The Litang fault zone (LFZ) is an active fault zone within the northwestern Sichuan sub-block. Field investigation reveals new evidence for its late Quaternary offset, neoteric earthquake ruptures and surface-rupturin...The Litang fault zone (LFZ) is an active fault zone within the northwestern Sichuan sub-block. Field investigation reveals new evidence for its late Quaternary offset, neoteric earthquake ruptures and surface-rupturing segmentation, from which long-term slip-rates, char-acteristic earthquake magnitudes and recurrence intervals on the fault zone are estimated. This study shows that the LFZ consists of three subordinate faults, and they are the northern Maoyaba fault, Litang fault and Kangga-Dewu fault, respectively. All of them are dominated by left-lateral strike-slip with reverse dip-slip component on different segments. Based on offset landforms and ages of relevant deposits collected from seven sites, it is estimated that the average left-lateral slip-rate on the LFZ reaches 4.0±1.0 mm/a in the past 14 ka BP, and vertical (reverse) dip-slip rate in the range of 0.1―1.8 mm/a. Three subordinate faults are independent earthquake rup-turing segments, on which the maximum moment magnitude of the characteristic earthquakes is estimated to be 7.0―7.3, and their average recurrence interval to be 500―1000 a. The latest earthquake ruptures occurred 119±2 years ago on the northern Maoyaba fault, about 1890 AD on the Litang fault, and in 1948 AD on the Kangga-Dewu fault, and this may indicate a unidirectional migration for surface rupturing earthquakes along the Litang fault zone, related to stress trigger-ing between the segments.展开更多
Dear Editor,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),theseventh coronavirus known to jump from intermediate hosts to humans,has resulted in a worldwide pandemic and caused immense economicdamage(Tan...Dear Editor,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),theseventh coronavirus known to jump from intermediate hosts to humans,has resulted in a worldwide pandemic and caused immense economicdamage(Tan et al.,2020;Zhu et al.,2020).It is believed that coronavirus spillover may occur again in the future.Human exposure to a bat coro-navirus has been serologically confimed in a rural area of China,indi-cating that the coronavirus spillover occurred,although the origin andfrequency of spillovers are unclear(Wang et al.,2018).展开更多
Dear Editor,Omicron(B.1.1.529)was designated a variant of concern(VOC)on November 26,2021(Callaway,2021),and its subvariants BA.1,BA.2,and BA.3 emerged and circulated almost simultaneously(Desingu et al.,2022).BA.2 wa...Dear Editor,Omicron(B.1.1.529)was designated a variant of concern(VOC)on November 26,2021(Callaway,2021),and its subvariants BA.1,BA.2,and BA.3 emerged and circulated almost simultaneously(Desingu et al.,2022).BA.2 was more efficient in transmission and quickly overtook BA.1 to become the variant most frequently detected worldwide(Yamasoba et al.,2022a).Compared to the prototype SARS-CoV-2 spike protein(S),the BA.1 and BA.2 spike proteins harbor more than 30 mutations,of which 21 are identical between the two subvariants,while the BA.3 spike differs from BA.1 and BA.2 by 3 mutations in the receptor binding domain(RBD)(Fig.1A).More recently,BA.4 and BA.5(hereafter BA.4/5)emerged,sharing the same spike sequence and containing four additional mutations,Del69–70,L452R,F486V,and R493Q,compared with BA.2.BA.4/5 were detected first in South Africa and evolved independently of BA.2;they have spread widely and replaced BA.2 as the predominant VOC(Gruell et al.,2022b;Tegally et al.,2022).In addition,BA.2.75,derived from the BA.2 subvariant,harbors nine additional mutations in the spike protein compared with BA.2(Fig.1A).BA.4/5 and BA.2.75 have led to the continuous emergence of novel Omicron subvariants,including BF.7 and BQ.1.These new subvariants may be driving waves of pandemics.展开更多
The Banquan Basin is a pull-apart basin with the largest scale and the most prominent structure due to dextral slip of the Tanlu Fault Zone(TLFZ) in late Cenozoic. The depositional history of the basin records the sta...The Banquan Basin is a pull-apart basin with the largest scale and the most prominent structure due to dextral slip of the Tanlu Fault Zone(TLFZ) in late Cenozoic. The depositional history of the basin records the start time and evolution of the right-lateral strike-slip movement of the TLFZ. This paper studies the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Banquan Basin by seismic reflection exploration, borehole detection and cosmogenic nuclide chronology. We analyze the coupling relationship between the pull-apart basin and the strike-slip fault and discuss the start time and tectonic significance of the right-lateral strikeslip of the TLFZ. Our study indicates that the Banquan Basin has undergone three evolutionary stages: weak rifting during the pre-pull-apart period, strong extension during the syn-pull-apart period and subsidence during the post-pull-apart period. This implies that the TLFZ, which controls the evolution of the basin, experienced an evolutionary process of weak activity,intensified activity and migration of activity toward the central basin. The sedimentary filling of the basin has strong response to the episodic pull-apart and extension of the basin. Lying upon the basement of the basin, a thin layer of Miocene mudstone slowly accumulated due to local rifting before the strong pull-apart event. Along with the dextral slipping and pull-apart process, the basin was filled with alluvial fan facies, fluvial facies and floodplain facies strata from bottom to top. The latest tectonic movement of the TLFZ in the North China Block in late Cenozoic was dominated by episodic dextral strike-slip motion, and this deformation pattern started at 4.01±1.27 Ma. The latest tectonic deformation in North China since late Cenozoic was governed by eastward extrusion and tectonic orogenesis of the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau since late Miocene. The eastward thrusting of the Liupanshan fault zone and sinistral shearing of the Qinling fault zone led to the anticlockwise rotation and pushing of se展开更多
Long-term humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for preventing reinfection. The production of neutralizing antibody (nAb)and B cell differentiation are tightly regulated by T follicular help (T_(FH)) cells. Howe...Long-term humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for preventing reinfection. The production of neutralizing antibody (nAb)and B cell differentiation are tightly regulated by T follicular help (T_(FH)) cells. However, the longevity and functional role of T_(FH) cellsubsets in COVID-19 convalescents and vaccine recipients remain poorly defined. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection andinactivated vaccine elicited both spike-specific CXCR3^(+) T_(FH) cell and CXCR3^(-) T_(FH) cell responses, which showed distinct responsepatterns. Spike- specific CXCR3^(+) T_(FH) cells exhibit a dominant and more durable response than CXCR3^(-) T_(FH) cells that positivelycorrelated with antibody responses. A third booster dose preferentially expands the spike-specific CXCR3^(+) T_(FH) cell subset inducedby two doses of inactivated vaccine, contributing to antibody maturation and potency. Functionally, spike-specific CXCR3^(+) T_(FH) cellshave a greater ability to induce spike-specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) differentiation compared to spike-specific CXCR3^(-) T_(FH)cells. In conclusion, the persistent and functional role of spike-specific CXCR3^(+) T_(FH) cells following SARS-CoV-2 infection andvaccination may play an important role in antibody maintenance and recall response, thereby conferring long-term protection. Thefindings from this study will inform the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines aiming to induce long-term protective immunememory.展开更多
COVID-19 is the most severe pandemic globally since the 1918 influenza pandemic.Effectively responding to this once-in-a-century global pandemic is a worldwide challenge that the international community needs to joint...COVID-19 is the most severe pandemic globally since the 1918 influenza pandemic.Effectively responding to this once-in-a-century global pandemic is a worldwide challenge that the international community needs to jointly face and solve.This study reviews and discusses the key measures taken by major countries in 2020 to fight against COVID-19,such as lockdowns,social distancing,wearing masks,hand hygiene,using Fangcang shelter hospitals,large-scale nucleic acid testing,close-contacts tracking,and pandemic information monitoring,as well as their prevention and control effects.We hope it can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of pandemic prevention and control in future.展开更多
基金the Natiomal Basic Recearch Prognam(Gant No.2004CB418401) the Ministy of Sciance&Technology,PRC(Grcnt No.2003DIA6N005).
文摘The Litang fault zone (LFZ) is an active fault zone within the northwestern Sichuan sub-block. Field investigation reveals new evidence for its late Quaternary offset, neoteric earthquake ruptures and surface-rupturing segmentation, from which long-term slip-rates, char-acteristic earthquake magnitudes and recurrence intervals on the fault zone are estimated. This study shows that the LFZ consists of three subordinate faults, and they are the northern Maoyaba fault, Litang fault and Kangga-Dewu fault, respectively. All of them are dominated by left-lateral strike-slip with reverse dip-slip component on different segments. Based on offset landforms and ages of relevant deposits collected from seven sites, it is estimated that the average left-lateral slip-rate on the LFZ reaches 4.0±1.0 mm/a in the past 14 ka BP, and vertical (reverse) dip-slip rate in the range of 0.1―1.8 mm/a. Three subordinate faults are independent earthquake rup-turing segments, on which the maximum moment magnitude of the characteristic earthquakes is estimated to be 7.0―7.3, and their average recurrence interval to be 500―1000 a. The latest earthquake ruptures occurred 119±2 years ago on the northern Maoyaba fault, about 1890 AD on the Litang fault, and in 1948 AD on the Kangga-Dewu fault, and this may indicate a unidirectional migration for surface rupturing earthquakes along the Litang fault zone, related to stress trigger-ing between the segments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82102365,92269115,32270996,82061138020)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Hunan Province of China(2022RC3079)+7 种基金the SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020:Advancing Knowledge for the Clinical and Public Health Response to the 2019-nCoV Epidemic’from the European Commission(CORONADX,no.101003562,to Y-PL)Natural Science Foundation of the Hunan Province of China(2021JJ40006,2022JJ30095)Educational Commission of the Hunan Province of China(21A0529)the Clinical Medical Innovation Technology Guide Project of the Hunan Province(2021SK50304,2021SK50306 and 2021SK50312)the Scientific Research Innovation Project of Graduate of Hunan Province(CX20221024)the Scientific Research Innovation Project of Graduate of University of South China(213YXC019)approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Board of The Central Hospital of Shaoyang,Hunan Province,China(V.1.0,20200301)The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou,Hunan Province,China(V.3.0,2021001)。
文摘Dear Editor,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),theseventh coronavirus known to jump from intermediate hosts to humans,has resulted in a worldwide pandemic and caused immense economicdamage(Tan et al.,2020;Zhu et al.,2020).It is believed that coronavirus spillover may occur again in the future.Human exposure to a bat coro-navirus has been serologically confimed in a rural area of China,indi-cating that the coronavirus spillover occurred,although the origin andfrequency of spillovers are unclear(Wang et al.,2018).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82061138020,32270996,82102365)The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province of China(2022RC3079)+5 种基金the Educational Commission of Hunan Province of China(21A0529)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(2021JJ40006,2022JJ30095)the Clinical Medical Innovation Technology Guide Project of Hunan Province(2021SK50304,2021SK50306 and 2021SK50312)“SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020:Advancing knowledge for the clinical and public health response to the 2019-nCoV epidemic”from the European Commission(CORONADX,no.101003562)(to Y-P.L.)approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Board of The Central Hospital of Shaoyang,Hunan Province,China(V.1.0,20200301)The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou,Hunan Province,China(V.3.0,2021001).
文摘Dear Editor,Omicron(B.1.1.529)was designated a variant of concern(VOC)on November 26,2021(Callaway,2021),and its subvariants BA.1,BA.2,and BA.3 emerged and circulated almost simultaneously(Desingu et al.,2022).BA.2 was more efficient in transmission and quickly overtook BA.1 to become the variant most frequently detected worldwide(Yamasoba et al.,2022a).Compared to the prototype SARS-CoV-2 spike protein(S),the BA.1 and BA.2 spike proteins harbor more than 30 mutations,of which 21 are identical between the two subvariants,while the BA.3 spike differs from BA.1 and BA.2 by 3 mutations in the receptor binding domain(RBD)(Fig.1A).More recently,BA.4 and BA.5(hereafter BA.4/5)emerged,sharing the same spike sequence and containing four additional mutations,Del69–70,L452R,F486V,and R493Q,compared with BA.2.BA.4/5 were detected first in South Africa and evolved independently of BA.2;they have spread widely and replaced BA.2 as the predominant VOC(Gruell et al.,2022b;Tegally et al.,2022).In addition,BA.2.75,derived from the BA.2 subvariant,harbors nine additional mutations in the spike protein compared with BA.2(Fig.1A).BA.4/5 and BA.2.75 have led to the continuous emergence of novel Omicron subvariants,including BF.7 and BQ.1.These new subvariants may be driving waves of pandemics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41941016,U1839204&41802224)the National Institute of Natural Hazard,MEMC(Grant No.ZDJ2019-19)+2 种基金the Independent Developing Project from the Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration(Grant No.F-18-04)the Joint Open Fund of Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory(Grant Nos.MEMGO202215&MEMGO-202214)the Spark Program of Earthquake Sciences from China Earthquake Administration(Grant No.XH19017Y)。
文摘The Banquan Basin is a pull-apart basin with the largest scale and the most prominent structure due to dextral slip of the Tanlu Fault Zone(TLFZ) in late Cenozoic. The depositional history of the basin records the start time and evolution of the right-lateral strike-slip movement of the TLFZ. This paper studies the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Banquan Basin by seismic reflection exploration, borehole detection and cosmogenic nuclide chronology. We analyze the coupling relationship between the pull-apart basin and the strike-slip fault and discuss the start time and tectonic significance of the right-lateral strikeslip of the TLFZ. Our study indicates that the Banquan Basin has undergone three evolutionary stages: weak rifting during the pre-pull-apart period, strong extension during the syn-pull-apart period and subsidence during the post-pull-apart period. This implies that the TLFZ, which controls the evolution of the basin, experienced an evolutionary process of weak activity,intensified activity and migration of activity toward the central basin. The sedimentary filling of the basin has strong response to the episodic pull-apart and extension of the basin. Lying upon the basement of the basin, a thin layer of Miocene mudstone slowly accumulated due to local rifting before the strong pull-apart event. Along with the dextral slipping and pull-apart process, the basin was filled with alluvial fan facies, fluvial facies and floodplain facies strata from bottom to top. The latest tectonic movement of the TLFZ in the North China Block in late Cenozoic was dominated by episodic dextral strike-slip motion, and this deformation pattern started at 4.01±1.27 Ma. The latest tectonic deformation in North China since late Cenozoic was governed by eastward extrusion and tectonic orogenesis of the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau since late Miocene. The eastward thrusting of the Liupanshan fault zone and sinistral shearing of the Qinling fault zone led to the anticlockwise rotation and pushing of se
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(92269115,82061138020,32270996,82102365)The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province of China(2022RC3079)+5 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(2021JJ40006,2022JJ30095)Educational Commission of Hunan Province of China(21A0529)The Clinical Medical Innovation Technology Guide Project of Hunan Province(2021SK50304,2021SK50306 and 2021SK50312)General Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province(B202303087545,D202302076189)SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020:"Advancing knowledge for the clinical and public health response to the 2019-nCoV epidemic"from the European Commission(CORONADX,no.101003562)(Y.-P.L)NSF KP-06-DK-3/2(2020),Republic of Bulgaria.
文摘Long-term humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for preventing reinfection. The production of neutralizing antibody (nAb)and B cell differentiation are tightly regulated by T follicular help (T_(FH)) cells. However, the longevity and functional role of T_(FH) cellsubsets in COVID-19 convalescents and vaccine recipients remain poorly defined. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection andinactivated vaccine elicited both spike-specific CXCR3^(+) T_(FH) cell and CXCR3^(-) T_(FH) cell responses, which showed distinct responsepatterns. Spike- specific CXCR3^(+) T_(FH) cells exhibit a dominant and more durable response than CXCR3^(-) T_(FH) cells that positivelycorrelated with antibody responses. A third booster dose preferentially expands the spike-specific CXCR3^(+) T_(FH) cell subset inducedby two doses of inactivated vaccine, contributing to antibody maturation and potency. Functionally, spike-specific CXCR3^(+) T_(FH) cellshave a greater ability to induce spike-specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) differentiation compared to spike-specific CXCR3^(-) T_(FH)cells. In conclusion, the persistent and functional role of spike-specific CXCR3^(+) T_(FH) cells following SARS-CoV-2 infection andvaccination may play an important role in antibody maintenance and recall response, thereby conferring long-term protection. Thefindings from this study will inform the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines aiming to induce long-term protective immunememory.
基金funded by the Advisory Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(No.2020-XZ-37)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81871738)the Mega-projects of Science and Technology Research(No.2018ZX10711001).
文摘COVID-19 is the most severe pandemic globally since the 1918 influenza pandemic.Effectively responding to this once-in-a-century global pandemic is a worldwide challenge that the international community needs to jointly face and solve.This study reviews and discusses the key measures taken by major countries in 2020 to fight against COVID-19,such as lockdowns,social distancing,wearing masks,hand hygiene,using Fangcang shelter hospitals,large-scale nucleic acid testing,close-contacts tracking,and pandemic information monitoring,as well as their prevention and control effects.We hope it can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of pandemic prevention and control in future.
