New analytical solutions are derived to estimate the interaction of surface and groundwater in a stream-aquifer system.The analytical model consists of an unconfined sloping aquifer of semi-infinite extant,interacting...New analytical solutions are derived to estimate the interaction of surface and groundwater in a stream-aquifer system.The analytical model consists of an unconfined sloping aquifer of semi-infinite extant,interacting with a stream of varying water level in the presence of a thin vertical sedimentary layer of lesser hydraulic conductivity.Flow of subsurface seepage is characterized by a nonlinear Boussinesq equation subjected to mixed boundary conditions,including a nonlinear Cauchy boundary condition to approximate the flow through the sedimentary layer.Closed form analytical expressions for water head,discharge rate and volumetric exchange are derived by solving the linearized Boussinesq equation using Laplace transform technique.Asymptotic cases such as zero slope,absence of vertical clogging layer and abrupt change in stream-stage can be derived from the main results by taming one or more parameters.Analytical solutions of the linearized Boussinesq equation are compared with numerical solution of corresponding nonlinear equation to assess the validity of the linearization.Advantages of using a nonlinear Robin boundary condition,and combined effects of aquifer parameters on the bank storage characteristic of the aquifer are illustrated with a numerical example.展开更多
The paper discusses the generalization of constrained Bayesian method （CBM） for arbitrary loss functions and its application for testing the directional hypotheses. The problem is stated in terms of false and tru...The paper discusses the generalization of constrained Bayesian method （CBM） for arbitrary loss functions and its application for testing the directional hypotheses. The problem is stated in terms of false and true discovery rates. One more criterion of estimation of directional hypotheses tests quality, the Type III errors rate, is considered. The ratio among discovery rates and the Type III errors rate in CBM is considered. The advantage of CBM in comparison with Bayes and frequentist methods is theoretically proved and demonstrated by an example.展开更多
The growing urbanization of hill towns results in an increasing demand for infrastructural facilities.Infrastructural facilities are generally planned without considering the effects of the surroundings as well as the...The growing urbanization of hill towns results in an increasing demand for infrastructural facilities.Infrastructural facilities are generally planned without considering the effects of the surroundings as well as their effects on the sensitive ecosystem of hill areas.Site planning decisions are taken on the basis of judgment and experience of planners in the absence of a rational and quantitative framework for ensuring the sustainable development of hill areas.This scenario generates the need for an efficient site planning framework.Site planning is a creative problem solving(CPS)process.Hence,in the current study,the CPSbased framework is developed as follows.First,existing CPS-based frameworks for planning and designing are reviewed.Second,the framework is developed for site planning in hill areas.Third,the developed framework is validated through planning infrastructural facilities of an institutional campus on a site located in hill areas.The major strength of the developed framework includes three cycles,namely,understand,process,and implement.Site planning decisions are taken through the generation of alternate scenarios and their subsequent evaluation on the basis of impact on the sensitive ecosystem of hill areas.展开更多
文摘New analytical solutions are derived to estimate the interaction of surface and groundwater in a stream-aquifer system.The analytical model consists of an unconfined sloping aquifer of semi-infinite extant,interacting with a stream of varying water level in the presence of a thin vertical sedimentary layer of lesser hydraulic conductivity.Flow of subsurface seepage is characterized by a nonlinear Boussinesq equation subjected to mixed boundary conditions,including a nonlinear Cauchy boundary condition to approximate the flow through the sedimentary layer.Closed form analytical expressions for water head,discharge rate and volumetric exchange are derived by solving the linearized Boussinesq equation using Laplace transform technique.Asymptotic cases such as zero slope,absence of vertical clogging layer and abrupt change in stream-stage can be derived from the main results by taming one or more parameters.Analytical solutions of the linearized Boussinesq equation are compared with numerical solution of corresponding nonlinear equation to assess the validity of the linearization.Advantages of using a nonlinear Robin boundary condition,and combined effects of aquifer parameters on the bank storage characteristic of the aquifer are illustrated with a numerical example.
文摘The paper discusses the generalization of constrained Bayesian method （CBM） for arbitrary loss functions and its application for testing the directional hypotheses. The problem is stated in terms of false and true discovery rates. One more criterion of estimation of directional hypotheses tests quality, the Type III errors rate, is considered. The ratio among discovery rates and the Type III errors rate in CBM is considered. The advantage of CBM in comparison with Bayes and frequentist methods is theoretically proved and demonstrated by an example.
文摘The growing urbanization of hill towns results in an increasing demand for infrastructural facilities.Infrastructural facilities are generally planned without considering the effects of the surroundings as well as their effects on the sensitive ecosystem of hill areas.Site planning decisions are taken on the basis of judgment and experience of planners in the absence of a rational and quantitative framework for ensuring the sustainable development of hill areas.This scenario generates the need for an efficient site planning framework.Site planning is a creative problem solving(CPS)process.Hence,in the current study,the CPSbased framework is developed as follows.First,existing CPS-based frameworks for planning and designing are reviewed.Second,the framework is developed for site planning in hill areas.Third,the developed framework is validated through planning infrastructural facilities of an institutional campus on a site located in hill areas.The major strength of the developed framework includes three cycles,namely,understand,process,and implement.Site planning decisions are taken through the generation of alternate scenarios and their subsequent evaluation on the basis of impact on the sensitive ecosystem of hill areas.
