The present study is concerned with the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation of turbulent dispersion of immiscible liquids,namely,water–silicone oil and water–benzene through Kenics static mixers using the Eu...The present study is concerned with the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation of turbulent dispersion of immiscible liquids,namely,water–silicone oil and water–benzene through Kenics static mixers using the Eulerian–Eulerian and Eulerian–Lagrangian approaches of the ANSYS Fluent 16.0 software.To study the droplet size distribution(DSD),the Eulerian formulation incorporating a population balance model(PBM)was employed.For the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach,a discrete phase model(DPM)in conjunction with the Eulerian approach for continuous phase simulation was used to predict the residence time distribution(RTD)of droplets.In both approaches,a shear stress transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model was used.For validation purposes,the simulated results were compared with the experimental data and theoretical values for the Fanning friction factor,Sauter mean diameter and the mean residence time.The reliability of the computational model was further assessed by comparing the results with the available empirical correlations for Fanning friction factor and Sauter mean diameter.In addition,the influence of important geometrical and operational parameters,including the number of mixing elements and Weber number,was studied.It was found that the proposed models are capable of predicting the performance of the Kenics static mixer reasonably well.展开更多
The flow and mixing behavior of two miscible liquids has been studied in an innovative static mixer by using CFD,with Reynolds numbers ranging from 20 to 160.The performance of the new mixer is compared with those of ...The flow and mixing behavior of two miscible liquids has been studied in an innovative static mixer by using CFD,with Reynolds numbers ranging from 20 to 160.The performance of the new mixer is compared with those of Kenics,SMX,and Komax static mixers.The pressure drop ratio(Z-factor),coefficient of variation(CoV),and extensional efficiency(α)features have been used to evaluate power consumption,distributive mixing,and dispersive mixing performances,respectively,in all mixers.The model is firstly validated based on experimental data measured for the pressure drop ratio and the coefficient of variation.CFD results are consistent with measured data and those obtained by available correlations in the literature.The new mixer shows a superior mixing performance compared to the other mixers.展开更多
A recently developed backward extrusion method entitled “modified backward extrusion” was presented using an upper bound analysis. For this purpose deformation area was divided into four distinct zones and a kinemat...A recently developed backward extrusion method entitled “modified backward extrusion” was presented using an upper bound analysis. For this purpose deformation area was divided into four distinct zones and a kinematically admissible velocity field for each of them was suggested. Total dissipated power was calculated for the deformation zones and the extrusion power wascomputed. The correlations of important geometrical parameters with extrusion force and dissipated powers were shown. Finding the initial billet size, a challenging area in the modified backward extrusion method, was discussed and the optimum billet radius was obtained, considering the minimum relative extrusion pressure. Finite element analyses were conducted and the results werecompared with the upper bound analysis. Finally, experiments were executed on commercially pure aluminium and a good agreement between upper bound and finite element analyses with experimental values was observed.展开更多
A novel control strategy for the load converter supplying the unbalanced AC load in a DC isolated distribution system is presented. The control algorithm results in balanced and sinusoidal load voltages under unbalanc...A novel control strategy for the load converter supplying the unbalanced AC load in a DC isolated distribution system is presented. The control algorithm results in balanced and sinusoidal load voltages under unbalanced AC loading. The unbalanced load is characterized in the d-q-0 rotating coordinate based on symmetrical sequence components. Also, the mathematical model of the load converter in both a-b-c and d-q-0 coordinates is derived by using the average large signal model. Then, two control strategies for the load converter are presented. The first one uses the conventional d-q-0 controller to ensure the voltage and current regulation. The second one is a newly proposed control strategy based on the decomposition of the voltage and current into in-stantaneous positive, negative, and zero sequences. These three sequences are controlled independently in their own reference frames as DC signals. The performance of the load converter using these two control strategies is compared. Simulation results show the validity and capability of the newly proposed control strategy.展开更多
This paper investigated the effect of Gaussian distribution width,average particle diameter,particle loading,and the tapered angle on minimum fluidization velocity(U_(mf))by conducting extensive experiments in tapered...This paper investigated the effect of Gaussian distribution width,average particle diameter,particle loading,and the tapered angle on minimum fluidization velocity(U_(mf))by conducting extensive experiments in tapered fluidized beds.Three powders with Gaussian size distribution and different distribution widths were used in the experiments.An increase in U_(mf)with increasing the average particle diameter,particle loading,and the tapered angle was observed.There was also a nonmonotonic behavior of Umf as the Gaussian distribution width increased.An empirical correlation including dimensionless groups for predicting Umf in tapered beds was developed in which the effect of distribution width was considered.The proposed correlation predictions were in good agreement with the experimental data,with a maximum deviation of 16.5%and average and standard deviations of,respectively,6.4%and 7.4%.The proposed correlation was also compared with three earlier models,and their accuracy was discussed.展开更多
Open-sided draft tubes provide an optimal gas distribution through a cross flow pattern between the spout and the annulus in conical spouted beds.The design,optimization,control,and scale-up of the spouted beds requir...Open-sided draft tubes provide an optimal gas distribution through a cross flow pattern between the spout and the annulus in conical spouted beds.The design,optimization,control,and scale-up of the spouted beds require precise information on operating and peak pressure drops.In this study,a multi-layer perceptron(MLP)neural network was employed for accurate prediction of these hydrodynamic characteristics.A relatively huge number of experiments were accomplished and the most influential dimensionless groups were extracted using the Buckingham-pi theorem.Then,the dimensionless groups were used for developing the MLP model for simultaneous estimation of operating and peak pressure drops.The iterative constructive technique confirmed that 4-14-2 is the best structure for the MLP model in terms of absolute average relative deviation(AARD%),mean square error(MSE),and regression coefficient(R^(2)).The developed MLP approach has an excellent capacity to predict the transformed operating(MSE=0.00039,AARD%=1.30,and R^(2)=0.76099)and peak(MSE=0.22933,AARD%=11.88,and R2=0.89867)pressure drops.展开更多
This paper investigates process parameter effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of the tubes processed via recently developed friction assisted tube straining(FATS)method.For this purpose,design of exper...This paper investigates process parameter effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of the tubes processed via recently developed friction assisted tube straining(FATS)method.For this purpose,design of experiment was used to arrange finite element analyses and experimental tests.Numerical and experimental tests were executed by changing rotary speed,feed rate and die angle.Taguchi design results show that increasing feed rate and decreasing rotary speed enhance Zener-Hollomon(Z)parameter and decrease average grain size,while die angle has no considerable effect.Increasing Z value reduces grain size and enhances flow stress of the processed samples,while the experiment with the highest Z value refines initial microstructure from 40 to 8μm and increases flow stress by 5 times.展开更多
A nonlinear beam formulation is presented based on the Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity and the modified couple stress theory. The developed model theoretically takes into account coupled effects of the energy of sur...A nonlinear beam formulation is presented based on the Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity and the modified couple stress theory. The developed model theoretically takes into account coupled effects of the energy of surface layer and microstructures size- dependency. The mid-plane stretching of a beam is incorporated using von-Karman nonlinear strains. Hamilton＇s principle is used to determine the nonlinear governing equation of motion and the corresponding boundary conditions. As a case study, pull-in instability of an electromechanical nano-bridge structure is studied using the proposed formulation. The nonlinear governing equation is solved by the analytical reduced order method （ROM） as well as the numerical solution. Effects of various parameters including surface layer, size dependency, dispersion forces, and structural damping on the pull- in parameters of the nano-bridges are discussed. Comparison of the results with the literature reveals capability of the present model in demonstrating the impact of nano- scale phenomena on the pull-in threshold of the nano-bridges.展开更多
This paper deals with the study of the temperature effect on the nonlinear vibration behavior of nanoplate-based nano electromechanical systems（NEMS） subjected to hydrostatic and electrostatic actuations. Using Erin...This paper deals with the study of the temperature effect on the nonlinear vibration behavior of nanoplate-based nano electromechanical systems（NEMS） subjected to hydrostatic and electrostatic actuations. Using Eringen＇s nonlocal elasticity and Gurtin–Murdoch theory, the nonlocal plate model is derived through Hamilton＇s principle. The governing equation which is extremely nonlinear due to the geometrical nonlinearity and electrostatic attraction forces is solved numerically using the differential quadrature method（DQM）. The accuracy of the present method is veriied by comparing the obtained results with the experimental data and those in the literature and very good agreement is obtained. Finally a comprehensive study is carried out to determine the inluence of temperature on the nonlinear vibration characteristics of NEMS made of two different materials including aluminum（Al）and silicon（Si） and some conclusions are drawn.展开更多
文摘The present study is concerned with the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation of turbulent dispersion of immiscible liquids,namely,water–silicone oil and water–benzene through Kenics static mixers using the Eulerian–Eulerian and Eulerian–Lagrangian approaches of the ANSYS Fluent 16.0 software.To study the droplet size distribution(DSD),the Eulerian formulation incorporating a population balance model(PBM)was employed.For the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach,a discrete phase model(DPM)in conjunction with the Eulerian approach for continuous phase simulation was used to predict the residence time distribution(RTD)of droplets.In both approaches,a shear stress transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model was used.For validation purposes,the simulated results were compared with the experimental data and theoretical values for the Fanning friction factor,Sauter mean diameter and the mean residence time.The reliability of the computational model was further assessed by comparing the results with the available empirical correlations for Fanning friction factor and Sauter mean diameter.In addition,the influence of important geometrical and operational parameters,including the number of mixing elements and Weber number,was studied.It was found that the proposed models are capable of predicting the performance of the Kenics static mixer reasonably well.
文摘The flow and mixing behavior of two miscible liquids has been studied in an innovative static mixer by using CFD,with Reynolds numbers ranging from 20 to 160.The performance of the new mixer is compared with those of Kenics,SMX,and Komax static mixers.The pressure drop ratio(Z-factor),coefficient of variation(CoV),and extensional efficiency(α)features have been used to evaluate power consumption,distributive mixing,and dispersive mixing performances,respectively,in all mixers.The model is firstly validated based on experimental data measured for the pressure drop ratio and the coefficient of variation.CFD results are consistent with measured data and those obtained by available correlations in the literature.The new mixer shows a superior mixing performance compared to the other mixers.
文摘A recently developed backward extrusion method entitled “modified backward extrusion” was presented using an upper bound analysis. For this purpose deformation area was divided into four distinct zones and a kinematically admissible velocity field for each of them was suggested. Total dissipated power was calculated for the deformation zones and the extrusion power wascomputed. The correlations of important geometrical parameters with extrusion force and dissipated powers were shown. Finding the initial billet size, a challenging area in the modified backward extrusion method, was discussed and the optimum billet radius was obtained, considering the minimum relative extrusion pressure. Finite element analyses were conducted and the results werecompared with the upper bound analysis. Finally, experiments were executed on commercially pure aluminium and a good agreement between upper bound and finite element analyses with experimental values was observed.
文摘A novel control strategy for the load converter supplying the unbalanced AC load in a DC isolated distribution system is presented. The control algorithm results in balanced and sinusoidal load voltages under unbalanced AC loading. The unbalanced load is characterized in the d-q-0 rotating coordinate based on symmetrical sequence components. Also, the mathematical model of the load converter in both a-b-c and d-q-0 coordinates is derived by using the average large signal model. Then, two control strategies for the load converter are presented. The first one uses the conventional d-q-0 controller to ensure the voltage and current regulation. The second one is a newly proposed control strategy based on the decomposition of the voltage and current into in-stantaneous positive, negative, and zero sequences. These three sequences are controlled independently in their own reference frames as DC signals. The performance of the load converter using these two control strategies is compared. Simulation results show the validity and capability of the newly proposed control strategy.
文摘This paper investigated the effect of Gaussian distribution width,average particle diameter,particle loading,and the tapered angle on minimum fluidization velocity(U_(mf))by conducting extensive experiments in tapered fluidized beds.Three powders with Gaussian size distribution and different distribution widths were used in the experiments.An increase in U_(mf)with increasing the average particle diameter,particle loading,and the tapered angle was observed.There was also a nonmonotonic behavior of Umf as the Gaussian distribution width increased.An empirical correlation including dimensionless groups for predicting Umf in tapered beds was developed in which the effect of distribution width was considered.The proposed correlation predictions were in good agreement with the experimental data,with a maximum deviation of 16.5%and average and standard deviations of,respectively,6.4%and 7.4%.The proposed correlation was also compared with three earlier models,and their accuracy was discussed.
文摘Open-sided draft tubes provide an optimal gas distribution through a cross flow pattern between the spout and the annulus in conical spouted beds.The design,optimization,control,and scale-up of the spouted beds require precise information on operating and peak pressure drops.In this study,a multi-layer perceptron(MLP)neural network was employed for accurate prediction of these hydrodynamic characteristics.A relatively huge number of experiments were accomplished and the most influential dimensionless groups were extracted using the Buckingham-pi theorem.Then,the dimensionless groups were used for developing the MLP model for simultaneous estimation of operating and peak pressure drops.The iterative constructive technique confirmed that 4-14-2 is the best structure for the MLP model in terms of absolute average relative deviation(AARD%),mean square error(MSE),and regression coefficient(R^(2)).The developed MLP approach has an excellent capacity to predict the transformed operating(MSE=0.00039,AARD%=1.30,and R^(2)=0.76099)and peak(MSE=0.22933,AARD%=11.88,and R2=0.89867)pressure drops.
文摘This paper investigates process parameter effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of the tubes processed via recently developed friction assisted tube straining(FATS)method.For this purpose,design of experiment was used to arrange finite element analyses and experimental tests.Numerical and experimental tests were executed by changing rotary speed,feed rate and die angle.Taguchi design results show that increasing feed rate and decreasing rotary speed enhance Zener-Hollomon(Z)parameter and decrease average grain size,while die angle has no considerable effect.Increasing Z value reduces grain size and enhances flow stress of the processed samples,while the experiment with the highest Z value refines initial microstructure from 40 to 8μm and increases flow stress by 5 times.
文摘A nonlinear beam formulation is presented based on the Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity and the modified couple stress theory. The developed model theoretically takes into account coupled effects of the energy of surface layer and microstructures size- dependency. The mid-plane stretching of a beam is incorporated using von-Karman nonlinear strains. Hamilton＇s principle is used to determine the nonlinear governing equation of motion and the corresponding boundary conditions. As a case study, pull-in instability of an electromechanical nano-bridge structure is studied using the proposed formulation. The nonlinear governing equation is solved by the analytical reduced order method （ROM） as well as the numerical solution. Effects of various parameters including surface layer, size dependency, dispersion forces, and structural damping on the pull- in parameters of the nano-bridges are discussed. Comparison of the results with the literature reveals capability of the present model in demonstrating the impact of nano- scale phenomena on the pull-in threshold of the nano-bridges.
文摘This paper deals with the study of the temperature effect on the nonlinear vibration behavior of nanoplate-based nano electromechanical systems（NEMS） subjected to hydrostatic and electrostatic actuations. Using Eringen＇s nonlocal elasticity and Gurtin–Murdoch theory, the nonlocal plate model is derived through Hamilton＇s principle. The governing equation which is extremely nonlinear due to the geometrical nonlinearity and electrostatic attraction forces is solved numerically using the differential quadrature method（DQM）. The accuracy of the present method is veriied by comparing the obtained results with the experimental data and those in the literature and very good agreement is obtained. Finally a comprehensive study is carried out to determine the inluence of temperature on the nonlinear vibration characteristics of NEMS made of two different materials including aluminum（Al）and silicon（Si） and some conclusions are drawn.
