL protocol for the efficient sharing of System memory.展开更多
This paper discusses Python SystemVerilog (Python SV), a simulation-based verification approach leveraging the power of Python and SystemVerilog. The use of Python-implemented UVM classes in SystemVerilog en...This paper discusses Python SystemVerilog (Python SV), a simulation-based verification approach leveraging the power of Python and SystemVerilog. The use of Python-implemented UVM classes in SystemVerilog enables users to write less code, minimize errors and reduce the verification time. This paper evaluates the use of Python SV in the verification of digital designs, its benefits, limitations, and future prospects. Python-SystemVerilog (Python-SV) is a research area that investigates the feasibility of building a high-level verification environment using Python and SystemVerilog. Python-SV aims to provide a unified framework for the design, simulation, and verification of digital systems, with an emphasis on ease of use and productivity. SystemVerilog is a hardware description and verification language that is widely used for designing digital systems. On the other hand, Python is a powerful, high-level programming language that is widely used in various fields, including software engineering, scientific computing, and data analysis. Python’s popularity has grown in recent years, primarily due to its simplicity, ease of use, and wide range of libraries and frameworks. Python-SV research primarily focuses on the following areas: 1) Integration of Python and SystemVerilog: Python-SV aims to seamlessly integrate SystemVerilog and Python, allowing designers to write test benches and verification code in Python and interface them with SystemVerilog modules. This integration simplifies the development process, making it easier to write and maintain large and complex verification environments. 2) Development of Python libraries for verification: Python-SV research focuses on developing Python libraries specifically for digital system verification. These libraries provide a higher-level interface for writing test benches and other functions, such as analysis and visualization of simulation results. 3) Implementation of verification methodologies: Python-SV research investigates the implementation of various industry展开更多
The rapid advancement of technology and the increasing demand for high- performance computing have fueled the development of faster and more efficient interconnects. Among these, the Peripheral Component Interconnect ...The rapid advancement of technology and the increasing demand for high- performance computing have fueled the development of faster and more efficient interconnects. Among these, the Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) standard has emerged as a dominant interface in modern computing systems. This paper provides a detailed technical analysis of the evolution from PCIe to the latest PCIe 6 standards, highlighting the key enhancements, architectural changes, performance improvements, and potential applications. Through an in-depth examination of the PCIe 6 specification, we explore the implications and benefits of this new interface technology, paving the way for future innovations in data transfer and interconnectivity. The analysis of PCIe to PCIe 6, a next-generation interface evolution, has revealed significant advancements and improvements in terms of bandwidth, performance, latency, and scalability. PCIe 6 offers a doubling of the bandwidth compared to its predecessor, PCIe 5, providing higher data transfer rates and increased throughput. Overall, the analysis reveals that PCIe 6 represents a significant advancement in interconnect technology, offering improved performance, enhanced features, and expanded capabilities.展开更多
The present study aims at understanding the electrochemical impedance and biocorrosion characteristics of AZ91 Mg-alloy in Ringer’s solution.As-cast AZ91 Mg-alloy was subjected to T4 heat treatment in a way to homoge...The present study aims at understanding the electrochemical impedance and biocorrosion characteristics of AZ91 Mg-alloy in Ringer’s solution.As-cast AZ91 Mg-alloy was subjected to T4 heat treatment in a way to homogenize its microstructure by dissolving most of theβ-Mg 17 Al 12 phase at the vicinity of grain boundaries.The electrochemical impedance and biocorrosion performances of these two different microstructures(as-cast and T4 heat treated AZ91 Mg-alloys)in Ringer solution were evaluated by electrochemical impendence spectroscopy,potentiodynamic polarization and weight loss method.EIS spectra showed that both microstructures exhibit similar dynamic response as a function of the immersion time;however,the value of impedance and maximum phase angle are about 50%higher in as-cast AZ91 Mg-alloy as compared to that of homogenized AZ91 Mg-alloy.Weight loss measurement indicated that corrosion resistance of as-cast AZ91 was significantly better than that of homogenized AZ91.Microstructural and XRD analysis revealed that as-cast AZ91 contains a passive film of MgCO_(3)and CaCO_(3)precipitates with near spherical morphologies,whereas homogenized AZ91 comprised mainly unstable Mg(OH)_(2)film featured by irregular plate-like morphologies.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the wound healing and antimicrobial activity of root extracts of Ixora coccinea(I.coccinea).Methods:To investigate the wound healing efficacy of root extract of I.coccinea Linn,five groups of ani...Objective:To evaluate the wound healing and antimicrobial activity of root extracts of Ixora coccinea(I.coccinea).Methods:To investigate the wound healing efficacy of root extract of I.coccinea Linn,five groups of animals were divided each containing six animals.Two wound models including incision and excision wound models were used in this study.The parameters studied were tensile strength on incision wound model and in terms of wound contraction for excision wound model were compared with standard Nitrofurazone(NFZ) ointment(0.2%w/w). Six extracts(ethanol.aqueous,petroleum ether,benzene,chloroform and ethyl acetate ) of I. coccinea were screened for in vitro growth inhibiting activity against different bacterial strains riz. Staphylococcia aureus.Bacillus pumilius,Enterococcus facialis.Escherichia coli,Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were compared with the standard drugs ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol for antibacterial and griscofulvin for antifungal screening.The serial dilution and cup(or) well plate methods were used for the antimicrobial study and MIC was determined.Results:The ethanolic extract showed significant (P【0.001) wound healing activity when compared to standard drug NFZ with respect to normal control group.Amongst all.ethanolic extract showed highly significant antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains used in this study when compared to standard.The aqueous extract showed moderate significant inhibition against all bacterial strains when compared to standard. All the extracts were shown negligible activity against the fungal strains used in this study. Conclusions:The ethanolic root extract of I.coccinea showed pronounced wound healing and antibacterial activity.The probable reason to heal the wound was that the external application of the extract prevented the microbes to invade through the wound thus the protection of wound occurs against the infection of the various organisms.展开更多
Background:In the last decade,a varied prevalence of lifestyle-mediated health ailments ranging from infectious disorders to non-curable diseases has been observed.Globally the stone formation(lithiasis)in human kidne...Background:In the last decade,a varied prevalence of lifestyle-mediated health ailments ranging from infectious disorders to non-curable diseases has been observed.Globally the stone formation(lithiasis)in human kidneys has increased the trauma and economic burden.Furthermore,affordable rapid diagnosis,clinical trials,and therapeutics have to be addressed with newer holistic approaches.Objective:The current comprehensive review attempts to study kidney stones using emerging translational,con-ventional,and non-conventional research models,which include prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems(in vitro,semi-in vivo,and in vivo).Methods:The study eligibility criteria included systematic reviews and meta-analyses to explore various lithiatic models.Further,PubMed,PubMed Central,CINAHL Plus,Scopus,Web of Science,and EMBASE were used as data sources for the current study.A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews(AMSTAR)was used.Results:All curated literature from past 55 years(1967-2022)were considered for this review with keywords as"Experimental models for human kidney stones"AND"Nephrolithasis"AND"Urolithasis".A total of 765 abstracts were reviewed for inclusion with 414 selected for full-text review.A total of 47 studies were analyzed.Mean AMSTAR score of 6.96/11(±1.84)suggests moderate quality of the systematic reviews.Conclusion:This review will empower clinicians,veterinarians,and researchers for a better understanding of the pathogenesis,causative factors,and prevalence of nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis and their associated mech-anisms with rapid,reliable,and reproducible models.The findings of the study will aid in designing global healthcare policy and regional insurance for lithiatic disorders with effective therapeutics which will result in an increased quality of life,leading to better health and hygiene.展开更多
Human intravenous immune globulin(IVIg),a purified IgG fraction composed of~60%IgG1 and obtained from the pooled plasma of thousands of donors,is clinically used for a wide range of diseases.The biological actions of ...Human intravenous immune globulin(IVIg),a purified IgG fraction composed of~60%IgG1 and obtained from the pooled plasma of thousands of donors,is clinically used for a wide range of diseases.The biological actions of IVIg are incompletely understood and have been attributed both to the polyclonal antibodies therein and also to their IgG(IgG)Fc regions.Recently,we demonstrated that multiple therapeutic human IgG1 antibodies suppress angiogenesis in a target-independent manner via FcγRI,a high-affinity receptor for IgG1.Here we show that IVIg possesses similar anti-angiogenic activity and inhibited blood vessel growth in five different mouse models of prevalent human diseases,namely,neovascular age-related macular degeneration,corneal neovascularization,colorectal cancer,fibrosarcoma and peripheral arterial ischemic disease.Angioinhibition was mediated by the Fc region of IVIg,required FcγRI and had similar potency in transgenic mice expressing human FcγRs.Finally,IVIg therapy administered to humans for the treatment of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases reduced kidney and muscle blood vessel densities.These data place IVIg,an agent approved by the US Food and Drug Administration,as a novel angioinhibitory drug in doses that are currently administered in the clinical setting.In addition,they raise the possibility of an unintended effect of IVIg on blood vessels.展开更多
Two-dimensional(2 D)titanium carbide(MXene)nanosheets exhibited excellent conductivity,flexibility,high volumetric capacity,hydrophilic surface,thermal stability,etc.So,it has been exploited in various applications.He...Two-dimensional(2 D)titanium carbide(MXene)nanosheets exhibited excellent conductivity,flexibility,high volumetric capacity,hydrophilic surface,thermal stability,etc.So,it has been exploited in various applications.Herein,we report synthesis of mixed phase 2 D MXene as a catalytic material for simultaneous detection of important biomolecules such as ascorbic acid(AA),dopamine(DA)and uric acid(UA).Crystalline structure,surface morphology and elemental composition of mixed phase titanium carbide(Ti-C-T_(x))MXene(T_(x)=-F,-OH,or-O)nanosheets were confirmed by X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM),high-re solution scanning electron microscopy(HR-SEM)and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)mapping analysis.Furthermore,Ti-C-T_(x) modified glassy carbon electrode(GCE)was prepared and its electrochemical properties are studied by cyclic voltammetry(CV)and diffe rential pulse voltammetry(DPV).It was found that Ti-C-T_(x) modified GCE(Ti-C-T_(x)/GCE)showed excellent electrocatalytic activity and separated oxidation peaks of important biomolecules such as AA(at 0.01 V),DA(at 0.21 V)and UA(at 0.33 V).Also,Ti-C-T_(x)/GCE sensor is enabled their simultaneous detection in physiological pH from 100 to 1000μM for AA,0.5-50μM for DA and 0.5-4μM&100-1500μM for UA.The limit of detection’s(LOD)was estimated as 4.6μM,0.06μM and 0.075μM for AA,DA and UA,respectively.Moreover,real sample analysis indicated that spiked AA,DA and UA can be determined accurately by Ti-C-T_(x)/GCE with the recovery ratio in the range between 100.5%-103%in human urine samples.The proposed Ti-C-T_(x) modified electrode exhibited good stability,selectivity and reproducibility as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of AA,DA and UA molecules.展开更多
Consumer adoption of Internet of Things devices is increasing rapidly. About 66% of consumers mean to buy an associated home gadget by 2019. Beacon technology helps in providing actionable insights to businesses throu...Consumer adoption of Internet of Things devices is increasing rapidly. About 66% of consumers mean to buy an associated home gadget by 2019. Beacon technology helps in providing actionable insights to businesses through visual heat maps generated by the consumers and these maps are further processed by machine learning algorithms. Google’s open source Eddystone beacon format released in 2015, mitigates the problem of high cost and provides an open source alternative for developers. The aim of the proposed work is to provide a low cost, reliable, flexible, scalable and open source alternative for small and medium scale enterprises. In the proposed work, an Internet of Things platform is configured and developed. The Raspberry Pi is configured as an Eddystone beacon through a NodeJs server. An android app is developed which is the front end of the platform and web services are deployed on the cloud.展开更多
Synchronous machines are dedicated to the specific application. They are generally employed in rolling mills, pumps, fans, and compressors like reprobating and centrifugal drives, pulp and paper processing, water trea...Synchronous machines are dedicated to the specific application. They are generally employed in rolling mills, pumps, fans, and compressors like reprobating and centrifugal drives, pulp and paper processing, water treatment, mining, and in cement industries. As a synchronous motor, the performance is reduced for the given excitation while the load increases. When operated as synchronous generators, both power loads and lighting loads depend on the output from the armature winding. This paper presents an alternative choice in which by providing an additional winding in the stationary armature, when operated as a Double Winding Synchronous Motor (DWSyM), it becomes possible to operate in maximum power factor by adjusting the loads on both the stator windings. When operated as conventional motor, for the load current of 3.5 A, the efficiency is 55% and power factor is 0.55, for the same excitation when second winding is connected to a load current of 1 A, the efficiency is improved to 77.6% and power factor is improved to 0.66. The main focus of this machine is to improve the performance of the machine for the reduced excitation and minimum load. For the reduced excitation, the performance can be improved by loading both the windings. While operated as Double Winding Synchronous Generator (DWSyG), two stator outputs are available which help to separate the power and lighting circuits. Hence, interruption in the lighting circuit can be limited, this machine can be considered as Twin generator.展开更多
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) appears in stratified two-fluid flow at surface. When the relative velocity is higher than the critical relative velocity, the growth of waves occurs. It is found that magnetic field...Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) appears in stratified two-fluid flow at surface. When the relative velocity is higher than the critical relative velocity, the growth of waves occurs. It is found that magnetic field has a stabilization effect whereas the buoyancy force has a destabilization effect on the KHI in the presence of sharp inter-face. The RT instability increases with wave number and flow shear, and acts much like a KHI when destabilizing effect of sheared flow dominates. It is shown that both of ablation velocity and magnetic field have stabilization effect on RT instability in the presence of continued interface. In this paper, we study the effect of magnetic field on Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) in a Couple-stress fluid layer above by a porous layer and below by a rigid surface. A simple theory based on fully developed flow approximations is used to derive the dispersion relation for the growth rate of KHI. We replace the effect of boundary layer with Beavers and Joseph slip condition at the rigid surface. The dispersion relation is derived using suitable boundary and surface conditions and results are discussed graphically. The stabilization effect of magnetic field takes place for whole waveband and becomes more significant for the short wavelength. The growth rate decreases as the density scale length increases. The stabilization effect of magnetic field is more significant for the short density scale length.展开更多
An efficient solid phase route for the synthesis of amide derivatives by the reaction of carboxylic acids with urea in the presence of catalytic amount of zirconyl chloride under microwave irradiation conditions was d...An efficient solid phase route for the synthesis of amide derivatives by the reaction of carboxylic acids with urea in the presence of catalytic amount of zirconyl chloride under microwave irradiation conditions was described. In this way, a range of interesting amide derivatives was obtained in good to excellent yields. The catalyst was recycled with fresh reactants and it gave almost similar results without significant loss of activity up to the third run.展开更多
Background:Pancreatitis patients are at an increased risk of malnutrition due to impaired digestion,absorption,and metabolism.The degree of malnutrition is dependent on the duration,viz.acute or chronic.Studies on nut...Background:Pancreatitis patients are at an increased risk of malnutrition due to impaired digestion,absorption,and metabolism.The degree of malnutrition is dependent on the duration,viz.acute or chronic.Studies on nutritional status in patients with pancreatitis are limited.Prevalence of nutritional status,physical functioning,and muscle strength among the subjects are scarce globally.The main aim of this study was to screen the status of malnutrition using appropriate screening tools and to assess hand muscle strength among subjects.Method:A cross-sectional study was conducted on 64 subjects(18–80 years old,59 males and 5 females)in Mysore city,Karnataka.The patients were screened for malnutrition using a standard tool Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment(PG-SGA)and handgrip strength on both dominant and nondominant hands.Results:The majority of patients(n=44)were categorized as moderately malnourished/suspected malnutrition(Stage B)according to PG-SGA.A significant difference(p<0.005)in handgrip strength was seen in men aged 31–40(t=?3.287)and 41–50(t=?5.487)years compared to healthy adults.Conclusion:This study was able to identify patients at risk of malnutrition when the PG-SGA tool was used along with handgrip strength and other anthropometric parameters.展开更多
Photonic sensing technology is a new and accurate measurement technology for bio-sensing applications. In this paper, a two-dimensional photonic crystal ring resonator based sensor is proposed and designed to detect t...Photonic sensing technology is a new and accurate measurement technology for bio-sensing applications. In this paper, a two-dimensional photonic crystal ring resonator based sensor is proposed and designed to detect the glucose concentration in urine over the range of 0gm/dl-15gm/dl. The proposed sensor is consisted of two inverted ＂L＂ waveguides and a ring resonator. If the glucose concentration in urine is varied, the refractive index of the urine is varied, which in turn the output response of sensor will be varied. By having the aforementioned principle, the glucose concentration in urine, glucose concentration in blood, albumin, urea, and bilirubin concentration in urine are predicted. The size of the proposed sensor is about 11.4μm×11.4 μm, and the sensor can predict the result very accurately without any delay, hence, this attempt could be implemented for medical applications.展开更多
We have introduced a polymer precursor into molten magnesium and then in-situ pyrolyzed to produce castings of metal matrix composites(P-MMCs)containing silicon-carbonitride(SiCNO)ceramic particles.Stress-rupture meas...We have introduced a polymer precursor into molten magnesium and then in-situ pyrolyzed to produce castings of metal matrix composites(P-MMCs)containing silicon-carbonitride(SiCNO)ceramic particles.Stress-rupture measurements of as-cast P-MMCs was performed at 350 ℃(0.69TM)to 450 ℃(0.78TM)under dead load condition corresponding to tensile stress of 2.5 MPa to 20 MPa.The time-to-fracture data were analyzed using the classical Monkman–Grant equation.The time-to-fracture is thermally activated and follows a power-law stress exponent exhibiting dislocation creep.Fractography analysis revealed that while pure magnesium appears to fracture by dislocation slip,the P-MMCs fail from the nucleation and growth of voids at the grain boundaries.展开更多
A series of some new 2-imino-5-[（Z）-1-（4-methylphenyl）methylidene]-3-[5-（2-oxo-2H-3-chromenyl）-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-1,3- thiazolan-4-ones 5a-j has been synthesized and assayed for their antibacterial activity agains...A series of some new 2-imino-5-[（Z）-1-（4-methylphenyl）methylidene]-3-[5-（2-oxo-2H-3-chromenyl）-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-1,3- thiazolan-4-ones 5a-j has been synthesized and assayed for their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria viz.Bacillus subtilis（ATCC 6633）,Staphylococcus aureus（ATCC 6538p） and Micrococcus luteus（IFC 12708）,and Gram-negative bacteria viz. Proteus vulgaris（ATCC 3851）.Salmonella typhimurium（ATCC 14028） and Escherichia coli（ATCC 25922）.Among the screened compounds,5d,5e,5f,5g,and 5j exhibited potent inhibitory activity compared to standard drug,and emerged as potential molecules for further development.展开更多
Received 16 July 2016;revised 24 January 2017;accepted 7 February 2017 Available online 22 February 2017 Abstract Microstructural evolution of die-cast and homogenized AZ91 Mg-alloys was investigated during dry slidin...Received 16 July 2016;revised 24 January 2017;accepted 7 February 2017 Available online 22 February 2017 Abstract Microstructural evolution of die-cast and homogenized AZ91 Mg-alloys was investigated during dry sliding wear condition.Tribological tests were performed using a pin-on-disc(EN8 steel)configuration with a normal load of 50 N at a constant sliding speed of 2.5 ms^(−1) under ambient environment.Delamination was recognized as a predominant wear mechanism in both of these materials.The die-cast AZ91 Mg-alloy exhibits lower coefficient of friction and higher wear rate.This can be ascribed to increase in the intensity of load bearing capacity of hardβ-Mg_(17)Al_(12) phase,and crack formation/de-cohesion at the interface between primaryα-Mg and discontinuousβ-Mg_(17)Al_(12) phases.On the contrary,the homogenized AZ91 Mg-alloy experiences higher coefficient of friction and lower wear rate.The friction-induced microstructural evolution(supersaturatedα-Mg to eutectic(α+β-Mg_(17)Al_(12)))tending to minimize the wear rate by providing barrier to material removal in the near surface region of homogenized AZ91 Mg-alloy.Therefore,experimental observation revealed that an inverse relationship exists between wear rate and coefficient of friction for the investigated materials.The analysis of worn surfaces and subsurfaces by electron microscopy provided evidence to delamination wear and microstructural evolution.展开更多
In this paper, the modified slip/fracture activation model has been used in order to understand the mechanism of ductile-brittle transition on the R-plane of sapphire during ultra-precision machining by reflecting dir...In this paper, the modified slip/fracture activation model has been used in order to understand the mechanism of ductile-brittle transition on the R-plane of sapphire during ultra-precision machining by reflecting direction of resultant force. Anisotropic characteristics of crack morphology and ductility of machining depending on cutting direction were explained in detail with modified fracture cleavage and plastic deformation parameters. Through the analysis, it was concluded that crack morphologies were mainly determined by the interaction of multiple fracture systems activated while, critical depth of cut was determined by the dominant plastic deformation parameter. In addition to this, by using proportionality relationship between magnitude of resultant force and depth of cut in the ductile region, an empirical model for critical depth of cut was developed.展开更多
文摘Seeds of Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Bl. germinate faster on the KC medium than on the VW medium. Protocorms of R. retusa were successfully encapsulated in the KC solution (containing 3% sodium alginate) to get synthetic seeds and germination rate of synthetic seeds stored at 4℃ was higher than at 20℃ and 25℃ on the KC medium containing 15% coconut milk, 2 g·L -1 peptone and 1 mg·L -1 NAA. Time taken for germination will be longer and germination rate will decrease at different storage temperatures with the increasing of storage time. Survival rates of seedlings from the synthetic seeds stored at 4℃ for 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 d are 93%, 89%, 80%, 75% and 63% on field transfer, respectively.
文摘CXL (Compute Express Link) technology is a relatively new high-speed interconnect standard that was developed to enable faster communication between CPUs, GPUs, and other high-performance components in data center systems. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive technical overview of CXL technology, including its features, advantages, and potential applications in the modern data center environment. CXL Technology Research: CXL technology is based on Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) and its extensions. CXL 1.0 is a switch-based interconnect architecture that operates on PCIe Gen5 electrical signaling, achieving data speeds of up to 32 Giga transfers per second (GT/s) per lane. CXL technology provides hardware-based support for cache coherency and memory semantics. CXL technology architecture consists of three main components: 1) CXL Devices: Devices that are compatible with the CXL interface can include processors, accelerators such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and Smart Storage Devices;2) CXL Switch: The switch enables communication between devices that support CXL. The switch can be external or embedded, allowing for more complex topologies;3) CXL Memory: CXL memory devices support the CXL protocol for the efficient sharing of System memory.
文摘This paper discusses Python SystemVerilog (Python SV), a simulation-based verification approach leveraging the power of Python and SystemVerilog. The use of Python-implemented UVM classes in SystemVerilog enables users to write less code, minimize errors and reduce the verification time. This paper evaluates the use of Python SV in the verification of digital designs, its benefits, limitations, and future prospects. Python-SystemVerilog (Python-SV) is a research area that investigates the feasibility of building a high-level verification environment using Python and SystemVerilog. Python-SV aims to provide a unified framework for the design, simulation, and verification of digital systems, with an emphasis on ease of use and productivity. SystemVerilog is a hardware description and verification language that is widely used for designing digital systems. On the other hand, Python is a powerful, high-level programming language that is widely used in various fields, including software engineering, scientific computing, and data analysis. Python’s popularity has grown in recent years, primarily due to its simplicity, ease of use, and wide range of libraries and frameworks. Python-SV research primarily focuses on the following areas: 1) Integration of Python and SystemVerilog: Python-SV aims to seamlessly integrate SystemVerilog and Python, allowing designers to write test benches and verification code in Python and interface them with SystemVerilog modules. This integration simplifies the development process, making it easier to write and maintain large and complex verification environments. 2) Development of Python libraries for verification: Python-SV research focuses on developing Python libraries specifically for digital system verification. These libraries provide a higher-level interface for writing test benches and other functions, such as analysis and visualization of simulation results. 3) Implementation of verification methodologies: Python-SV research investigates the implementation of various industry
文摘The rapid advancement of technology and the increasing demand for high- performance computing have fueled the development of faster and more efficient interconnects. Among these, the Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) standard has emerged as a dominant interface in modern computing systems. This paper provides a detailed technical analysis of the evolution from PCIe to the latest PCIe 6 standards, highlighting the key enhancements, architectural changes, performance improvements, and potential applications. Through an in-depth examination of the PCIe 6 specification, we explore the implications and benefits of this new interface technology, paving the way for future innovations in data transfer and interconnectivity. The analysis of PCIe to PCIe 6, a next-generation interface evolution, has revealed significant advancements and improvements in terms of bandwidth, performance, latency, and scalability. PCIe 6 offers a doubling of the bandwidth compared to its predecessor, PCIe 5, providing higher data transfer rates and increased throughput. Overall, the analysis reveals that PCIe 6 represents a significant advancement in interconnect technology, offering improved performance, enhanced features, and expanded capabilities.
文摘The present study aims at understanding the electrochemical impedance and biocorrosion characteristics of AZ91 Mg-alloy in Ringer’s solution.As-cast AZ91 Mg-alloy was subjected to T4 heat treatment in a way to homogenize its microstructure by dissolving most of theβ-Mg 17 Al 12 phase at the vicinity of grain boundaries.The electrochemical impedance and biocorrosion performances of these two different microstructures(as-cast and T4 heat treated AZ91 Mg-alloys)in Ringer solution were evaluated by electrochemical impendence spectroscopy,potentiodynamic polarization and weight loss method.EIS spectra showed that both microstructures exhibit similar dynamic response as a function of the immersion time;however,the value of impedance and maximum phase angle are about 50%higher in as-cast AZ91 Mg-alloy as compared to that of homogenized AZ91 Mg-alloy.Weight loss measurement indicated that corrosion resistance of as-cast AZ91 was significantly better than that of homogenized AZ91.Microstructural and XRD analysis revealed that as-cast AZ91 contains a passive film of MgCO_(3)and CaCO_(3)precipitates with near spherical morphologies,whereas homogenized AZ91 comprised mainly unstable Mg(OH)_(2)film featured by irregular plate-like morphologies.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the wound healing and antimicrobial activity of root extracts of Ixora coccinea(I.coccinea).Methods:To investigate the wound healing efficacy of root extract of I.coccinea Linn,five groups of animals were divided each containing six animals.Two wound models including incision and excision wound models were used in this study.The parameters studied were tensile strength on incision wound model and in terms of wound contraction for excision wound model were compared with standard Nitrofurazone(NFZ) ointment(0.2%w/w). Six extracts(ethanol.aqueous,petroleum ether,benzene,chloroform and ethyl acetate ) of I. coccinea were screened for in vitro growth inhibiting activity against different bacterial strains riz. Staphylococcia aureus.Bacillus pumilius,Enterococcus facialis.Escherichia coli,Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were compared with the standard drugs ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol for antibacterial and griscofulvin for antifungal screening.The serial dilution and cup(or) well plate methods were used for the antimicrobial study and MIC was determined.Results:The ethanolic extract showed significant (P【0.001) wound healing activity when compared to standard drug NFZ with respect to normal control group.Amongst all.ethanolic extract showed highly significant antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains used in this study when compared to standard.The aqueous extract showed moderate significant inhibition against all bacterial strains when compared to standard. All the extracts were shown negligible activity against the fungal strains used in this study. Conclusions:The ethanolic root extract of I.coccinea showed pronounced wound healing and antibacterial activity.The probable reason to heal the wound was that the external application of the extract prevented the microbes to invade through the wound thus the protection of wound occurs against the infection of the various organisms.
文摘Background:In the last decade,a varied prevalence of lifestyle-mediated health ailments ranging from infectious disorders to non-curable diseases has been observed.Globally the stone formation(lithiasis)in human kidneys has increased the trauma and economic burden.Furthermore,affordable rapid diagnosis,clinical trials,and therapeutics have to be addressed with newer holistic approaches.Objective:The current comprehensive review attempts to study kidney stones using emerging translational,con-ventional,and non-conventional research models,which include prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems(in vitro,semi-in vivo,and in vivo).Methods:The study eligibility criteria included systematic reviews and meta-analyses to explore various lithiatic models.Further,PubMed,PubMed Central,CINAHL Plus,Scopus,Web of Science,and EMBASE were used as data sources for the current study.A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews(AMSTAR)was used.Results:All curated literature from past 55 years(1967-2022)were considered for this review with keywords as"Experimental models for human kidney stones"AND"Nephrolithasis"AND"Urolithasis".A total of 765 abstracts were reviewed for inclusion with 414 selected for full-text review.A total of 47 studies were analyzed.Mean AMSTAR score of 6.96/11(±1.84)suggests moderate quality of the systematic reviews.Conclusion:This review will empower clinicians,veterinarians,and researchers for a better understanding of the pathogenesis,causative factors,and prevalence of nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis and their associated mech-anisms with rapid,reliable,and reproducible models.The findings of the study will aid in designing global healthcare policy and regional insurance for lithiatic disorders with effective therapeutics which will result in an increased quality of life,leading to better health and hygiene.
文摘Human intravenous immune globulin(IVIg),a purified IgG fraction composed of~60%IgG1 and obtained from the pooled plasma of thousands of donors,is clinically used for a wide range of diseases.The biological actions of IVIg are incompletely understood and have been attributed both to the polyclonal antibodies therein and also to their IgG(IgG)Fc regions.Recently,we demonstrated that multiple therapeutic human IgG1 antibodies suppress angiogenesis in a target-independent manner via FcγRI,a high-affinity receptor for IgG1.Here we show that IVIg possesses similar anti-angiogenic activity and inhibited blood vessel growth in five different mouse models of prevalent human diseases,namely,neovascular age-related macular degeneration,corneal neovascularization,colorectal cancer,fibrosarcoma and peripheral arterial ischemic disease.Angioinhibition was mediated by the Fc region of IVIg,required FcγRI and had similar potency in transgenic mice expressing human FcγRs.Finally,IVIg therapy administered to humans for the treatment of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases reduced kidney and muscle blood vessel densities.These data place IVIg,an agent approved by the US Food and Drug Administration,as a novel angioinhibitory drug in doses that are currently administered in the clinical setting.In addition,they raise the possibility of an unintended effect of IVIg on blood vessels.
基金financial support from the Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB),India(No.ECR/2016/001446)Department of Science and Technology(International Bilateral Cooperation Division)for financial support through"INDO-RUSSIA Project(No.INT/RUS/RFBR/385)"。
文摘Two-dimensional(2 D)titanium carbide(MXene)nanosheets exhibited excellent conductivity,flexibility,high volumetric capacity,hydrophilic surface,thermal stability,etc.So,it has been exploited in various applications.Herein,we report synthesis of mixed phase 2 D MXene as a catalytic material for simultaneous detection of important biomolecules such as ascorbic acid(AA),dopamine(DA)and uric acid(UA).Crystalline structure,surface morphology and elemental composition of mixed phase titanium carbide(Ti-C-T_(x))MXene(T_(x)=-F,-OH,or-O)nanosheets were confirmed by X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM),high-re solution scanning electron microscopy(HR-SEM)and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)mapping analysis.Furthermore,Ti-C-T_(x) modified glassy carbon electrode(GCE)was prepared and its electrochemical properties are studied by cyclic voltammetry(CV)and diffe rential pulse voltammetry(DPV).It was found that Ti-C-T_(x) modified GCE(Ti-C-T_(x)/GCE)showed excellent electrocatalytic activity and separated oxidation peaks of important biomolecules such as AA(at 0.01 V),DA(at 0.21 V)and UA(at 0.33 V).Also,Ti-C-T_(x)/GCE sensor is enabled their simultaneous detection in physiological pH from 100 to 1000μM for AA,0.5-50μM for DA and 0.5-4μM&100-1500μM for UA.The limit of detection’s(LOD)was estimated as 4.6μM,0.06μM and 0.075μM for AA,DA and UA,respectively.Moreover,real sample analysis indicated that spiked AA,DA and UA can be determined accurately by Ti-C-T_(x)/GCE with the recovery ratio in the range between 100.5%-103%in human urine samples.The proposed Ti-C-T_(x) modified electrode exhibited good stability,selectivity and reproducibility as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of AA,DA and UA molecules.
文摘Consumer adoption of Internet of Things devices is increasing rapidly. About 66% of consumers mean to buy an associated home gadget by 2019. Beacon technology helps in providing actionable insights to businesses through visual heat maps generated by the consumers and these maps are further processed by machine learning algorithms. Google’s open source Eddystone beacon format released in 2015, mitigates the problem of high cost and provides an open source alternative for developers. The aim of the proposed work is to provide a low cost, reliable, flexible, scalable and open source alternative for small and medium scale enterprises. In the proposed work, an Internet of Things platform is configured and developed. The Raspberry Pi is configured as an Eddystone beacon through a NodeJs server. An android app is developed which is the front end of the platform and web services are deployed on the cloud.
文摘Synchronous machines are dedicated to the specific application. They are generally employed in rolling mills, pumps, fans, and compressors like reprobating and centrifugal drives, pulp and paper processing, water treatment, mining, and in cement industries. As a synchronous motor, the performance is reduced for the given excitation while the load increases. When operated as synchronous generators, both power loads and lighting loads depend on the output from the armature winding. This paper presents an alternative choice in which by providing an additional winding in the stationary armature, when operated as a Double Winding Synchronous Motor (DWSyM), it becomes possible to operate in maximum power factor by adjusting the loads on both the stator windings. When operated as conventional motor, for the load current of 3.5 A, the efficiency is 55% and power factor is 0.55, for the same excitation when second winding is connected to a load current of 1 A, the efficiency is improved to 77.6% and power factor is improved to 0.66. The main focus of this machine is to improve the performance of the machine for the reduced excitation and minimum load. For the reduced excitation, the performance can be improved by loading both the windings. While operated as Double Winding Synchronous Generator (DWSyG), two stator outputs are available which help to separate the power and lighting circuits. Hence, interruption in the lighting circuit can be limited, this machine can be considered as Twin generator.
文摘Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) appears in stratified two-fluid flow at surface. When the relative velocity is higher than the critical relative velocity, the growth of waves occurs. It is found that magnetic field has a stabilization effect whereas the buoyancy force has a destabilization effect on the KHI in the presence of sharp inter-face. The RT instability increases with wave number and flow shear, and acts much like a KHI when destabilizing effect of sheared flow dominates. It is shown that both of ablation velocity and magnetic field have stabilization effect on RT instability in the presence of continued interface. In this paper, we study the effect of magnetic field on Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) in a Couple-stress fluid layer above by a porous layer and below by a rigid surface. A simple theory based on fully developed flow approximations is used to derive the dispersion relation for the growth rate of KHI. We replace the effect of boundary layer with Beavers and Joseph slip condition at the rigid surface. The dispersion relation is derived using suitable boundary and surface conditions and results are discussed graphically. The stabilization effect of magnetic field takes place for whole waveband and becomes more significant for the short wavelength. The growth rate decreases as the density scale length increases. The stabilization effect of magnetic field is more significant for the short density scale length.
文摘An efficient solid phase route for the synthesis of amide derivatives by the reaction of carboxylic acids with urea in the presence of catalytic amount of zirconyl chloride under microwave irradiation conditions was described. In this way, a range of interesting amide derivatives was obtained in good to excellent yields. The catalyst was recycled with fresh reactants and it gave almost similar results without significant loss of activity up to the third run.
基金University grants Commission-Junior Research Fellowship(Grant/Award Number:190520419587)。
文摘Background:Pancreatitis patients are at an increased risk of malnutrition due to impaired digestion,absorption,and metabolism.The degree of malnutrition is dependent on the duration,viz.acute or chronic.Studies on nutritional status in patients with pancreatitis are limited.Prevalence of nutritional status,physical functioning,and muscle strength among the subjects are scarce globally.The main aim of this study was to screen the status of malnutrition using appropriate screening tools and to assess hand muscle strength among subjects.Method:A cross-sectional study was conducted on 64 subjects(18–80 years old,59 males and 5 females)in Mysore city,Karnataka.The patients were screened for malnutrition using a standard tool Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment(PG-SGA)and handgrip strength on both dominant and nondominant hands.Results:The majority of patients(n=44)were categorized as moderately malnourished/suspected malnutrition(Stage B)according to PG-SGA.A significant difference(p<0.005)in handgrip strength was seen in men aged 31–40(t=?3.287)and 41–50(t=?5.487)years compared to healthy adults.Conclusion:This study was able to identify patients at risk of malnutrition when the PG-SGA tool was used along with handgrip strength and other anthropometric parameters.
文摘Photonic sensing technology is a new and accurate measurement technology for bio-sensing applications. In this paper, a two-dimensional photonic crystal ring resonator based sensor is proposed and designed to detect the glucose concentration in urine over the range of 0gm/dl-15gm/dl. The proposed sensor is consisted of two inverted ＂L＂ waveguides and a ring resonator. If the glucose concentration in urine is varied, the refractive index of the urine is varied, which in turn the output response of sensor will be varied. By having the aforementioned principle, the glucose concentration in urine, glucose concentration in blood, albumin, urea, and bilirubin concentration in urine are predicted. The size of the proposed sensor is about 11.4μm×11.4 μm, and the sensor can predict the result very accurately without any delay, hence, this attempt could be implemented for medical applications.
基金the Metals and Nanomaterials program in the Division of Materials Research at the National Science Foundation under Grant No.DMR1105347.
文摘We have introduced a polymer precursor into molten magnesium and then in-situ pyrolyzed to produce castings of metal matrix composites(P-MMCs)containing silicon-carbonitride(SiCNO)ceramic particles.Stress-rupture measurements of as-cast P-MMCs was performed at 350 ℃(0.69TM)to 450 ℃(0.78TM)under dead load condition corresponding to tensile stress of 2.5 MPa to 20 MPa.The time-to-fracture data were analyzed using the classical Monkman–Grant equation.The time-to-fracture is thermally activated and follows a power-law stress exponent exhibiting dislocation creep.Fractography analysis revealed that while pure magnesium appears to fracture by dislocation slip,the P-MMCs fail from the nucleation and growth of voids at the grain boundaries.
文摘A series of some new 2-imino-5-[（Z）-1-（4-methylphenyl）methylidene]-3-[5-（2-oxo-2H-3-chromenyl）-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]-1,3- thiazolan-4-ones 5a-j has been synthesized and assayed for their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria viz.Bacillus subtilis（ATCC 6633）,Staphylococcus aureus（ATCC 6538p） and Micrococcus luteus（IFC 12708）,and Gram-negative bacteria viz. Proteus vulgaris（ATCC 3851）.Salmonella typhimurium（ATCC 14028） and Escherichia coli（ATCC 25922）.Among the screened compounds,5d,5e,5f,5g,and 5j exhibited potent inhibitory activity compared to standard drug,and emerged as potential molecules for further development.
文摘Received 16 July 2016;revised 24 January 2017;accepted 7 February 2017 Available online 22 February 2017 Abstract Microstructural evolution of die-cast and homogenized AZ91 Mg-alloys was investigated during dry sliding wear condition.Tribological tests were performed using a pin-on-disc(EN8 steel)configuration with a normal load of 50 N at a constant sliding speed of 2.5 ms^(−1) under ambient environment.Delamination was recognized as a predominant wear mechanism in both of these materials.The die-cast AZ91 Mg-alloy exhibits lower coefficient of friction and higher wear rate.This can be ascribed to increase in the intensity of load bearing capacity of hardβ-Mg_(17)Al_(12) phase,and crack formation/de-cohesion at the interface between primaryα-Mg and discontinuousβ-Mg_(17)Al_(12) phases.On the contrary,the homogenized AZ91 Mg-alloy experiences higher coefficient of friction and lower wear rate.The friction-induced microstructural evolution(supersaturatedα-Mg to eutectic(α+β-Mg_(17)Al_(12)))tending to minimize the wear rate by providing barrier to material removal in the near surface region of homogenized AZ91 Mg-alloy.Therefore,experimental observation revealed that an inverse relationship exists between wear rate and coefficient of friction for the investigated materials.The analysis of worn surfaces and subsurfaces by electron microscopy provided evidence to delamination wear and microstructural evolution.
基金supported by the NSF under grant No. CMMI-1844821。
文摘In this paper, the modified slip/fracture activation model has been used in order to understand the mechanism of ductile-brittle transition on the R-plane of sapphire during ultra-precision machining by reflecting direction of resultant force. Anisotropic characteristics of crack morphology and ductility of machining depending on cutting direction were explained in detail with modified fracture cleavage and plastic deformation parameters. Through the analysis, it was concluded that crack morphologies were mainly determined by the interaction of multiple fracture systems activated while, critical depth of cut was determined by the dominant plastic deformation parameter. In addition to this, by using proportionality relationship between magnitude of resultant force and depth of cut in the ductile region, an empirical model for critical depth of cut was developed.
