Leather,a by-product of the meat industry,has unique strength,elasticity,water vapor permeability,resistance to abrasion,durability,and longevity.In the background of ISO 15115:2019,the authenticity of leather has bec...Leather,a by-product of the meat industry,has unique strength,elasticity,water vapor permeability,resistance to abrasion,durability,and longevity.In the background of ISO 15115:2019,the authenticity of leather has become a subject matter of concern.There is a need to distinguish leather(animal origin)from other leather-like materials derived from fossil fuel(PU,faux leather,etc.)and agro-product-driven vegan materials,which are also sold in the market as leather.For this purpose,this work relies on the signature FTIR bands of collagen(the skin-making protein)as a starting point to distinguish between animal origin and rest.A detailed investigation of all types of materials used in lifestyle products has been carried out to assess the boundary lines of this hypothesis.It is reasonably concluded that the signature AmideⅠ,Ⅱ,andⅢbands of collagen occurring at 1600,1500,and 1200 cm^(-1)could serve as the first line to distinguish against all materials other than nylon and in the case of nylon,and the Amide A band at 3200 cm^(-1),forms the basis for differentiation from nylon.In essence,the FTIR spectra can be used as a robust,easy and unambiguous technique to distinguish leather from leather-like materials currently available on the market.展开更多
Increasing energy cost calls for exterior coatings with high near infra-red reflectance,so as to reduce heat absorption and in turn cost of air-conditioning.While modulations of substrate,use of white metal oxides as ...Increasing energy cost calls for exterior coatings with high near infra-red reflectance,so as to reduce heat absorption and in turn cost of air-conditioning.While modulations of substrate,use of white metal oxides as pigments or under-layers has been reported in past,reports on metal oxide or doped metal oxide pigments with high NIR reflectance is scarce.We report for the first time a blue colored cobalt aluminate type pigment prepared through doping of cerium,praseodymium or neodymium.CIELAB color measurements and calculation ofDE indicated that the Nd doped sample had crystal size of(36±1)nm,bandgap value of(2.4±0.2)eV and color coordinates similar to that of cobalt aluminate.The molar ratio as estimated by EDX was found to be Al:Cu:Co:Ce:Nd:O=2:0.06:0.06:0.012:0.00012:6.18.The pigment was found to have potential applications as a cool blue colorant,owing to changes in optical properties arising out of crystal chemistry changes.Incorporation of rare earth metal ions was found to enhance the NIR reflectance by 10%,when compared to a conventional cobalt aluminate pigment.The oxide has been well characterized and its performance as a pigment evaluated.We have proposed that changes in crystal lattice when neodymium enters into Ce4+sites enhance the NIR reflectance by about 9%as against the entry of praseodymium.展开更多
Leather,a by-product of the meat industry,has unique strength,elasticity,water vapor permeability,resistance to abrasion,durability,and longevity.In the background of ISO 15115:2019,the authenticity of leather has bec...Leather,a by-product of the meat industry,has unique strength,elasticity,water vapor permeability,resistance to abrasion,durability,and longevity.In the background of ISO 15115:2019,the authenticity of leather has become a subject matter of concern.There is a need to distinguish leather(animal origin)from other leather-like materials derived from fossil fuel(PU,faux leather,etc.)and agro-product-driven vegan materials,which are also sold in the market as leather.For this purpose,this work relies on the signature FTIR bands of collagen(the skin-making protein)as a starting point to distinguish between animal origin and rest.A detailed investigation of all types of materials used in lifestyle products has been carried out to assess the boundary lines of this hypothesis.It is reasonably concluded that the signature AmideⅠ,Ⅱ,andⅢbands of collagen occurring at 1600,1500,and 1200 cm^(-1)could serve as the first line to distinguish against all materials other than nylon and in the case of nylon,and the Amide A band at 3200 cm^(-1),forms the basis for differentiation from nylon.In essence,the FTIR spectra can be used as a robust,easy and unambiguous technique to distinguish leather from leather-like materials currently available on the market.展开更多
The main intention of developing cognitive radio technology is to solve the spectrum deficiency problem by allocating the spectrum dynamically to the unlicensed clients. An important aim of any wireless network is to ...The main intention of developing cognitive radio technology is to solve the spectrum deficiency problem by allocating the spectrum dynamically to the unlicensed clients. An important aim of any wireless network is to secure communication. It is to help the unlicensed clients to utilize the maximum available licensed bandwidth, and the cognitive network is designed for opportunistic communication technology. Selfish attacks cause serious security problem because they significantly deteriorate the performance of a cognitive network. In this paper, the selfish attacks have been identified using cooperative neighboring cognitive radio ad hoc network (COOPON). A novel technique has been proposed as ICOOPON (improvised COOPON), which shows improved performance in selfish attack detection as compared to existing technique. A comparative study has been presented to find the efficiency of proposed technique. The parameters used are throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay.展开更多
This paper presents a design of continuous-time sliding mode control for the higher order systems via reduced order model. It is shown that a continuous-time sliding mode control designed for the reduced order model g...This paper presents a design of continuous-time sliding mode control for the higher order systems via reduced order model. It is shown that a continuous-time sliding mode control designed for the reduced order model gives similar performance for thc higher order system. The method is illustrated by numerical examples. The paper also introduces a technique for design of a sliding surface such that the system satisfies a cost-optimality condition when on the sliding surface.展开更多
Background: Both myocardial contrast echocardiography(MCE) and cardiovascular magnetic resonance(CMR) can identify myocardial necrosis after acute myocardial infarction(AMI). However, transmural extent of infarction(T...Background: Both myocardial contrast echocardiography(MCE) and cardiovascular magnetic resonance(CMR) can identify myocardial necrosis after acute myocardial infarction(AMI). However, transmural extent of infarction(TEI) correlates of myocardial perfusion by MCE after AMI are unknown. We sought to ascertain the ability of MCE to(1) predict TEI as defined by contrast-enhanced CMR and(2) to compare the relative accuracy of these techniques to predict contractile reserve late after AMI.Methods: MCE and CMR were performed in 42 patients with AMI 7 to 10 days after thrombolysis. Contractile reserve with low-dose dobutamine was evaluated 12 weeks after revascularization. Results: Both qualitative(myocardial contrast intensity) and quantitative MCE[peak contrast intensity, microbubble velocity(β), and myocardial blood flow] showed a significant(P< .0001) inverse relationship with increasing TEI. However, βwas the single best predictor of TEI(P=.002). Both qualitative MCE and CMR predicted contractile reserve similarly(area under receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.84 and 0.80, respectively). Qualitative and quantitative MCE parameters as well as CMR correlated significantly with the degree of contractile reserve(P< .001). Multiple logistic regression analysis using clinical, electrocardiographic, MCE, and CMR parameters showed that both MCE(OR=0.03, 95%CI 0.01-0.10, P< .001) and CMR(OR=0.11, 95%CI 0.04-0.26, P< .001) are independent predictors of contractile reserve. The most discriminative quantitative parameters for prediction of contractile reserve were microbubble velocity(P< . 001) and myocardial blood flow(P=.001) assessed by MCE. Conclusion: MCE reflects the transmural extent of AMI as assessed by CMR. Both techniques predict contractile reserve.展开更多
Objective:To examine the downregulalion of proinflammatory cytokines in a time dependant manner on carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in experimental animals.Methods:CCl<sub>4</sub>（150μL/100 g） was ...Objective:To examine the downregulalion of proinflammatory cytokines in a time dependant manner on carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in experimental animals.Methods:CCl<sub>4</sub>（150μL/100 g） was dissolved in com oil（1:1 v/v%） and administered orally,GroupⅠwas treated as normal control and received corn oil on 8th day.GroupⅡwas toxic control and was given a single dose of CCl<sub>4</sub> on 8th days.GroupⅢwas treated with Lygodium flexuosum（L.flexuosum） n-hexane extract（200 mg/kg） for 8 days and on 8th day a single dose of CCl<sub>4</sub> was received.GroupⅣ（negative contnil） received L.flexuosiim n-hexane extract（200 mg/kg） alone for 8 days.Results:Treatment with n-hexane extract prior to the administration of CCl<sub>4</sub> significantly prevented an increase in serum AST,ALT,LDH activity and lipid peroxidation and prevented the depletion of glutathione （GSH）.Rats treated with L.flexuosum had reduced mRNA levels of TGF-β1,TNF-αand IL-1βgenes in liver of CCl<sub>4</sub> intoxicated rats when compared to CCl<sub>4</sub> control as evidenced by RT-PCR. Conclusions:The data suggest that L.flexuosum,a widely available fem,significantly reduces CCl<sub>4</sub> induced acute hepatotoxicily by down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rats.展开更多
Conventional synthesis of silver nanoparticles employs a reducing agent and a capping agent. Surfactants are effec-tive capping agents as they prevent the aggregation of nanoparticles during storage and use. However, ...Conventional synthesis of silver nanoparticles employs a reducing agent and a capping agent. Surfactants are effec-tive capping agents as they prevent the aggregation of nanoparticles during storage and use. However, the biocompatibility of several of the surfactants is questionable. In this report, the use of thiosalicylic acid as both reducing and capping agent is reported. Compared to conventional synthesis, this methodology requires higher temperature for synthesis, which then is expected to result in aggregates of larger size. The ability of three different synthesis methodologies – direct heating, photochemical and microwave dielectric treatment were evaluated and assessed on the basis of the size, size distribution and stability of the particles. Microwave irradiation was found to be most suitable for achieving particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 10 nm. Our studies indicate that -COO- group is involved in the reduction of Ag+ and –SH group of TSA is involved in the capping of the nanoparticles.展开更多
Objective:To identify the phytochemical constituents of Amorphopkallus campanulatus(A. campanulatus) tuber and to evaluate its antioxidant potential through in vitro and in vivo models. Methods:Phytochemical screening...Objective:To identify the phytochemical constituents of Amorphopkallus campanulatus(A. campanulatus) tuber and to evaluate its antioxidant potential through in vitro and in vivo models. Methods:Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities of A.campanulatus tuber n-hexane extract(ACHE) and methanolic extract(ACME) were evaluated using DPPH,hydroxyl radical,reducing power and total antioxidant capacity assays.The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also investigated.The protective potential of two different doses of ACME(125 and 250 mg/kg) was also evaluated against thioaeetamide(TAA) induced oxidative stress in rats. Silymarin used as a standard drug control.Hepatotoxicitv was assessed by quantifying the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(AIT),alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH).The antioxidant potential of ACME were also evaluated by the estimation of catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GPx),glutathione reductase (OR),glutathione-S-transferase(GST),reduced glutathione(GSH) and lipid peroxidation (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) in hepatic and renal tissues.Histopathologic changes of liver were also evaluated.Results:In vitro studies revealed that ACME has higher antioxidant and radical scavenging activity than ACHE,which may be attributed to its higher phenolic and flavonoid content.ACME significandy prevented the elevation of serum AST,ALT.ALP,LDH,and tissue malondialdehyde levels(P 【 0.05).Hepatic and renal GSH.GST.GR,GPx,and catalase levels were remarkably increased by the treatment with the extract.Quantification of histopathological changes also supported the dose dependent protective effects of ACME.Conclusions:The results do suggest that A.campanulatus tuber could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidant.展开更多
The crystal and molecular structure of 2-Amino-3-ethyl carboxamido-4-methyl-5-carboxy ethyl thiophene (C11H16N2O3S) has been investigated from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The primary focus is to investigate...The crystal and molecular structure of 2-Amino-3-ethyl carboxamido-4-methyl-5-carboxy ethyl thiophene (C11H16N2O3S) has been investigated from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The primary focus is to investigate the molecular geometry of this compound in the solid state along with the associated inter and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding and related weak interactions present in this molecule. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with cell parameters, a = 8.1344(3) , b = 13.7392(4) , c = 11.4704(4) , β = 100.769(2), V = 1259.36 (7) 3, D = 1.352 g·cm–3, Z = 4. The molecular geometry is stabilized by intra-molecular N-H…O=C and C-H…O interactions along with intramolecular C-H…N and C-H…O interactions which contribute towards the stability of the crystal packing.展开更多
基金CSIR-CLRI for funding this work under CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute OLP-2318.
文摘Leather,a by-product of the meat industry,has unique strength,elasticity,water vapor permeability,resistance to abrasion,durability,and longevity.In the background of ISO 15115:2019,the authenticity of leather has become a subject matter of concern.There is a need to distinguish leather(animal origin)from other leather-like materials derived from fossil fuel(PU,faux leather,etc.)and agro-product-driven vegan materials,which are also sold in the market as leather.For this purpose,this work relies on the signature FTIR bands of collagen(the skin-making protein)as a starting point to distinguish between animal origin and rest.A detailed investigation of all types of materials used in lifestyle products has been carried out to assess the boundary lines of this hypothesis.It is reasonably concluded that the signature AmideⅠ,Ⅱ,andⅢbands of collagen occurring at 1600,1500,and 1200 cm^(-1)could serve as the first line to distinguish against all materials other than nylon and in the case of nylon,and the Amide A band at 3200 cm^(-1),forms the basis for differentiation from nylon.In essence,the FTIR spectra can be used as a robust,easy and unambiguous technique to distinguish leather from leather-like materials currently available on the market.
基金One of the authors(SPR)thanks the Department of Science and Technology,Government of India for the funding received under the WOS-A programFinancial assistance of the CSIR New Delhi under the XII Plan project is also acknowledged.
文摘Increasing energy cost calls for exterior coatings with high near infra-red reflectance,so as to reduce heat absorption and in turn cost of air-conditioning.While modulations of substrate,use of white metal oxides as pigments or under-layers has been reported in past,reports on metal oxide or doped metal oxide pigments with high NIR reflectance is scarce.We report for the first time a blue colored cobalt aluminate type pigment prepared through doping of cerium,praseodymium or neodymium.CIELAB color measurements and calculation ofDE indicated that the Nd doped sample had crystal size of(36±1)nm,bandgap value of(2.4±0.2)eV and color coordinates similar to that of cobalt aluminate.The molar ratio as estimated by EDX was found to be Al:Cu:Co:Ce:Nd:O=2:0.06:0.06:0.012:0.00012:6.18.The pigment was found to have potential applications as a cool blue colorant,owing to changes in optical properties arising out of crystal chemistry changes.Incorporation of rare earth metal ions was found to enhance the NIR reflectance by 10%,when compared to a conventional cobalt aluminate pigment.The oxide has been well characterized and its performance as a pigment evaluated.We have proposed that changes in crystal lattice when neodymium enters into Ce4+sites enhance the NIR reflectance by about 9%as against the entry of praseodymium.
基金CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute OLP-2318.
文摘Leather,a by-product of the meat industry,has unique strength,elasticity,water vapor permeability,resistance to abrasion,durability,and longevity.In the background of ISO 15115:2019,the authenticity of leather has become a subject matter of concern.There is a need to distinguish leather(animal origin)from other leather-like materials derived from fossil fuel(PU,faux leather,etc.)and agro-product-driven vegan materials,which are also sold in the market as leather.For this purpose,this work relies on the signature FTIR bands of collagen(the skin-making protein)as a starting point to distinguish between animal origin and rest.A detailed investigation of all types of materials used in lifestyle products has been carried out to assess the boundary lines of this hypothesis.It is reasonably concluded that the signature AmideⅠ,Ⅱ,andⅢbands of collagen occurring at 1600,1500,and 1200 cm^(-1)could serve as the first line to distinguish against all materials other than nylon and in the case of nylon,and the Amide A band at 3200 cm^(-1),forms the basis for differentiation from nylon.In essence,the FTIR spectra can be used as a robust,easy and unambiguous technique to distinguish leather from leather-like materials currently available on the market.
文摘The main intention of developing cognitive radio technology is to solve the spectrum deficiency problem by allocating the spectrum dynamically to the unlicensed clients. An important aim of any wireless network is to secure communication. It is to help the unlicensed clients to utilize the maximum available licensed bandwidth, and the cognitive network is designed for opportunistic communication technology. Selfish attacks cause serious security problem because they significantly deteriorate the performance of a cognitive network. In this paper, the selfish attacks have been identified using cooperative neighboring cognitive radio ad hoc network (COOPON). A novel technique has been proposed as ICOOPON (improvised COOPON), which shows improved performance in selfish attack detection as compared to existing technique. A comparative study has been presented to find the efficiency of proposed technique. The parameters used are throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay.
文摘This paper presents a design of continuous-time sliding mode control for the higher order systems via reduced order model. It is shown that a continuous-time sliding mode control designed for the reduced order model gives similar performance for thc higher order system. The method is illustrated by numerical examples. The paper also introduces a technique for design of a sliding surface such that the system satisfies a cost-optimality condition when on the sliding surface.
文摘Background: Both myocardial contrast echocardiography(MCE) and cardiovascular magnetic resonance(CMR) can identify myocardial necrosis after acute myocardial infarction(AMI). However, transmural extent of infarction(TEI) correlates of myocardial perfusion by MCE after AMI are unknown. We sought to ascertain the ability of MCE to(1) predict TEI as defined by contrast-enhanced CMR and(2) to compare the relative accuracy of these techniques to predict contractile reserve late after AMI.Methods: MCE and CMR were performed in 42 patients with AMI 7 to 10 days after thrombolysis. Contractile reserve with low-dose dobutamine was evaluated 12 weeks after revascularization. Results: Both qualitative(myocardial contrast intensity) and quantitative MCE[peak contrast intensity, microbubble velocity(β), and myocardial blood flow] showed a significant(P< .0001) inverse relationship with increasing TEI. However, βwas the single best predictor of TEI(P=.002). Both qualitative MCE and CMR predicted contractile reserve similarly(area under receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.84 and 0.80, respectively). Qualitative and quantitative MCE parameters as well as CMR correlated significantly with the degree of contractile reserve(P< .001). Multiple logistic regression analysis using clinical, electrocardiographic, MCE, and CMR parameters showed that both MCE(OR=0.03, 95%CI 0.01-0.10, P< .001) and CMR(OR=0.11, 95%CI 0.04-0.26, P< .001) are independent predictors of contractile reserve. The most discriminative quantitative parameters for prediction of contractile reserve were microbubble velocity(P< . 001) and myocardial blood flow(P=.001) assessed by MCE. Conclusion: MCE reflects the transmural extent of AMI as assessed by CMR. Both techniques predict contractile reserve.
基金supported by grants from kerala Forest Department, kerala India Financial assistance from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR),New Delhi as Senior Research Fellowship to PJ Wills
文摘Objective:To examine the downregulalion of proinflammatory cytokines in a time dependant manner on carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in experimental animals.Methods:CCl<sub>4</sub>（150μL/100 g） was dissolved in com oil（1:1 v/v%） and administered orally,GroupⅠwas treated as normal control and received corn oil on 8th day.GroupⅡwas toxic control and was given a single dose of CCl<sub>4</sub> on 8th days.GroupⅢwas treated with Lygodium flexuosum（L.flexuosum） n-hexane extract（200 mg/kg） for 8 days and on 8th day a single dose of CCl<sub>4</sub> was received.GroupⅣ（negative contnil） received L.flexuosiim n-hexane extract（200 mg/kg） alone for 8 days.Results:Treatment with n-hexane extract prior to the administration of CCl<sub>4</sub> significantly prevented an increase in serum AST,ALT,LDH activity and lipid peroxidation and prevented the depletion of glutathione （GSH）.Rats treated with L.flexuosum had reduced mRNA levels of TGF-β1,TNF-αand IL-1βgenes in liver of CCl<sub>4</sub> intoxicated rats when compared to CCl<sub>4</sub> control as evidenced by RT-PCR. Conclusions:The data suggest that L.flexuosum,a widely available fem,significantly reduces CCl<sub>4</sub> induced acute hepatotoxicily by down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rats.
文摘Conventional synthesis of silver nanoparticles employs a reducing agent and a capping agent. Surfactants are effec-tive capping agents as they prevent the aggregation of nanoparticles during storage and use. However, the biocompatibility of several of the surfactants is questionable. In this report, the use of thiosalicylic acid as both reducing and capping agent is reported. Compared to conventional synthesis, this methodology requires higher temperature for synthesis, which then is expected to result in aggregates of larger size. The ability of three different synthesis methodologies – direct heating, photochemical and microwave dielectric treatment were evaluated and assessed on the basis of the size, size distribution and stability of the particles. Microwave irradiation was found to be most suitable for achieving particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 10 nm. Our studies indicate that -COO- group is involved in the reduction of Ag+ and –SH group of TSA is involved in the capping of the nanoparticles.
基金financially supported by University Grants Commission(UGC),New Delhi,India[F.No.37-265/2009(SR)]Financial assistance from UGC as Research Fellowship in Sciences for Meritorious Students to P.N. ANSIL
文摘Objective:To identify the phytochemical constituents of Amorphopkallus campanulatus(A. campanulatus) tuber and to evaluate its antioxidant potential through in vitro and in vivo models. Methods:Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities of A.campanulatus tuber n-hexane extract(ACHE) and methanolic extract(ACME) were evaluated using DPPH,hydroxyl radical,reducing power and total antioxidant capacity assays.The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also investigated.The protective potential of two different doses of ACME(125 and 250 mg/kg) was also evaluated against thioaeetamide(TAA) induced oxidative stress in rats. Silymarin used as a standard drug control.Hepatotoxicitv was assessed by quantifying the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(AIT),alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH).The antioxidant potential of ACME were also evaluated by the estimation of catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GPx),glutathione reductase (OR),glutathione-S-transferase(GST),reduced glutathione(GSH) and lipid peroxidation (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) in hepatic and renal tissues.Histopathologic changes of liver were also evaluated.Results:In vitro studies revealed that ACME has higher antioxidant and radical scavenging activity than ACHE,which may be attributed to its higher phenolic and flavonoid content.ACME significandy prevented the elevation of serum AST,ALT.ALP,LDH,and tissue malondialdehyde levels(P 【 0.05).Hepatic and renal GSH.GST.GR,GPx,and catalase levels were remarkably increased by the treatment with the extract.Quantification of histopathological changes also supported the dose dependent protective effects of ACME.Conclusions:The results do suggest that A.campanulatus tuber could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidant.
文摘The crystal and molecular structure of 2-Amino-3-ethyl carboxamido-4-methyl-5-carboxy ethyl thiophene (C11H16N2O3S) has been investigated from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The primary focus is to investigate the molecular geometry of this compound in the solid state along with the associated inter and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding and related weak interactions present in this molecule. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with cell parameters, a = 8.1344(3) , b = 13.7392(4) , c = 11.4704(4) , β = 100.769(2), V = 1259.36 (7) 3, D = 1.352 g·cm–3, Z = 4. The molecular geometry is stabilized by intra-molecular N-H…O=C and C-H…O interactions along with intramolecular C-H…N and C-H…O interactions which contribute towards the stability of the crystal packing.
