Considering the large number of returns in online sales and the network externalities of e-platforms,we develop a decentralized model and a centralized model to explore the impacts of returns and network externalities...Considering the large number of returns in online sales and the network externalities of e-platforms,we develop a decentralized model and a centralized model to explore the impacts of returns and network externalities on e-commerce supply chain(ECSC)decisions.We show that in the decentralized model,the service level,price,market demand,and ECSC members’profits increase with the network externality strength.However,the service level and price increase,while the market demand and ECSC members’profits decrease with the product return rate.The centralized model is the optimal operating mode when it is properly coordinated.We design the“commission and return cost-sharing”contract to optimize ECSC,in which the proportion of the e-platform’s sharing of the return handling cost is exactly equal to the proportion of the system profit after coordination.Based on the decentralized model,we develop two extended models in which we endogenize the impacts of the service level and return rate on the network externality strength.Through comparisons between the extended and decentralized models,we show that high-quality service can improve ECSC’s profitability,while a high return rate hurts its economic performance.展开更多
The online review function helps consumers grasp more real product information and reduce the possibility of returning, but it may also damage firms’ reputations or profits. However, few studies considered the relati...The online review function helps consumers grasp more real product information and reduce the possibility of returning, but it may also damage firms’ reputations or profits. However, few studies considered the relationship between online reviews and consumer returns. Based on this, we develop an e-commerce supply chain(E-SC) game model consisting of a single manufacturer and a single e-platform, aiming to explore the relationship between consumer returns and online reviews and to analyze the impact on both the decision-making of E-SC members and their profits. We find that there is a negative relationship between consumer returns and online reviews of product quality, and consumer returns make the pricing decisions in the two scenarios of yes/no online reviews move toward two different directions. Only when the online review is positive and higher than a certain threshold will it have a positive impact on sales and E-SC members’ profits. Finally, we design a new “commission joint returns and quality improvement costs sharing” contract to optimize the decentralized model with online reviews, and we find that the higher the accuracy of product information, the less conducive the contract applied to E-SC.展开更多
Computer or communication networks are so designed that they do not easily get disrupted under external attack and,moreover,these are easily reconstructible if they do get disrupted.These desirable properties of netwo...Computer or communication networks are so designed that they do not easily get disrupted under external attack and,moreover,these are easily reconstructible if they do get disrupted.These desirable properties of networks can be measured by various graph parameters,such as connectivity,toughness,scattering number,integrity,tenacity,rupture degree and edge-analogues of some of them.Among these parameters,the tenacity and rupture degree are two better ones to measure the stability of a network.In this paper,we consider two extremal problems on the tenacity of graphs:determine the minimum and maximum tenacity of graphs with given order and size.We give a complete solution to the first problem,while for the second one,it turns out that the problem is much more complicated than that of the minimum case.We determine the maximum tenacity of trees with given order and show the corresponding extremal graphs.The paper concludes with a discussion of a related problem on the edge vulnerability parameters of graphs.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant No. 72371144Self Cultivation Innovation Team Project of Jinan under Grant No. 202228075Shandong Taishan Scholar Project Special Project under Grant No. tsqn202211197.
文摘Considering the large number of returns in online sales and the network externalities of e-platforms,we develop a decentralized model and a centralized model to explore the impacts of returns and network externalities on e-commerce supply chain(ECSC)decisions.We show that in the decentralized model,the service level,price,market demand,and ECSC members’profits increase with the network externality strength.However,the service level and price increase,while the market demand and ECSC members’profits decrease with the product return rate.The centralized model is the optimal operating mode when it is properly coordinated.We design the“commission and return cost-sharing”contract to optimize ECSC,in which the proportion of the e-platform’s sharing of the return handling cost is exactly equal to the proportion of the system profit after coordination.Based on the decentralized model,we develop two extended models in which we endogenize the impacts of the service level and return rate on the network externality strength.Through comparisons between the extended and decentralized models,we show that high-quality service can improve ECSC’s profitability,while a high return rate hurts its economic performance.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71971129)the Science and Technology Support Program for Youth Innovation of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province (2019RWG017)+1 种基金Self Cultivation Innovation Team Project of Jinan (202228075)Shandong Taishan Scholar Project Special Project (tsqn202211197)。
文摘The online review function helps consumers grasp more real product information and reduce the possibility of returning, but it may also damage firms’ reputations or profits. However, few studies considered the relationship between online reviews and consumer returns. Based on this, we develop an e-commerce supply chain(E-SC) game model consisting of a single manufacturer and a single e-platform, aiming to explore the relationship between consumer returns and online reviews and to analyze the impact on both the decision-making of E-SC members and their profits. We find that there is a negative relationship between consumer returns and online reviews of product quality, and consumer returns make the pricing decisions in the two scenarios of yes/no online reviews move toward two different directions. Only when the online review is positive and higher than a certain threshold will it have a positive impact on sales and E-SC members’ profits. Finally, we design a new “commission joint returns and quality improvement costs sharing” contract to optimize the decentralized model with online reviews, and we find that the higher the accuracy of product information, the less conducive the contract applied to E-SC.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11271300)the Open Fund of Xi’an Jiaotong University,China(No.2010-4)the Fund of Qinghai University for Nationalities(xjz201403).
文摘Computer or communication networks are so designed that they do not easily get disrupted under external attack and,moreover,these are easily reconstructible if they do get disrupted.These desirable properties of networks can be measured by various graph parameters,such as connectivity,toughness,scattering number,integrity,tenacity,rupture degree and edge-analogues of some of them.Among these parameters,the tenacity and rupture degree are two better ones to measure the stability of a network.In this paper,we consider two extremal problems on the tenacity of graphs:determine the minimum and maximum tenacity of graphs with given order and size.We give a complete solution to the first problem,while for the second one,it turns out that the problem is much more complicated than that of the minimum case.We determine the maximum tenacity of trees with given order and show the corresponding extremal graphs.The paper concludes with a discussion of a related problem on the edge vulnerability parameters of graphs.
