To the Editor:Twenty-eight-day mortality rates in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)grades 1,2,and 3,as per the European Association for the Study of the Liver-Chronic Liver Failure(EASL-CLIF)classific...To the Editor:Twenty-eight-day mortality rates in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)grades 1,2,and 3,as per the European Association for the Study of the Liver-Chronic Liver Failure(EASL-CLIF)classification,are 22%,32%,and 73%,respectively.[1]The 30-day mortality rates in cirrhosis with grade 3-4 hepatic encephalopathy(HE)and≥2 extra-hepatic organ failures(OFs),and one OF are 70%and 44%,respectively.[2]It suggests that the prognosis in cirrhotic patients with ACLF and grades 3-4 HE is usually poor,which can be effectively treated by liver transplantation(LT)with good post-LT survival rates.[3,4]Hepatitis B virus(HBV)is the main cirrhotic etiology in China.[5]Currently,there is limited data available regarding LT for HBV-related ACLF patients with grade 3-4 HE(hereinafter referred to as ACLF with grade 3-4 HE).This study aimed to investigate the peri-LT complications,pre-LT prognostic scorings,survival,and quality of life assessed by the Karnofsky performance status(KPS)scores at post-LT 1 year in ACLF with grade 3-4 HE,when compared with other three transplanted groups(ACLF with grade 1-2 HE,ACLF with no HE,and cirrhosis with no ACLF and HE).展开更多
Recently,lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),due to their superior performance,have been vastly applied in electronic,auto,and other industries,resulting in the generation of an increasing amount of spent LIBs.What’s worse,L...Recently,lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),due to their superior performance,have been vastly applied in electronic,auto,and other industries,resulting in the generation of an increasing amount of spent LIBs.What’s worse,LIBs contained potentially toxic substances,including heavy metals,toxic and flammable electrolyte containing LiBF_(4),LiClO_(4),and LiPF_(6).Conventional disposal of spent LIBs via landfill or incineration exerts tremendous pressure on the environment.It was necessary to adopt efficient,low-cost,and environmentally friendly approaches to valorizing spent LIBs,which could not only alleviate the shortage of rare resources by recycling valuable ele-ments such as Cu,Li,Mn,Ni,Co,and Al,but also eliminate the pollution of harmful components in batteries and realize the recycling and sustainable industry related to consumer electronics and electric vehicles(EVs).Given this,this paper summarized the recycling technologies of spent LIBs,including pyrometallurgy(melting reduction and roasting methods)and hydrometallurgy(leaching,precipitation,extraction,ion-exchange,elec-trochemical,sol-gel methods),and electrolyte recycling(organic solvent extraction and supercritical extraction methods).Pyrometallurgy technologies had relatively decent metal recovery rates but were associated with high energy consumption and atmospheric emission issues.Hydrometallurgical technologies were more environ-mentally friendly and efficient in recovering spent LIBs,although disposing of the wastewater generated from the process remained a challenge.In addition,the different industrial processes and various countries’related policies of recycling spent LIBs were investigated.In the end,the outlooks and future directions of recycling spent LIBs were proposed.展开更多
文摘To the Editor:Twenty-eight-day mortality rates in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)grades 1,2,and 3,as per the European Association for the Study of the Liver-Chronic Liver Failure(EASL-CLIF)classification,are 22%,32%,and 73%,respectively.[1]The 30-day mortality rates in cirrhosis with grade 3-4 hepatic encephalopathy(HE)and≥2 extra-hepatic organ failures(OFs),and one OF are 70%and 44%,respectively.[2]It suggests that the prognosis in cirrhotic patients with ACLF and grades 3-4 HE is usually poor,which can be effectively treated by liver transplantation(LT)with good post-LT survival rates.[3,4]Hepatitis B virus(HBV)is the main cirrhotic etiology in China.[5]Currently,there is limited data available regarding LT for HBV-related ACLF patients with grade 3-4 HE(hereinafter referred to as ACLF with grade 3-4 HE).This study aimed to investigate the peri-LT complications,pre-LT prognostic scorings,survival,and quality of life assessed by the Karnofsky performance status(KPS)scores at post-LT 1 year in ACLF with grade 3-4 HE,when compared with other three transplanted groups(ACLF with grade 1-2 HE,ACLF with no HE,and cirrhosis with no ACLF and HE).
文摘Recently,lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),due to their superior performance,have been vastly applied in electronic,auto,and other industries,resulting in the generation of an increasing amount of spent LIBs.What’s worse,LIBs contained potentially toxic substances,including heavy metals,toxic and flammable electrolyte containing LiBF_(4),LiClO_(4),and LiPF_(6).Conventional disposal of spent LIBs via landfill or incineration exerts tremendous pressure on the environment.It was necessary to adopt efficient,low-cost,and environmentally friendly approaches to valorizing spent LIBs,which could not only alleviate the shortage of rare resources by recycling valuable ele-ments such as Cu,Li,Mn,Ni,Co,and Al,but also eliminate the pollution of harmful components in batteries and realize the recycling and sustainable industry related to consumer electronics and electric vehicles(EVs).Given this,this paper summarized the recycling technologies of spent LIBs,including pyrometallurgy(melting reduction and roasting methods)and hydrometallurgy(leaching,precipitation,extraction,ion-exchange,elec-trochemical,sol-gel methods),and electrolyte recycling(organic solvent extraction and supercritical extraction methods).Pyrometallurgy technologies had relatively decent metal recovery rates but were associated with high energy consumption and atmospheric emission issues.Hydrometallurgical technologies were more environ-mentally friendly and efficient in recovering spent LIBs,although disposing of the wastewater generated from the process remained a challenge.In addition,the different industrial processes and various countries’related policies of recycling spent LIBs were investigated.In the end,the outlooks and future directions of recycling spent LIBs were proposed.
