We used illite and chlorite crystaHinities, index minerals, mineral assemblages, polytype and domain size of white mica, electron microprobe analysis （EMPA）, b0 geobarometer and chlorite geothermometer to quantify t...We used illite and chlorite crystaHinities, index minerals, mineral assemblages, polytype and domain size of white mica, electron microprobe analysis （EMPA）, b0 geobarometer and chlorite geothermometer to quantify the diagenetic and metamorphic overprint on the Triassic flysch formations in the Songpan-Garze orogen along profile Zoige-Lushan, northwest Sichuan. Two anchizones, two epizones, one diagenetic zone and a transition belt in-between them are defined on the basis of the obtained data. lllite crystallinity correlates strongly with the best mean domain size of mica and moderately with chlorite crystallinity. 2M1 white mica polytype are observed within the epizone whilst 2M1 and 1M polytypes occur in the anchizone and diagenetic zone. Epizonal metamorphism reached maximum temperatures of 370℃±21℃ at low-to intermediate pressure conditions. Clay minerals underwent Ostwald ripening during metamorphism. Rocks from both sides of the Longmenshan fault reveal contrasting degrees of metamorphic overprint： on the northwest side of the Longmenshan fault, epimetamorphic conditions contrast with diagenetic rocks on the southeast side.展开更多
Mo/Si muitilayer mirrors(30 periods,doublelayer thickness 7nm)with the AZ-PF514 resist pattern whose smallest lines and spaces structure was 0.5pm were etched by reactive ion etching(RIE)in a fluorinated plasma.The et...Mo/Si muitilayer mirrors(30 periods,doublelayer thickness 7nm)with the AZ-PF514 resist pattern whose smallest lines and spaces structure was 0.5pm were etched by reactive ion etching(RIE)in a fluorinated plasma.The etch rate,selectivity and etch profile were investigated as a function of the gas mixture,pressure,and plasma rf power.The groove depth and the etch proHle were investigated by an atomic force microscope before RIE,after RIE and after resist removal.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> Many policy makers deliberating on comprehensive sexual and reproductive health and rights services need reliable evidence to make choices that benefit women, adolescents, chil...<strong>Background:</strong> Many policy makers deliberating on comprehensive sexual and reproductive health and rights services need reliable evidence to make choices that benefit women, adolescents, children and the wider society. While universal health coverage discourse provides an opportunity to expand access through evidence based interventions, many gaps exist. Research prioritization has proved to be very helpful in identifying relevant areas especially in constrained resource settings. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the World Health Organization Africa Region research prioritization for sexual and reproductive health and rights. These priorities hope to guide the region for the next three years. <strong>Methods: </strong>We used the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative approach to identify priority questions among many potential areas for research prioritization on sexual and reproductive health and rights. The implementation process was organized in three phases. The first phase involved sending out an online survey to various experts with experience in sexual and reproductive health rights. These questions were received by a technical team from World Health Organization headquarters for review. 634 questions were identified for potential research and grouped into 12 themes. The second phase involved experts who reviewed the questions. The team merged questions with duplications, removed the questions that were out of scope and finally refined the wordings. In the final phase, experts worked in groups to score and rank top ten priority questions for each of the 12 thematic areas. <strong>Results: </strong>A list of 120 priority questions for sexual and reproductive health and rights were prioritized by 67 participants drawn from 16 organizations. Most of the priority research questions (45%) focused on the theme of gender-based violence, 35% prioritized services in sexual and reproductive health and rights in humanitarian settings while 15% prioritized preventing unsafe展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> Unsafe abortion is a commonly neglected sexual and reproductive health and rights issue despite the serious health problems it causes to women and girls in their reproductive a...<strong>Background:</strong> Unsafe abortion is a commonly neglected sexual and reproductive health and rights issue despite the serious health problems it causes to women and girls in their reproductive ages. It is classified as a main cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. This paper has considered questions that have the greatest potential to successfully reduce unsafe abortions in the resource poor settings. <strong>Methods: </strong>We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) to identify and prioritize many competing sexual and reproductive health and rights research ideas that impact the health of the populations. The implementation was done in three phases which included generation and collection of research ideas from various experts virtually in August 2019 consolidation of the potential questions through thematic analysis conducted in September 2019. Finally, scoring and ranking of the research questions was done in a workshop of experts. <strong>Results: </strong>Out of a list of 45 priority research questions, two questions were ranked the highest scoring 28 out of the possible 30. The research priorities include: “The effectiveness of interventions (e.g. counseling or incentives or home visits) to increase post abortion uptake and continuance”, “Reducing repeat abortion on improving maternal health outcomes” and “Evaluation of community-based awareness programs to reduce unwanted pregnancies and encourage women to seek help early”. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Ten key research priorities in preventing unsafe abortion were identified. The priority list covers areas of focus that could effectively impact preventing unsafe abortions while also acting as a knowledge base for researchers, policy makers and other interested stakeholders who would want to invest in this area.展开更多
<strong>Background: </strong>The use of mobile phones continues to rise rapidly in the provision of health related services. Many countries have adopted the use of mobiles to provide sexual and reproductiv...<strong>Background: </strong>The use of mobile phones continues to rise rapidly in the provision of health related services. Many countries have adopted the use of mobiles to provide sexual and reproductive health and rights and especially among the adolescents where specific messages are tailored for various audiences with specific messages. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a research priority setting exercise on mHealth and innovative strategies. <strong>Methods:</strong> We adapted Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative methodology to identify and set research priorities on mHealth and innovative strategies that respond to sexual and reproductive health and rights services. General potential research questions were gathered online from multiple stakeholders in the region and sent for consolidation consolidated to technical experts in World Health Organization headquarters. The second phase involved a meeting with experts to review and thematically analyze the questions list of 33 questions producing a list of 22 research questions. The questions were scored against a six point criteria and ranked accordingly. Ten top priority research questions were identified. <strong>Results: </strong>Lists of 33 priority research questions for mHealth and innovative strategies were proposed for discussions by 67 stakeholders. The questions were reviewed, scored and ranked in a technical meeting by experts. The highest ranking questions at 87% include evaluation of mHealth for data management and sexual and reproductive health and rights decision making, assessment of innovative local financing techniques to support community based sexual reproductive health and rights and evaluation of the role of mobile technologies in referral and counter referral. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Information and communication technology is developing drastically and has a great potential in improving health especially in sexual and reproductive health and rights service delivery. This potential must be demonstr展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> Cervical cancer has been ranked among the leading causes of deaths among women in Africa. Despite this, priority setting mechanisms used in planning for programmes and interven...<strong>Background:</strong> Cervical cancer has been ranked among the leading causes of deaths among women in Africa. Despite this, priority setting mechanisms used in planning for programmes and interventions that respond to sexual and reproductive health and rights services particularly in cervical cancer prevalence, prevention and treatment have not adequately taken into account research based evidence to respond appropriately. <strong>Methods:</strong> We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative method. A wide range of stakeholders identified potential research areas in an online survey. A technical working group comprising of 67 participants reviewed the questions for modification and removal of out scope questions. Finally, scoring and ranking was done to provide the top ten priorities questions. <strong>Results:</strong> “Cost-benefit analysis of systematic human papillomavirus vaccination compared to the current cost of cervical cancer in public health care systems” scored 27. This was followed by two research questions ranked at 24 points: “assessment of women’s and girls’ knowledge on the importance of early cervical cancer screening,” and “human papilloma virus vaccination and contributions of new technologies to the supply and storage of vaccines, including human papillomavirus vaccine”. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study identified 10 priority research questions that can guide the agenda for cervical cancer prevalence, prevention and treatment in the WHO Africa region. The identified priorities will be of use to policy makers, researchers and programmers and other stakeholders who can invest in areas that greatly affect cervical cancer prevalence, prevention and treatment.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> There is an increasing emphasis on conducting research to identify gender based violence issues to enable development of appropriate programs and interventions. However, these ...<strong>Background:</strong> There is an increasing emphasis on conducting research to identify gender based violence issues to enable development of appropriate programs and interventions. However, these efforts are mixed in quality and often raise ethical questions. The increased pressure on policy makers to move to a more evidence-based approach in addressing gender based issues creates the need for this research prioritization activity. Inadequate evaluative evidence in this area poses a challenge in the planning for responsive interventions especially in resource limited settings. The purpose of this paper is to present gender based violence research priority areas for the WHO Africa Region. <strong>Methods:</strong> We utilized a modified version of the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative approach to reach consensus on research priorities on the thematic area of gender based violence. In three phases, we first conducted an online survey with sexual and reproductive health and rights experts in academia, ministries of health, non-governmental organizations and other health actors with a wide range of experiences. These questions were consolidated by three experts from World Health Organization headquarters into themes. Secondly, experts were invited in a meeting in Cape Town South Africa to analyze and generate relevant areas of research based on the themes. Finally, a smaller group of experts prioritized research areas based on agreed criteria. <strong>Results:</strong> A list of 10 priority research questions for addressing gender based violence were scored and ranked. Four priority research questions scored 30 points out of the possible 30 points and were thus ranked as the highest priority. These included questions that “engage young adolescents in behavioral interventions to influence gender roles”, “determinants of gender based violence analysis”, “both long and short term complications of gender based violence on survivors” and “assessment of men’s involvement in addressing 展开更多
<strong>Background: </strong>Despite increased recognition of the need for sexual and reproductive health and rights in humanitarian settings, evidence focusing on mainstreaming reproductive health service...<strong>Background: </strong>Despite increased recognition of the need for sexual and reproductive health and rights in humanitarian settings, evidence focusing on mainstreaming reproductive health services such as maternal, neonatal mortality, human immunodeficiency virus transmission and unsafe abortion still remains inadequate. The ability to understand the magnitude of the needs and highlight existing gaps is supported by improved data which is critical to informing effective policies, programming and funding decisions. The purpose of this report is to present the results of a research prioritization exercise on sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings for the WHO Africa region for the next three years. <strong>Methods:</strong> We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative method in three phases. Experts from the region participated in an online survey to identify key areas for research in sexual and reproductive health and rights. To identify potential areas for research, the experts ensured answerability, effectiveness, deliverability, equity and potential impact of the questions. The research areas they identified were reviewed by World Health Organization technical team from headquarters. In a meeting of 67 participants, the questions were subjected to further review and analysis. Using a modified for scoring criteria, the questions were scored and ranked to provide the top ten priority questions to address sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings. <strong>Results: </strong>A list of 21 priority research questions on sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings were scored and ranked. Top ten priorities research questions were identified. Those that scored highly by scoring 30 points out of the possible maximum of 30 include: “determining the prevalence and associated factors of unwanted pregnancies and abortions performed in emergency and humanitarian settings”, “evidence on gender-展开更多
Overuse of fertilizers and the resultant pollution and eutrophication of surface and groundwater is a growing issue in China. Consequently, improved management strategies are needed to optimize crop production with re...Overuse of fertilizers and the resultant pollution and eutrophication of surface and groundwater is a growing issue in China. Consequently, improved management strategies are needed to optimize crop production with reduced nutrient inputs. Conventional fertilization （CF）, reduced fertilization （RF）, and reduced fertilization with maize （Zea mays L.） as a summer catch crop （RF＋C） treatments were evaluated in 2008 and 2009 by quantifying tomato （Lycopersieon esculentum） fruit yield and soil nutrient balance in a greenhouse tomato double-cropping system. Fertilizer nitrogen （N） application was reduced by 37% in the RF and RF＋C treatments compared to the CF treatment with no significant reduction in fruit yield. Mean soil mineral N （Nmin） content to a depth of 180 cm following tomato and maize harvest was lower in the RF and RF＋C treatments than in the CF treatment. Residual soil Nmin content was reduced by 21% and 55% in the RF and RF＋C treatments, respectively, compared to the CF treatment. Surplus phosphorus （P） and potassium （K） contents in the RFWC treatment were significantly lower than those in the RF treatment, mainly due to additional P and K uptake by the catch crop. We concluded that for intensive greenhouse production systems, the RF and RF＋C treatments could maintain tomato fruit yield, reduce the potential for nitrate （NO3^--N） leaching, and with a catch crop, provide additional benefits through increased biomass production.展开更多
Navigation technology in ophthalmology,colloquially called“eye-tracking”,has been applied to various areas of eye care.This approach encompasses motion-based navigation technology in both ophthalmic imaging and trea...Navigation technology in ophthalmology,colloquially called“eye-tracking”,has been applied to various areas of eye care.This approach encompasses motion-based navigation technology in both ophthalmic imaging and treatment.For instance,modern imaging instruments use a real-time eye-tracking system,which helps to reduce motion artefacts and increase signal-to-noise ratio in imaging acquisition such as optical coherence tomography(OCT),microperimetry,and fluorescence and color imaging.Navigation in ophthalmic surgery has been firstly applied in laser vision corrective surgery and spread to involve navigated retinal photocoagulation,and positioning guidance of intraocular lenses(IOL)during cataract surgery.It has emerged as one of the most reliable representatives of technology as it continues to transform surgical interventions into safer,more standardized,and more predictable procedures with better outcomes.Eye-tracking is essential in refractive surgery with excimer laser ablation.Using this technology for cataract surgery in patients with high preoperative astigmatism has produced better therapeutic outcomes.Navigated retinal laser has proven to be safer and more accurate compared to the use of conventional slit lamp lasers.Eye-tracking has also been used in imaging diagnostics,where it is essential for proper alignment of captured zones of interest and accurate follow-up imaging.This technology is not routinely discussed in the ophthalmic literature even though it has been truly impactful in our clinical practice and represents a small revolution in ophthalmology.展开更多
In spite of increasing attention on Chinese aerosol, there has never been a country-wide survey of its general characteristics. This paper presents elemental data for aerosol at 23 sites in and around China, mostly dr...In spite of increasing attention on Chinese aerosol, there has never been a country-wide survey of its general characteristics. This paper presents elemental data for aerosol at 23 sites in and around China, mostly drawn from the literature, and shows some of the large-scale patterns. Al, Na, and Se are used to represent the crustal, marine, and pollution components, respectively. Most of the patterns are aligned in SW-NE. Al and Na are highest to the NW and the SE, respectively, and their ratio changes rapidly near the coast. Se has a broad maximum over Central China, and the Se/Al ratio （an indicator of pollution vs. crustal aerosol） increases progressively from the NW to the SE. A simple index for simulating pollution aerosol, which uses population density, annual precipitation, and mean wind speed, adequately reproduces the large-scale pattern of pollution aerosol and shows how crustal Al in the NW gradually gives way to flyash Al toward the SE.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 40572032）；the open fund of the central laboratory of Peking University （No. 14 and 15）.
文摘We used illite and chlorite crystaHinities, index minerals, mineral assemblages, polytype and domain size of white mica, electron microprobe analysis （EMPA）, b0 geobarometer and chlorite geothermometer to quantify the diagenetic and metamorphic overprint on the Triassic flysch formations in the Songpan-Garze orogen along profile Zoige-Lushan, northwest Sichuan. Two anchizones, two epizones, one diagenetic zone and a transition belt in-between them are defined on the basis of the obtained data. lllite crystallinity correlates strongly with the best mean domain size of mica and moderately with chlorite crystallinity. 2M1 white mica polytype are observed within the epizone whilst 2M1 and 1M polytypes occur in the anchizone and diagenetic zone. Epizonal metamorphism reached maximum temperatures of 370℃±21℃ at low-to intermediate pressure conditions. Clay minerals underwent Ostwald ripening during metamorphism. Rocks from both sides of the Longmenshan fault reveal contrasting degrees of metamorphic overprint： on the northwest side of the Longmenshan fault, epimetamorphic conditions contrast with diagenetic rocks on the southeast side.
基金the German Research Society Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft(Forschergruppe Nanometerschichtsysteme).
文摘Mo/Si muitilayer mirrors(30 periods,doublelayer thickness 7nm)with the AZ-PF514 resist pattern whose smallest lines and spaces structure was 0.5pm were etched by reactive ion etching(RIE)in a fluorinated plasma.The etch rate,selectivity and etch profile were investigated as a function of the gas mixture,pressure,and plasma rf power.The groove depth and the etch proHle were investigated by an atomic force microscope before RIE,after RIE and after resist removal.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> Many policy makers deliberating on comprehensive sexual and reproductive health and rights services need reliable evidence to make choices that benefit women, adolescents, children and the wider society. While universal health coverage discourse provides an opportunity to expand access through evidence based interventions, many gaps exist. Research prioritization has proved to be very helpful in identifying relevant areas especially in constrained resource settings. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the World Health Organization Africa Region research prioritization for sexual and reproductive health and rights. These priorities hope to guide the region for the next three years. <strong>Methods: </strong>We used the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative approach to identify priority questions among many potential areas for research prioritization on sexual and reproductive health and rights. The implementation process was organized in three phases. The first phase involved sending out an online survey to various experts with experience in sexual and reproductive health rights. These questions were received by a technical team from World Health Organization headquarters for review. 634 questions were identified for potential research and grouped into 12 themes. The second phase involved experts who reviewed the questions. The team merged questions with duplications, removed the questions that were out of scope and finally refined the wordings. In the final phase, experts worked in groups to score and rank top ten priority questions for each of the 12 thematic areas. <strong>Results: </strong>A list of 120 priority questions for sexual and reproductive health and rights were prioritized by 67 participants drawn from 16 organizations. Most of the priority research questions (45%) focused on the theme of gender-based violence, 35% prioritized services in sexual and reproductive health and rights in humanitarian settings while 15% prioritized preventing unsafe
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> Unsafe abortion is a commonly neglected sexual and reproductive health and rights issue despite the serious health problems it causes to women and girls in their reproductive ages. It is classified as a main cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. This paper has considered questions that have the greatest potential to successfully reduce unsafe abortions in the resource poor settings. <strong>Methods: </strong>We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) to identify and prioritize many competing sexual and reproductive health and rights research ideas that impact the health of the populations. The implementation was done in three phases which included generation and collection of research ideas from various experts virtually in August 2019 consolidation of the potential questions through thematic analysis conducted in September 2019. Finally, scoring and ranking of the research questions was done in a workshop of experts. <strong>Results: </strong>Out of a list of 45 priority research questions, two questions were ranked the highest scoring 28 out of the possible 30. The research priorities include: “The effectiveness of interventions (e.g. counseling or incentives or home visits) to increase post abortion uptake and continuance”, “Reducing repeat abortion on improving maternal health outcomes” and “Evaluation of community-based awareness programs to reduce unwanted pregnancies and encourage women to seek help early”. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Ten key research priorities in preventing unsafe abortion were identified. The priority list covers areas of focus that could effectively impact preventing unsafe abortions while also acting as a knowledge base for researchers, policy makers and other interested stakeholders who would want to invest in this area.
文摘<strong>Background: </strong>The use of mobile phones continues to rise rapidly in the provision of health related services. Many countries have adopted the use of mobiles to provide sexual and reproductive health and rights and especially among the adolescents where specific messages are tailored for various audiences with specific messages. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a research priority setting exercise on mHealth and innovative strategies. <strong>Methods:</strong> We adapted Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative methodology to identify and set research priorities on mHealth and innovative strategies that respond to sexual and reproductive health and rights services. General potential research questions were gathered online from multiple stakeholders in the region and sent for consolidation consolidated to technical experts in World Health Organization headquarters. The second phase involved a meeting with experts to review and thematically analyze the questions list of 33 questions producing a list of 22 research questions. The questions were scored against a six point criteria and ranked accordingly. Ten top priority research questions were identified. <strong>Results: </strong>Lists of 33 priority research questions for mHealth and innovative strategies were proposed for discussions by 67 stakeholders. The questions were reviewed, scored and ranked in a technical meeting by experts. The highest ranking questions at 87% include evaluation of mHealth for data management and sexual and reproductive health and rights decision making, assessment of innovative local financing techniques to support community based sexual reproductive health and rights and evaluation of the role of mobile technologies in referral and counter referral. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Information and communication technology is developing drastically and has a great potential in improving health especially in sexual and reproductive health and rights service delivery. This potential must be demonstr
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> Cervical cancer has been ranked among the leading causes of deaths among women in Africa. Despite this, priority setting mechanisms used in planning for programmes and interventions that respond to sexual and reproductive health and rights services particularly in cervical cancer prevalence, prevention and treatment have not adequately taken into account research based evidence to respond appropriately. <strong>Methods:</strong> We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative method. A wide range of stakeholders identified potential research areas in an online survey. A technical working group comprising of 67 participants reviewed the questions for modification and removal of out scope questions. Finally, scoring and ranking was done to provide the top ten priorities questions. <strong>Results:</strong> “Cost-benefit analysis of systematic human papillomavirus vaccination compared to the current cost of cervical cancer in public health care systems” scored 27. This was followed by two research questions ranked at 24 points: “assessment of women’s and girls’ knowledge on the importance of early cervical cancer screening,” and “human papilloma virus vaccination and contributions of new technologies to the supply and storage of vaccines, including human papillomavirus vaccine”. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study identified 10 priority research questions that can guide the agenda for cervical cancer prevalence, prevention and treatment in the WHO Africa region. The identified priorities will be of use to policy makers, researchers and programmers and other stakeholders who can invest in areas that greatly affect cervical cancer prevalence, prevention and treatment.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> There is an increasing emphasis on conducting research to identify gender based violence issues to enable development of appropriate programs and interventions. However, these efforts are mixed in quality and often raise ethical questions. The increased pressure on policy makers to move to a more evidence-based approach in addressing gender based issues creates the need for this research prioritization activity. Inadequate evaluative evidence in this area poses a challenge in the planning for responsive interventions especially in resource limited settings. The purpose of this paper is to present gender based violence research priority areas for the WHO Africa Region. <strong>Methods:</strong> We utilized a modified version of the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative approach to reach consensus on research priorities on the thematic area of gender based violence. In three phases, we first conducted an online survey with sexual and reproductive health and rights experts in academia, ministries of health, non-governmental organizations and other health actors with a wide range of experiences. These questions were consolidated by three experts from World Health Organization headquarters into themes. Secondly, experts were invited in a meeting in Cape Town South Africa to analyze and generate relevant areas of research based on the themes. Finally, a smaller group of experts prioritized research areas based on agreed criteria. <strong>Results:</strong> A list of 10 priority research questions for addressing gender based violence were scored and ranked. Four priority research questions scored 30 points out of the possible 30 points and were thus ranked as the highest priority. These included questions that “engage young adolescents in behavioral interventions to influence gender roles”, “determinants of gender based violence analysis”, “both long and short term complications of gender based violence on survivors” and “assessment of men’s involvement in addressing
文摘<strong>Background: </strong>Despite increased recognition of the need for sexual and reproductive health and rights in humanitarian settings, evidence focusing on mainstreaming reproductive health services such as maternal, neonatal mortality, human immunodeficiency virus transmission and unsafe abortion still remains inadequate. The ability to understand the magnitude of the needs and highlight existing gaps is supported by improved data which is critical to informing effective policies, programming and funding decisions. The purpose of this report is to present the results of a research prioritization exercise on sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings for the WHO Africa region for the next three years. <strong>Methods:</strong> We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative method in three phases. Experts from the region participated in an online survey to identify key areas for research in sexual and reproductive health and rights. To identify potential areas for research, the experts ensured answerability, effectiveness, deliverability, equity and potential impact of the questions. The research areas they identified were reviewed by World Health Organization technical team from headquarters. In a meeting of 67 participants, the questions were subjected to further review and analysis. Using a modified for scoring criteria, the questions were scored and ranked to provide the top ten priority questions to address sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings. <strong>Results: </strong>A list of 21 priority research questions on sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings were scored and ranked. Top ten priorities research questions were identified. Those that scored highly by scoring 30 points out of the possible maximum of 30 include: “determining the prevalence and associated factors of unwanted pregnancies and abortions performed in emergency and humanitarian settings”, “evidence on gender-
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31071858 and 41173083)
文摘Overuse of fertilizers and the resultant pollution and eutrophication of surface and groundwater is a growing issue in China. Consequently, improved management strategies are needed to optimize crop production with reduced nutrient inputs. Conventional fertilization （CF）, reduced fertilization （RF）, and reduced fertilization with maize （Zea mays L.） as a summer catch crop （RF＋C） treatments were evaluated in 2008 and 2009 by quantifying tomato （Lycopersieon esculentum） fruit yield and soil nutrient balance in a greenhouse tomato double-cropping system. Fertilizer nitrogen （N） application was reduced by 37% in the RF and RF＋C treatments compared to the CF treatment with no significant reduction in fruit yield. Mean soil mineral N （Nmin） content to a depth of 180 cm following tomato and maize harvest was lower in the RF and RF＋C treatments than in the CF treatment. Residual soil Nmin content was reduced by 21% and 55% in the RF and RF＋C treatments, respectively, compared to the CF treatment. Surplus phosphorus （P） and potassium （K） contents in the RFWC treatment were significantly lower than those in the RF treatment, mainly due to additional P and K uptake by the catch crop. We concluded that for intensive greenhouse production systems, the RF and RF＋C treatments could maintain tomato fruit yield, reduce the potential for nitrate （NO3^--N） leaching, and with a catch crop, provide additional benefits through increased biomass production.
文摘Navigation technology in ophthalmology,colloquially called“eye-tracking”,has been applied to various areas of eye care.This approach encompasses motion-based navigation technology in both ophthalmic imaging and treatment.For instance,modern imaging instruments use a real-time eye-tracking system,which helps to reduce motion artefacts and increase signal-to-noise ratio in imaging acquisition such as optical coherence tomography(OCT),microperimetry,and fluorescence and color imaging.Navigation in ophthalmic surgery has been firstly applied in laser vision corrective surgery and spread to involve navigated retinal photocoagulation,and positioning guidance of intraocular lenses(IOL)during cataract surgery.It has emerged as one of the most reliable representatives of technology as it continues to transform surgical interventions into safer,more standardized,and more predictable procedures with better outcomes.Eye-tracking is essential in refractive surgery with excimer laser ablation.Using this technology for cataract surgery in patients with high preoperative astigmatism has produced better therapeutic outcomes.Navigated retinal laser has proven to be safer and more accurate compared to the use of conventional slit lamp lasers.Eye-tracking has also been used in imaging diagnostics,where it is essential for proper alignment of captured zones of interest and accurate follow-up imaging.This technology is not routinely discussed in the ophthalmic literature even though it has been truly impactful in our clinical practice and represents a small revolution in ophthalmology.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 29837190, 20077004, and 30230310）.
文摘In spite of increasing attention on Chinese aerosol, there has never been a country-wide survey of its general characteristics. This paper presents elemental data for aerosol at 23 sites in and around China, mostly drawn from the literature, and shows some of the large-scale patterns. Al, Na, and Se are used to represent the crustal, marine, and pollution components, respectively. Most of the patterns are aligned in SW-NE. Al and Na are highest to the NW and the SE, respectively, and their ratio changes rapidly near the coast. Se has a broad maximum over Central China, and the Se/Al ratio （an indicator of pollution vs. crustal aerosol） increases progressively from the NW to the SE. A simple index for simulating pollution aerosol, which uses population density, annual precipitation, and mean wind speed, adequately reproduces the large-scale pattern of pollution aerosol and shows how crustal Al in the NW gradually gives way to flyash Al toward the SE.
