Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary hepatic malignant tumor.With widespread use of liver imaging,various cirrhosis-related nodules are frequently detected in patients with chronic liver disease,while d...Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary hepatic malignant tumor.With widespread use of liver imaging,various cirrhosis-related nodules are frequently detected in patients with chronic liver disease,while diverse hypervascular hepatic lesions are incidentally detected but undiagnosed on dynamic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).However,use of hepatocyte-specific MR contrast agents with combined perfusion and hepatocyte-selective properties have improved diagnostic performance in detection and characterization of focal liver lesions.Meanwhile,the enhancement patterns observed during dynamic phases using hepatocyte-specific agents may be different from those observed during MRI using conventional extracellular fluid agents,leading to confusion in diagnosis.Therefore,we discuss useful tips for the differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma from similar lesions in patients with and without chronic liver disease using liver MRI with hepatocyte-specific agents.展开更多
During the last decade,the generation and accumulation of petabase-scale high-throughput sequencing data have resulted in great challenges,including access to human data,as well as transfer,storage,and sharing of enor...During the last decade,the generation and accumulation of petabase-scale high-throughput sequencing data have resulted in great challenges,including access to human data,as well as transfer,storage,and sharing of enormous amounts of data.To promote data-driven biological research,the Korean government announced that all biological data generated from government-funded research projects should be deposited at the Korea BioData Station(K-BDS),which consists of multiple databases for individual data types.Here,we introduce the Korean Nucleotide Archive(KoNA),a repository of nucleotide sequence data.As of July 2022,the Korean Read Archive in KoNA has collected over 477 TB of raw next-generation sequencing data from national genome projects.To ensure data quality and prepare for international alignment,a standard operating procedure was adopted,which is similar to that of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration.The standard operating procedure includes quality control processes for submitted data and metadata using an automated pipeline,followed by manual examination.To ensure fast and stable data transfer,a high-speed transmission system called GBox is used in KoNA.Furthermore,the data uploaded to or downloaded from KoNA through GBox can be readily processed using a cloud computing service called Bio-Express.This seamless coupling of KoNA,GBox,and Bio-Express enhances the data experience,including submission,access,and analysis of raw nucleotide sequences.KoNA not only satisfies the unmet needs for a national sequence repository in Korea but also provides datasets to researchers globally and contributes to advances in genomics.The KoNA is available at https://www.kobic.re.kr/kona/.展开更多
Privacy protection for smart contracts is currently inadequate.Existing solutions for privacy-preserving smart contracts either support only a limited class of smart contracts or rely on noncryptographic assumptions.W...Privacy protection for smart contracts is currently inadequate.Existing solutions for privacy-preserving smart contracts either support only a limited class of smart contracts or rely on noncryptographic assumptions.We propose a cryptographic obfuscation scheme for smart contracts based on existing blockchain mechanisms,standard cryptographic assumptions,and witness encryption.In the proposed scheme,an obfuscated smart contract does not reveal its algorithm and hardcoded secrets and preserves encrypted states.Any user can provide it with encrypted inputs and allow an untrusted third party to execute it.Although multiparty computation(MPC)among dynamically changing users is necessary,its privacy is protected if at least one user is honest.If the MPC does not finish within a period of time,anyone can cancel and restart it.The proposed scheme also supports decentralized obfuscation where even the participants of the obfuscation process cannot learn secrets in the obfuscated smart contract unless all of them are malicious.As its applications,we present a new trustless bitcoin bridge mechanism that exposes no secret key and privacy-preserving anti-money laundering built into smart contracts.展开更多
An important problem in management of the case with myasthenia gravis (MG) is the control of exacerbation. There are several possible causes of exacerbation of MG including the use of drug. Here, the authors report a ...An important problem in management of the case with myasthenia gravis (MG) is the control of exacerbation. There are several possible causes of exacerbation of MG including the use of drug. Here, the authors report a case of MG exacerbation and diarrhea associated with erythromycin treatment.展开更多
DNA damage response(DDR)is a highly conserved genome surveillance mechanism that preserves cell viability in the presence of chemotherapeutic drugs.Hence,small molecules that inhibit DDR are expected to enhance the an...DNA damage response(DDR)is a highly conserved genome surveillance mechanism that preserves cell viability in the presence of chemotherapeutic drugs.Hence,small molecules that inhibit DDR are expected to enhance the anti-cancer effect of chemotherapy.Through a recent chemical library screen,we identified shikonin as an inhibitor that strongly suppressed DDR activated by various chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer cell lines derived from different origins.Mechanistically,shikonin inhibited the activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated(ATM),and to a lesser degree ATM and RAD3-related(ATR),two master upstream regulators of the DDR signal,through inducing degradation of ATM and ATR-interacting protein(ATRIP),an obligate associating protein of ATR,respectively.As a result of DDR inhibition,shikonin enhanced the anti-cancer effect of chemotherapeutic drugs in both cell cultures and in mouse models.While degradation of ATRIP is proteasome dependent,that of ATM depends on caspase-and lysosome-,but not proteasome.Overexpression of ATM significantly mitigated DDR inhibition and cell death induced by shikonin and chemotherapeutic drugs.These novel findings reveal shikonin as a pan DDR inhibitor and identify ATM as a primary factor in determining the chemo sensitizing effect of shikonin.Our data may facilitate the development of shikonin and its derivatives as potential chemotherapy sensitizers through inducing ATM degradation.展开更多
There are many studies on the solution-processed thin-film transistor(TFT)using transition metal dichalcogenide(TMD)materials.However,it is hard to control the electrical property of chemically exfoliated TMD material...There are many studies on the solution-processed thin-film transistor(TFT)using transition metal dichalcogenide(TMD)materials.However,it is hard to control the electrical property of chemically exfoliated TMD materials compared to the chemical vapor deposition TMD.An investigation into the electrical modulation behavior of exfoliated two-dimensional(2D)material is important tofabricate weH-modulated electronic devices via solution processing.Here,we report the effects of reactivity of organic dopants on MoS2 and investigate how the chemical doping behavior influences the electrical properties of MoS2.The band state of dopants,which is related to the electron-withdrawing and donating behavior of chemical dopant,provides a proportional shift in the threshold voltages(Vth)of their field-effect transistors(FETs).However,on/off current ratio(Ion/Ioff)and mobility(μ)are strongly influenced by the defect density depending on the reactivity of doping reaction,rather than the band state of organic dopants.Through the in-depth study on the doping reaction,we fabricate a FET and a TFT,having high mobility and a relatively high on/off ratio(10^(4))using a solution process.展开更多
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most widely used methods of decision support. However, few studies have examined whether stakeholders prefer midpoint or endpoint approaches. In this regard, the present study...Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most widely used methods of decision support. However, few studies have examined whether stakeholders prefer midpoint or endpoint approaches. In this regard, the present study examines the attitudes toward urban solid waste management, environmental issues, and scenario evaluations by using midpoint and endpoint interpretations of LCA results. This study introduces three types of social groups that typically respond to environmental conflicts: the individualist, hierarchist, and egalitarian groups. Although residents are likely to recognize global impacts as the most important issue, their view is likely to change depending on system and avoided emissions. Consistent with the Seoul Metropolitan Area’s new policy designed to increase the incineration ratio, almost half of all respondents preferred the scenario. Noteworthy is that the respondents’ preference for midpoint and endpoint decision-making tools is not consistent with that in previous studies. Most of the respondents indicated that the midpoint approach would be better in evaluating environmental systems.展开更多
We introduce a transparent windshield-glass heater produced via transparent electrodes using silver nanowire （AgNW） networks for conventional use in the automobile industry. A high-quality conducting hybrid film is ...We introduce a transparent windshield-glass heater produced via transparent electrodes using silver nanowire （AgNW） networks for conventional use in the automobile industry. A high-quality conducting hybrid film is deposited on a plasma-treated glass substrate by spraying AgNWs, immersing the sprayed product in positively charged adhesive polymer solution, and then spraying negatively charged graphene oxide （GO） and a silane layer as an over-coating layer （OCL）.The results of heating tests conducted after adhesion tests show that the sheet resistance changes with the application of polymer glue. Surprisingly, the transmittance of the film with the GO OCL is higher than that of the film without the GO OCL. Heating and defrosting tests are carefully conducted via infrared （IR） monitoring. Adhesive-polymer-treated and GO-protected AgNW transparent glass heaters exhibit the best performance with low sheet resistance; thus, through strong electrostatic interaction among the substrate, adhesive layer, and OCL, our AgNW hybrid glass heater can reach the target temperature with a standard vehicle voltage of 12 V in a short period of time.展开更多
BACKGROUND Tracheoesophageal fistula(TEF)is a congenital anomaly characterized by interruptions in esophageal continuity with or without fistulous communication to the trachea.Anesthetic management during TEF repair i...BACKGROUND Tracheoesophageal fistula(TEF)is a congenital anomaly characterized by interruptions in esophageal continuity with or without fistulous communication to the trachea.Anesthetic management during TEF repair is challenging because of the difficulty of perioperative airway management.It is important to determine the appropriate position of the endotracheal tube(ETT)for proper ventilation and to prevent excessive gastric dilatation.Therefore,the tip of the ETT should be placed immediately below the fistula and above the carina.CASE SUMMARY A full-term,one-day-old,2.4 kg,50 cm male neonate was diagnosed with TEF type C.During induction,an ETT was inserted using video laryngoscope and advanced deeply to ensure that the tip passed over the fistula,according to known strategies.The passage of the ETT through the vocal cords was confirmed via video laryngoscope.However,after inflating the ETT cuff,breath sounds were not heard on bilateral lung auscultation.Instead,gastric sounds were heard.Considering that a large fistula(approximately 6.60 mm×4.54 mm)located 10.2mm above the carina was confirmed on preoperative tracheal computed tomography,the possibility of unintentional esophageal intubation was highly suspected.Therefore,we decided to uncuff and withdraw the ETT carefully for repositioning,while monitoring auscultation and end-tidal CO2 simultaneously.At a certain point(9.5 cm from the lip),clear breath sounds and proper end-tidal CO_(2) readings were suddenly achieved,and adequate ventilation was possible.CONCLUSION Preanesthetic anatomical evaluation with imaging studies in TEF is necessary to minimize complications related to airway management.展开更多
This study suggested environmental and economic evaluations by developing a scenario according to the various treatment options of food waste in Korea. In particular, the study evaluated the possibility about the comb...This study suggested environmental and economic evaluations by developing a scenario according to the various treatment options of food waste in Korea. In particular, the study evaluated the possibility about the combined treatment of food waste and human excrement after using food waste disposers (FWDs). The scenario including only composting (133 kg CO2 equiv./ton-household organic waste) or only FWDs (125 kg CO2 equiv./ton-household organic waste) was superior to the other scenarios in the environmental aspect and the scenario including only composting (101 USD/ton-household organic waste) was superior to the other scenarios in the economic aspect. However, the study discovered that 52% of greenhouse gas emission was reduced when sewage pretreatment was conducted in houses after using FWDs and also when biogas was collected on site and utilized in the private power station. Furthermore, the energy saving effect due to recovery of biogas has found to be larger in the environment aspect than in the economic aspect.展开更多
Acute renal failure is an important acute renal disease.It is the totally acute impairment of the renal function and can be fatal if there is no proper and timely treatment.There are various causes of acute renal fail...Acute renal failure is an important acute renal disease.It is the totally acute impairment of the renal function and can be fatal if there is no proper and timely treatment.There are various causes of acute renal failure.The acute renal failure might be due to contact with nephrotoxic substance.The food borne acute renal failure is an important problem that is sporadically seen worldwide.Of several food borne acute renal failure disorders,the fish borne acute renal failure is an important problem.In this specific short review,the authors summauize and discuss the cases on important fish borne acute renal failure disorders.展开更多
The recent problem on Middle East respiratory syndrome is a very interesting new infection emerging from the Gulf area. For practitioners in intensive care medicine, knowledge update on this new emerging infection is ...The recent problem on Middle East respiratory syndrome is a very interesting new infection emerging from the Gulf area. For practitioners in intensive care medicine, knowledge update on this new emerging infection is needed. Preparation for diagnostic tool and antiviral drug to cope with possible outbreak is suggested. In addition, the consideration of ecological factors of this new disease is important. The consideration of not only ecological but also humanistic background can be useful to manage the new disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome as well. Finally, how to improve medical service for underserved population is a big issue. The local health department must play an important role.展开更多
A credible accounting of national and regional inventories for the greenhouse gas （GHG） reduction has emerged as one of the most significant current discussions. This article assessed the regional GHG emissions by t...A credible accounting of national and regional inventories for the greenhouse gas （GHG） reduction has emerged as one of the most significant current discussions. This article assessed the regional GHG emissions by three categories of the waste sector in Daejeon Metropolitan City （DMC）, Korea, examined the potential for DMC to reduce GHG emission, and discussed the methodology modified from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Korea national guidelines. During the last five years, DMC＇s overall GHG emissions were 239 thousand tons C02 eq./year from eleven public environmental infrastructure facilities, with a population of 1.52 million. Of the three categories, solid waste treatment/disposal contributes 68%, whilst wastewater treatment and others contribute 22% and 10% respectively. Among GHG unit emissions per ton of waste treatment, the biggest contributor was waste incineration of 694 kg CO2 eq./ton, followed by waste disposal of 483 kg CO2 eq./ton, biological treatment of solid waste of 209 kg CO2 eq./ton, wastewater treatment of 0.241 kg CO2 eq./m3, and public water supplies of 0.067 kg CO2 eq./m3. Furthermore, it is suggested that the potential in reducing GHG emissions from landfill process can be as high as 47.5% by increasing landfill gas recovery up to 50%. Therefore, it is apparent that reduction strategies for the main contributors of GHG emissions should take precedence over minor contributors and lead to the best practice for managing GHGs abatement.展开更多
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary hepatic malignant tumor.With widespread use of liver imaging,various cirrhosis-related nodules are frequently detected in patients with chronic liver disease,while diverse hypervascular hepatic lesions are incidentally detected but undiagnosed on dynamic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).However,use of hepatocyte-specific MR contrast agents with combined perfusion and hepatocyte-selective properties have improved diagnostic performance in detection and characterization of focal liver lesions.Meanwhile,the enhancement patterns observed during dynamic phases using hepatocyte-specific agents may be different from those observed during MRI using conventional extracellular fluid agents,leading to confusion in diagnosis.Therefore,we discuss useful tips for the differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma from similar lesions in patients with and without chronic liver disease using liver MRI with hepatocyte-specific agents.
基金supported by the Next-generation Genome-InfraNET for the advancement of genome research and service(Grant No.2019M3C9A5069653)the Construction of biological data station(Grant No.2020M3A9I6A01036057)grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea.
文摘During the last decade,the generation and accumulation of petabase-scale high-throughput sequencing data have resulted in great challenges,including access to human data,as well as transfer,storage,and sharing of enormous amounts of data.To promote data-driven biological research,the Korean government announced that all biological data generated from government-funded research projects should be deposited at the Korea BioData Station(K-BDS),which consists of multiple databases for individual data types.Here,we introduce the Korean Nucleotide Archive(KoNA),a repository of nucleotide sequence data.As of July 2022,the Korean Read Archive in KoNA has collected over 477 TB of raw next-generation sequencing data from national genome projects.To ensure data quality and prepare for international alignment,a standard operating procedure was adopted,which is similar to that of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration.The standard operating procedure includes quality control processes for submitted data and metadata using an automated pipeline,followed by manual examination.To ensure fast and stable data transfer,a high-speed transmission system called GBox is used in KoNA.Furthermore,the data uploaded to or downloaded from KoNA through GBox can be readily processed using a cloud computing service called Bio-Express.This seamless coupling of KoNA,GBox,and Bio-Express enhances the data experience,including submission,access,and analysis of raw nucleotide sequences.KoNA not only satisfies the unmet needs for a national sequence repository in Korea but also provides datasets to researchers globally and contributes to advances in genomics.The KoNA is available at https://www.kobic.re.kr/kona/.
基金supported by the Mohammed bin Salman Center for Future Science and Technology for Saudi-Japan Vision 2030 at The University of Tokyo(MbSC2030).
文摘Privacy protection for smart contracts is currently inadequate.Existing solutions for privacy-preserving smart contracts either support only a limited class of smart contracts or rely on noncryptographic assumptions.We propose a cryptographic obfuscation scheme for smart contracts based on existing blockchain mechanisms,standard cryptographic assumptions,and witness encryption.In the proposed scheme,an obfuscated smart contract does not reveal its algorithm and hardcoded secrets and preserves encrypted states.Any user can provide it with encrypted inputs and allow an untrusted third party to execute it.Although multiparty computation(MPC)among dynamically changing users is necessary,its privacy is protected if at least one user is honest.If the MPC does not finish within a period of time,anyone can cancel and restart it.The proposed scheme also supports decentralized obfuscation where even the participants of the obfuscation process cannot learn secrets in the obfuscated smart contract unless all of them are malicious.As its applications,we present a new trustless bitcoin bridge mechanism that exposes no secret key and privacy-preserving anti-money laundering built into smart contracts.
文摘An important problem in management of the case with myasthenia gravis (MG) is the control of exacerbation. There are several possible causes of exacerbation of MG including the use of drug. Here, the authors report a case of MG exacerbation and diarrhea associated with erythromycin treatment.
基金supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515011244,China)to Jinshan Tangthe National 111 Project of China(No.B13038,China)to Xinsheng Yao。
文摘DNA damage response(DDR)is a highly conserved genome surveillance mechanism that preserves cell viability in the presence of chemotherapeutic drugs.Hence,small molecules that inhibit DDR are expected to enhance the anti-cancer effect of chemotherapy.Through a recent chemical library screen,we identified shikonin as an inhibitor that strongly suppressed DDR activated by various chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer cell lines derived from different origins.Mechanistically,shikonin inhibited the activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated(ATM),and to a lesser degree ATM and RAD3-related(ATR),two master upstream regulators of the DDR signal,through inducing degradation of ATM and ATR-interacting protein(ATRIP),an obligate associating protein of ATR,respectively.As a result of DDR inhibition,shikonin enhanced the anti-cancer effect of chemotherapeutic drugs in both cell cultures and in mouse models.While degradation of ATRIP is proteasome dependent,that of ATM depends on caspase-and lysosome-,but not proteasome.Overexpression of ATM significantly mitigated DDR inhibition and cell death induced by shikonin and chemotherapeutic drugs.These novel findings reveal shikonin as a pan DDR inhibitor and identify ATM as a primary factor in determining the chemo sensitizing effect of shikonin.Our data may facilitate the development of shikonin and its derivatives as potential chemotherapy sensitizers through inducing ATM degradation.
文摘There are many studies on the solution-processed thin-film transistor(TFT)using transition metal dichalcogenide(TMD)materials.However,it is hard to control the electrical property of chemically exfoliated TMD materials compared to the chemical vapor deposition TMD.An investigation into the electrical modulation behavior of exfoliated two-dimensional(2D)material is important tofabricate weH-modulated electronic devices via solution processing.Here,we report the effects of reactivity of organic dopants on MoS2 and investigate how the chemical doping behavior influences the electrical properties of MoS2.The band state of dopants,which is related to the electron-withdrawing and donating behavior of chemical dopant,provides a proportional shift in the threshold voltages(Vth)of their field-effect transistors(FETs).However,on/off current ratio(Ion/Ioff)and mobility(μ)are strongly influenced by the defect density depending on the reactivity of doping reaction,rather than the band state of organic dopants.Through the in-depth study on the doping reaction,we fabricate a FET and a TFT,having high mobility and a relatively high on/off ratio(10^(4))using a solution process.
文摘Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most widely used methods of decision support. However, few studies have examined whether stakeholders prefer midpoint or endpoint approaches. In this regard, the present study examines the attitudes toward urban solid waste management, environmental issues, and scenario evaluations by using midpoint and endpoint interpretations of LCA results. This study introduces three types of social groups that typically respond to environmental conflicts: the individualist, hierarchist, and egalitarian groups. Although residents are likely to recognize global impacts as the most important issue, their view is likely to change depending on system and avoided emissions. Consistent with the Seoul Metropolitan Area’s new policy designed to increase the incineration ratio, almost half of all respondents preferred the scenario. Noteworthy is that the respondents’ preference for midpoint and endpoint decision-making tools is not consistent with that in previous studies. Most of the respondents indicated that the midpoint approach would be better in evaluating environmental systems.
文摘We introduce a transparent windshield-glass heater produced via transparent electrodes using silver nanowire （AgNW） networks for conventional use in the automobile industry. A high-quality conducting hybrid film is deposited on a plasma-treated glass substrate by spraying AgNWs, immersing the sprayed product in positively charged adhesive polymer solution, and then spraying negatively charged graphene oxide （GO） and a silane layer as an over-coating layer （OCL）.The results of heating tests conducted after adhesion tests show that the sheet resistance changes with the application of polymer glue. Surprisingly, the transmittance of the film with the GO OCL is higher than that of the film without the GO OCL. Heating and defrosting tests are carefully conducted via infrared （IR） monitoring. Adhesive-polymer-treated and GO-protected AgNW transparent glass heaters exhibit the best performance with low sheet resistance; thus, through strong electrostatic interaction among the substrate, adhesive layer, and OCL, our AgNW hybrid glass heater can reach the target temperature with a standard vehicle voltage of 12 V in a short period of time.
文摘BACKGROUND Tracheoesophageal fistula(TEF)is a congenital anomaly characterized by interruptions in esophageal continuity with or without fistulous communication to the trachea.Anesthetic management during TEF repair is challenging because of the difficulty of perioperative airway management.It is important to determine the appropriate position of the endotracheal tube(ETT)for proper ventilation and to prevent excessive gastric dilatation.Therefore,the tip of the ETT should be placed immediately below the fistula and above the carina.CASE SUMMARY A full-term,one-day-old,2.4 kg,50 cm male neonate was diagnosed with TEF type C.During induction,an ETT was inserted using video laryngoscope and advanced deeply to ensure that the tip passed over the fistula,according to known strategies.The passage of the ETT through the vocal cords was confirmed via video laryngoscope.However,after inflating the ETT cuff,breath sounds were not heard on bilateral lung auscultation.Instead,gastric sounds were heard.Considering that a large fistula(approximately 6.60 mm×4.54 mm)located 10.2mm above the carina was confirmed on preoperative tracheal computed tomography,the possibility of unintentional esophageal intubation was highly suspected.Therefore,we decided to uncuff and withdraw the ETT carefully for repositioning,while monitoring auscultation and end-tidal CO2 simultaneously.At a certain point(9.5 cm from the lip),clear breath sounds and proper end-tidal CO_(2) readings were suddenly achieved,and adequate ventilation was possible.CONCLUSION Preanesthetic anatomical evaluation with imaging studies in TEF is necessary to minimize complications related to airway management.
文摘This study suggested environmental and economic evaluations by developing a scenario according to the various treatment options of food waste in Korea. In particular, the study evaluated the possibility about the combined treatment of food waste and human excrement after using food waste disposers (FWDs). The scenario including only composting (133 kg CO2 equiv./ton-household organic waste) or only FWDs (125 kg CO2 equiv./ton-household organic waste) was superior to the other scenarios in the environmental aspect and the scenario including only composting (101 USD/ton-household organic waste) was superior to the other scenarios in the economic aspect. However, the study discovered that 52% of greenhouse gas emission was reduced when sewage pretreatment was conducted in houses after using FWDs and also when biogas was collected on site and utilized in the private power station. Furthermore, the energy saving effect due to recovery of biogas has found to be larger in the environment aspect than in the economic aspect.
文摘Acute renal failure is an important acute renal disease.It is the totally acute impairment of the renal function and can be fatal if there is no proper and timely treatment.There are various causes of acute renal failure.The acute renal failure might be due to contact with nephrotoxic substance.The food borne acute renal failure is an important problem that is sporadically seen worldwide.Of several food borne acute renal failure disorders,the fish borne acute renal failure is an important problem.In this specific short review,the authors summauize and discuss the cases on important fish borne acute renal failure disorders.
文摘The recent problem on Middle East respiratory syndrome is a very interesting new infection emerging from the Gulf area. For practitioners in intensive care medicine, knowledge update on this new emerging infection is needed. Preparation for diagnostic tool and antiviral drug to cope with possible outbreak is suggested. In addition, the consideration of ecological factors of this new disease is important. The consideration of not only ecological but also humanistic background can be useful to manage the new disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome as well. Finally, how to improve medical service for underserved population is a big issue. The local health department must play an important role.
基金supported by the Daejeon Metropolitan City and Korea Environment Corporation
文摘A credible accounting of national and regional inventories for the greenhouse gas （GHG） reduction has emerged as one of the most significant current discussions. This article assessed the regional GHG emissions by three categories of the waste sector in Daejeon Metropolitan City （DMC）, Korea, examined the potential for DMC to reduce GHG emission, and discussed the methodology modified from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Korea national guidelines. During the last five years, DMC＇s overall GHG emissions were 239 thousand tons C02 eq./year from eleven public environmental infrastructure facilities, with a population of 1.52 million. Of the three categories, solid waste treatment/disposal contributes 68%, whilst wastewater treatment and others contribute 22% and 10% respectively. Among GHG unit emissions per ton of waste treatment, the biggest contributor was waste incineration of 694 kg CO2 eq./ton, followed by waste disposal of 483 kg CO2 eq./ton, biological treatment of solid waste of 209 kg CO2 eq./ton, wastewater treatment of 0.241 kg CO2 eq./m3, and public water supplies of 0.067 kg CO2 eq./m3. Furthermore, it is suggested that the potential in reducing GHG emissions from landfill process can be as high as 47.5% by increasing landfill gas recovery up to 50%. Therefore, it is apparent that reduction strategies for the main contributors of GHG emissions should take precedence over minor contributors and lead to the best practice for managing GHGs abatement.
