The type 2 immune response is critical for host defense against large parasites such as helminths.On the other hand,dysregulation of the type 2 immune response may cause immunopathological conditions,including asthma,...The type 2 immune response is critical for host defense against large parasites such as helminths.On the other hand,dysregulation of the type 2 immune response may cause immunopathological conditions,including asthma,atopic dermatitis,rhinitis,and anaphylaxis.Thus,a balanced type 2 immune response must be achieved to mount effective protection against invading pathogens while avoiding immunopathology.The classical model of type 2 immunity mainly involves the differentiation of type 2 T helper(Th2)cells and the production of distinct type 2 cytokines,including interleukin-4(IL-4),IL-5,and IL-13.Group 2 innate lymphoid cells(ILC2s)were recently recognized as another important source of type 2 cytokines.Although eosinophils,mast cells,and basophils can also express type 2 cytokines and participate in type 2 immune responses to various degrees,the production of type 2 cytokines by the lymphoid lineages,Th2 cells,and ILC2s in particular is the central event during the type 2 immune response.In this review,we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how ILC2s and Th2 cells orchestrate type 2 immune responses through direct and indirect interactions.展开更多
The product of the ∧0/b （-B/0） differential production cross-section and the branching fraction of the decay ∧0/b→ J/ψ pK-（-B/0→ J/ψ-K＊（892）0）is measured as a function of the beauty hadron transverse mome...The product of the ∧0/b （-B/0） differential production cross-section and the branching fraction of the decay ∧0/b→ J/ψ pK-（-B/0→ J/ψ-K＊（892）0）is measured as a function of the beauty hadron transverse momentum, PT, and rapidity, y. The kinematic region of the measurements is pT〈20 GeV/c and 2.0 〈g〈4.5.The measurements use a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3fb-1 collected by the LHCb detector in pp collisions at centre-of-mass energies √s=7 TeV in 2011 and √s=8 TeV in 2012. Based on previous LHCb results of the fragmentation fraction ratio,f∧0/b/fd,the branching fraction of the decay ∧0/b→ J/ψ pK-is measured to be B（∧0/b→ J/ψ pK-）=（3.17±0.04±0.07±0.34＋0.45/-0.28）×10-4,where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, the third is due to the uncertainty on the branching fraction of the decay -B/0 →J/ψ-K＊（892）0,and the fourth is due to the knowledge of f∧0/b/fd.The sum of the asymmetries in the production and decay between ∧0/b and ∧0/bis also measured as a function of PT and y.The previously published branching fraction of ∧0/b→ J/ψ pπ-,relative to that of ∧0/b→ J/ψ pK-,is updated. The branching fractions of ∧0/b→P＋c（→ J/ψp）K-are determined.展开更多
Use of fly-by-wire technology for aircraft flight controls have resulted in an improved performance and reliability along with achieving reduction in control system weight. Implementation of full authority digital eng...Use of fly-by-wire technology for aircraft flight controls have resulted in an improved performance and reliability along with achieving reduction in control system weight. Implementation of full authority digital engine control has also resulted in more intelligent, reliable, light-weight aircraft engine control systems. Greater reduction in weight can be achieved by replacing the wire harness with a wireless communication network. The first step towards fly-by-wireless control systems is likely to be the introduction of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSNs are already finding a variety of applications for both safety-critical and nonsafety critical distributed systems. Some of the many potential benefits of using WSN for aircraft systems include weight reduction, ease of maintenance and an increased monitoring capability. This paper discusses the application of WSN for several aircraft systems such as distributed aircraft engine control, aircraft flight control, aircraft engine and structural health monitoring systems. A brief description of each system is presented along with a discussion on the technological challenges. Future research directions for application of WSN in aircraft systems are also discussed.展开更多
Biliary stricture complicating living donor liver transplantation(LDLT) is a relatively common complication, occurring in most transplant centres across the world. Cases of biliary strictures are more common in LDLT t...Biliary stricture complicating living donor liver transplantation(LDLT) is a relatively common complication, occurring in most transplant centres across the world. Cases of biliary strictures are more common in LDLT than in deceased donor liver transplantation. Endoscopic management is the mainstay for biliary strictures complicating LDLT and includes endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, sphincterotomy and stent placement(with or without balloon dilatation). The efficacy and safety profiles as well as outcomes of endoscopic management of biliary strictures complicating LDLT is an area that needs to be viewed in isolation, owing to its unique set of problems and attending complications; as such, it merits a tailored approach, which is yet to be well established. The diagnostic criteria applied to these strictures are not uniform and are over-reliant on imaging studies showing an anastomotic narrowing. It has to be kept in mind that in the setting of LDLT, a subjective anastomotic narrowing is present in most cases due to a mismatch in ductal diameters. However, whether this narrowing results in a functionally significant narrowing is a question that needs further study. In addition, wide variation in the endotherapy protocols practised in most centres makes it difficult to interpret the results and hampers our understanding of this topic. The outcome definition for endotherapy is also heterogenous and needs to be standardised to allow for comparison of data in this regard and establish a clinical practice guideline. There have been multiple studies in this area in the last 2 years, with novel findings that have provided solutions to some of these issues. This review endeavours to incorporate these new findings into the wider understanding of endotherapy for biliary strictures complicating LDLT, with specific emphasis on diagnosis of strictures in the LDLT setting, endotherapy protocols and outcome definitions. An attempt is made to present the best management options currently available as well as directions for展开更多
Recent advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM)allow the real-time visualization of solid-state transformations in materials,including those induced by an electron beam and temperature,with atomic r...Recent advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM)allow the real-time visualization of solid-state transformations in materials,including those induced by an electron beam and temperature,with atomic resolution.However,despite the ever-expanding capabilities for high-resolution data acquisition,the inferred information about kinetics and thermodynamics of the process,and single defect dynamics and interactions is minimal.This is due to the inherent limitations of manual ex situ analysis of the collected volumes of data.To circumvent this problem,we developed a deep-learning framework for dynamic STEM imaging that is trained to find the lattice defects and apply it for mapping solid state reactions and transformations in layered WS_(2).The trained deep-learning model allows extracting thousands of lattice defects from raw STEM data in a matter of seconds,which are then classified into different categories using unsupervised clustering methods.We further expanded our framework to extract parameters of diffusion for sulfur vacancies and analyzed transition probabilities associated with switching between different configurations of defect complexes consisting of Mo dopant and sulfur vacancy,providing insight into pointdefect dynamics and reactions.This approach is universal and its application to beam-induced reactions allows mapping chemical transformation pathways in solids at the atomic level.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of thoracic epidural analgesia for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). METHODS: ESWL is an effective, non-invasive technique for the treatment of difficult pancreatic and large ...AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of thoracic epidural analgesia for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). METHODS: ESWL is an effective, non-invasive technique for the treatment of difficult pancreatic and large bile duct calculi. The procedure is often painful and requires large doses of analgesics. Many different anesthetic techniques have been used. Patients with either large bile duct calculi or pancreatic duct calculi which could not be extracted by routine endoscopic methods were selected. Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) was routinely used in all the subjects unless contraindicated. Bupivacaine 0.25% with or without clonidine was used to block the segments D6 to D12. The dose was calculated depending on the age, height and weight of the patient. It was usually 1-2 mL per segment blocked.RESULTS: Ninety eight percent of the 1509 patients underwent ESWL under TEA. The subjects selected were within American Society of Anesthesiologists grade Ⅰ to Ⅲ. ESWL using EA permitted successful elimination of bile duct or pancreatic calculi with minimal morbidity. The procedure time was shorter in patients with TEA than in those who underwent ESWL under total intravenous anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Almost all patients undergoing ESWL with EA had effective blocks with a single catheter insertion and local anesthetic injection.展开更多
Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy is a minimally invasive surgery with little pain, less blood loss, less hospital stay and the surgery can be done in local anesthesia, which was started during late 20...Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy is a minimally invasive surgery with little pain, less blood loss, less hospital stay and the surgery can be done in local anesthesia, which was started during late 20th century. Kambin and Gellmann in 1973 in the United States and Hijikata in Japanin 1977 individually preformed posterolateral percutaneous nucleotomy for the resection of the nucleus pulposus and release of compressed exiting nerve root, which is now spreading through the world and many surgeons are developing their skill but it needs experience and patience for successful outcomes. Along with advanced instruments now the surgery can be performed only giving a small skin incision of 8 - 10 mm and is as effective as the conventional method of surgery and open microdiscectomy surgery for the treatment of symptomatic lumbar disc herniation. In this review, we are explaining the technique of minimally invasive Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy surgery along its advantages and complications which can be encountered while performing this technique.展开更多
Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that regulate the innate immune response by facilitating the release of inflammatory cytokines in response to pathogen exposure or cellular damage. Pro-inflammatory inflammaso...Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that regulate the innate immune response by facilitating the release of inflammatory cytokines in response to pathogen exposure or cellular damage. Pro-inflammatory inflammasome signaling is vital to host defense and helps initiate the process of tissue repair following an insult to the host, but can be injurious, when excessive or chronic. As such, inflammasome activity is tightly regulated. Here we discuss one critical mechanism of inflammasome regulation, ubiquitination, that functions as a universal modulator of protein stability and trafficking. Recent studies have provided important insights into the regulation of inflammasome activation by protein ubiquitination. We review the molecular regulation of inflammasome function, specifically, as it relates to ubiquitination, and discuss the implications for the development of theraoeutics to soecificallv target aberrant inflammasome signaling.展开更多
In this paper, the generalized oscillator strengths (GOSs) of excitations of atomic sodium from ground state to 2p63s0 (3p, 4p, 5p, 6p) states, immersed in Debye plasma, were calculated by using wavefunctions which we...In this paper, the generalized oscillator strengths (GOSs) of excitations of atomic sodium from ground state to 2p63s0 (3p, 4p, 5p, 6p) states, immersed in Debye plasma, were calculated by using wavefunctions which were obtained numerically from the restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) equation. This RHF equation employs the local density approach for exchange interactions including plasma Debye screening. Theoretical RHF and random phase approximation with exchange (RPAE) velocity calculations have shown that the GOSs for excitations to 3 s0(3 p,4 p,5 p,6 p)depend on the plasma Debye screening effects, as shown by the reduction in the GOS amplitude with decreasing Debye length λD. The agreement between the present RPAE V results for the transitions 3 s→3 s0(3 p,4 p,5 p)and the length calculations of Martínez-Flores was satisfactory. Correlation effects were found quite to be significant in the vicinity of the maxima of the GOS of the 3 s→3 s0(4 p,5 p,6 p)excitations by using the RPAE V approach. We note the poor influence of many electron correlations on the GOS of (3 s→3 p)transition with the same principal quantum number. Finally, we comment that the RPAE V calculations are useful in investigating electron correlation effects on the transition GOS of atomic sodium planted in Debye plasma. The present velocity results also reveal that the 3 s→3 s0(5p, 6p)transition GOSs tend to be delocalized due to more significant screening effects at Debye lengths λD=20and 30 a.u. for excited subshells 5p and 6p, respectively. We report here novel results of GOS for 3 s→3 s06ptransition obtained from different Debye lengths.展开更多
Introduction: Seizures are one of the most common neurological complications in the infant period. The aim of our study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and prognostic features of seizures in...Introduction: Seizures are one of the most common neurological complications in the infant period. The aim of our study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and prognostic features of seizures in infants at the Albert Royer Children’s Hospital (Senegal). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive study from 1 January 2012 to 30 September 2018 of infants aged 0 days to 2 months who presented with seizures. Results: The hospital rate was 8.5%. Almost all the mothers (99.1%) had undergone at least 3 antenatal visits. Urogenital infection, gestational arterial hypertension and funicular anomalies were the main pregnancy-related pathologies. Delivery was vaginal in the majority of cases (80.9%). Most infants (43.6%) had not cried at birth. The majority of infants (63%) were born at term. Trophicity was normal in 68% of cases. The average age of the infants was 6.7 days. The main causes of seizures were hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (48.7%), metabolic disturbances (48.1%) and central ոеrvοսѕ system infections (15.6%). Phenobarbital was the 1st-line anticonvulsant. The case fatality rate was 39.5%. The main sequela observed were delayed psychomotor development (20.6%). Conclusion: Optimal management of infant seizures requires early diagnosis and etiological treatment by improving the quality of perinatal care to ensure better management of risk factors, as well as increasing the availability of neuroimaging equipment.展开更多
Introduction: Type 1 diabetes can have acute complications, sometimes requiring hospitalization. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary aspects of type 1 diabetes in patie...Introduction: Type 1 diabetes can have acute complications, sometimes requiring hospitalization. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary aspects of type 1 diabetes in patients at the Abass Ndao National Hospital in Dakar. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study conducted from January 01, 2010 to December 31, 2021. It focused on hospitalized type 1 diabetic patients. Epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary data were evaluated. Results: Six hundred and fifty-nine (659) patients were enrolled, representing a frequency of 11.5%. The mean age was 29.47 years, giving a sex ratio (m/f) of 0.95. Average hospital stay was 6.1 days. One hundred and forty-four (144) patients (21.8%) had inaugural diabetes. The average consultation time was 14.89 days. Acute metabolic complications were ketoacidosis in 353 patients (56%), and hypoglycemia in 1.2%. Simple hyperglycemia was noted in 113 patients (18.0%). Infection was present in 522 patients (58.3%), of whom 95 (28.2%) had a skin infection.55 patients (16.3%) had a respiratory infection. 12.3% had a dietary imbalance.176 cases (27.7%) had no imbalance.26 patients (3.9%) died, with infectious pathologies accounting for the majority of decompensation factors among the deceased (57.7%). Conclusion: Type 1 diabetes is a cause of morbidity and mortality. It is essential to develop and implement a prevention and management program.展开更多
We have quantitatively analyzed the tree species diversity with respect to soil nutrient status in three sites of a sacred forest ecosystem of Niyamgiri hill range, Eastern Ghats, India. Extensive field surveys and sa...We have quantitatively analyzed the tree species diversity with respect to soil nutrient status in three sites of a sacred forest ecosystem of Niyamgiri hill range, Eastern Ghats, India. Extensive field surveys and sampling were conducted in 3 sites of the hill range： Site 1 Pterocarpus dominated forest （PTF） （19°40＇02.2＇＇ N and 83°21＇23.1＇＇ E）, Site 2 Mangifera dominated forest （MAF） （19°40＇02.8＇＇ N and 83°21＇40.8＇＇ E） and Site 3 Mixed forest （MIF） （19°36＇47.1＂ N and 83°21＇02.7＇＇ E）. A total of 28 families, 42 genera, 46 tree species, and 286 individual trees were recorded on an area of0.6 ha. Tree density varied between 470 and 49o individuals ha and average basal area between 3.16 and l0.04 m2 ha-1. Shannon Index （H＇） ranged from 2.34 to 4.53, Simpson＇s Index ranged from 0.07 to o.09, and equitability Index ranged from 0.7 to 1.34. The number of individuals was highest in the girth at breast height （GBH） class of 50-7o cm. The soil nutrient status of the three forest types was related to tree species diversity. The soil pH value of the three sites reflected the slightly acidic nature of the area. Species diversity was positively correlated with organic carbon and phosphorus and negatively with nitrogen, EC and pH. The results of the current study may be helpful to further develop a conservation planfor tree species in tropical sacred forest ecosystems.展开更多
A validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method （UPLC-MS/MS） was used for the simultaneous quantitation of candesartan （CN） and hydrochlorothiazide （HCT） in human plasma. The analys...A validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method （UPLC-MS/MS） was used for the simultaneous quantitation of candesartan （CN） and hydrochlorothiazide （HCT） in human plasma. The analysis was performed on UPLC-MS/MS system using turbo ion spray interface. Negative ions were measured in multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode. The analytes were extracted using a liquid-liquid extraction （LLE） method by using 0.1 mL of plasma volume. The lower limit of quantitation for CN and HCT was 1.00 ng/mL whereas the upper limit of quantitation was 499.15 ng/mL and 601.61 ng/mL for CN and HCT respectively. CN d4 and HCT-13Cd2 were used as the internal standards for CN and HCT respectively. The chromatography was achieved within 2.0 min run time using a C18 Pheno-menex, Gemini NX （100 mm ~ 4.6 mm, 5 mm） column with organic mixture：buffer solution （80：20, v/v） at a flow rate of 0.800 mL/min. The method has been successfully applied to establish the bioequivalence of candesartan cilexetil （CNC） and HCT immediate release tablets with reference product in human subjects.展开更多
Understanding transformations under electron beam irradiation requires mapping the structural phases and their evolution in real time.To date,this has mostly been a manual endeavor comprising difficult frame-by-frame ...Understanding transformations under electron beam irradiation requires mapping the structural phases and their evolution in real time.To date,this has mostly been a manual endeavor comprising difficult frame-by-frame analysis that is simultaneously tedious and prone to error.Here,we turn toward the use of deep convolutional neural networks(DCNN)to automatically determine the Bravais lattice symmetry present in atomically resolved images.A DCNN is trained to identify the Bravais lattice class given a 2D fast Fourier transform of the input image.Monte-Carlo dropout is used for determining the prediction probability,and results are shown for both simulated and real atomically resolved images from scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy.A reduced representation of the final layer output allows to visualize the separation of classes in the DCNN and agrees with physical intuition.We then apply the trained network to electron beam-induced transformations in WS2,which allows tracking and determination of growth rate of voids.We highlight two key aspects of these results:(1)it shows that DCNNs can be trained to recognize diffraction patterns,which is markedly different from the typical“real image”cases and(2)it provides a method with inbuilt uncertainty quantification,allowing the real-time analysis of phases present in atomically resolved images.展开更多
In this study we have reported the design and development of a facile,sensitive,selective,and label-free electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of atrazine based on MWCNT-embedded ZnO nanofibers.Electrospu...In this study we have reported the design and development of a facile,sensitive,selective,and label-free electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of atrazine based on MWCNT-embedded ZnO nanofibers.Electrospun nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscope(SEM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscope(XPS),UV-Visible spectroscope(UV-VIS),and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscope(FTIR).Electrochemical properties of MWCNT-ZnO nanofiber-modified electrodes were assessed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)and cyclic voltammetry(CV).Binding event of atrazine to anti-atrazine antibody,which immobilized on nanofiber-modified electrode via EDC and NHS chemistry,was transduced with EIS.Due to high conductivity,surface area,and low bandgap of MWCNT-ZnO nanofibers,we have achieved the sensitivity and limit of detection(LoD)of sensor as 21.61(KΩμg^(−1) mL^(−1))cm^(−2) and 5.368zM for a wide detection range of 10 zM–1µM.The proposed immunosensing platform has good stability,selectivity,repeatability,and reproducibility,and are less prone to interference.展开更多
Having established itself as a heritage discourse,planetary gentrification is being studied in terms of how it operates in the Global South.This study focuses on the case of Abdali Amman,a significant mixed-use neighb...Having established itself as a heritage discourse,planetary gentrification is being studied in terms of how it operates in the Global South.This study focuses on the case of Abdali Amman,a significant mixed-use neighbourhood in Jordan that has experienced numerous mega-gentrification initiatives.According to Bourdieu’s theories of the state and dispositional practices,this study critically evaluates urban gentrification practices.In terms of gentrification governance,which takes place in two adjacent‘state’and‘civic’zones inside the Abdali district,this study analyses the interactions between transnational and state actors and the intragovernmental(state-municipality)governance system.Gentrification in Amman is connected to the revitalisation of historic sites,is a matter of urban governance,and operates from the transnational sphere along national and local lines.Furthermore,gentrification is caught in a desire/resistance paradox with calls for legitimacy and recognition.As a country in the Global South,Jordan has welcomed capitalist urbanisation.Gentrification is articulated within a flux between deterritorialisation/reterritorialisation,producing a form of‘heritage gentrification’in which history and national heritage are sacrificed through a process of satellite gentrification that is rooted in generative cultural transformation and governed by decentralised power structures.Introducing a Western blueprint of planetary gentrification through narrow gates into non-Western environments is a prevailing challenge.展开更多
The aim of this study was to improve the dissolution rate of the poorly soluble drug valsartan by delivering the drug as a liquisolid compact.Liquisolid compacts were prepared using propylene glycol as solvent,Avicel ...The aim of this study was to improve the dissolution rate of the poorly soluble drug valsartan by delivering the drug as a liquisolid compact.Liquisolid compacts were prepared using propylene glycol as solvent,Avicel PH102 as carrier,and Aerosil 200 as the coating material.The crystallinity of the newly formulated drug and the interaction between excipients was examined by X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,respectively.The dissolution studies for the liquisolid formula-tion and the marketed product were carried out at different pH values.The results showed no change in the crystallinity of the drug and no interaction between excipients.The dissolution efficiency of valsartan at 15 min was increased from 4.02% for plain drug and 13.58% for marketed product to 29.47% for the liquisolid formulation.The increase in the dissolution rate was also found to be significant compared to the marketed product at lower pH values,simulating the gastric environment where valsartan is largely absorbed.The liquisolid technique appears to be a promising approach for improving the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs like valsartan.展开更多
The demand for green-power-driven flexible energy storage systems is increasing.This requires new materials for power-ing wearable electronic devices without conceding energy and power densities.Herein,a nanograss-flo...The demand for green-power-driven flexible energy storage systems is increasing.This requires new materials for power-ing wearable electronic devices without conceding energy and power densities.Herein,a nanograss-flower-like nickel di-vanadium selenide(NiV_(2)Se_(4))is fabricated on a flexible Ni–Cu–Co fabric by a scalable oil bath deposition approach.The NiV_(2)Se_(4)is decorated with silver(Ag)nanoparticles(NiV_(2)Se_(4)–Ag)to improve the electrical conductivity of the electrode surface.The NiV_(2)Se_(4)–Ag electrode exhibits a 27%higher capacity than the NiV_(2)Se_(4)electrode at 1 mA cm^(-2),owing to the synergistic effect of Ag nanoparticles and NiV_(2)Se_(4).Aqueous and flexible hybrid supercapacitors(HSCs)are fabricated with NiV_(2)Se_(4)–Ag and activated carbon(AC)electrodes(NiV_(2)Se_(4)–Ag//AC),which work up to 1.6 V.Aqueous NiV_(2)Se_(4)–Ag//AC HSCs maintain 76%capacitance at a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)and deliver an energy density of 77 Wh kg^(-1)at a power density of 749 W kg^(-1).Moreover,these HSCs exhibit an excellent cycling stability of 95%after 10,000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles.Ultimately,this study demonstrates the potential of NiV_(2)Se_(4)–Ag//AC flexible HSCs for wearable electronics.These HSCs can withstand different bending and twisting angles without compromising the electrochemical performance.The fabricated flexible HSCs can also be recharged by sunlight,providing a sustainable way to utilize natural energy resources.展开更多
基金by the Division of Intramural Research of NIAID(US National Institutes of Health).
文摘The type 2 immune response is critical for host defense against large parasites such as helminths.On the other hand,dysregulation of the type 2 immune response may cause immunopathological conditions,including asthma,atopic dermatitis,rhinitis,and anaphylaxis.Thus,a balanced type 2 immune response must be achieved to mount effective protection against invading pathogens while avoiding immunopathology.The classical model of type 2 immunity mainly involves the differentiation of type 2 T helper(Th2)cells and the production of distinct type 2 cytokines,including interleukin-4(IL-4),IL-5,and IL-13.Group 2 innate lymphoid cells(ILC2s)were recently recognized as another important source of type 2 cytokines.Although eosinophils,mast cells,and basophils can also express type 2 cytokines and participate in type 2 immune responses to various degrees,the production of type 2 cytokines by the lymphoid lineages,Th2 cells,and ILC2s in particular is the central event during the type 2 immune response.In this review,we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how ILC2s and Th2 cells orchestrate type 2 immune responses through direct and indirect interactions.
基金Supported by CERN and national agencies:CAPES,CNPq,FAPERJ and FINEP(Brazil)NSFC(China)+17 种基金CNRS/IN2P3(France)BMBF,DFG,HGF and MPG(Germany)INFN(Italy)FOM and NWO(The Netherlands)MNi SW and NCN(Poland)MEN/IFA(Romania)Min ES and FANO(Russia)Min ECo(Spain)SNSF and SER(Switzerland)NASU(Ukraine)STFC(United Kingdom)NSF(USA)supported by IN2P3(France),KIT and BMBF(Germany),INFN(Italy),NWOSURF(The Netherlands),PIC(Spain),Grid PP(United Kingdom)support from EPLANET,Marie Sk lodowska-Curie ActionsERC(European Union),Conseil général de Haute-Savoie,Labex ENIGMASS and OCEVU,RégionAuvergne(France),RFBR(Russia),Xunta GalGENCAT(Spain),Royal Society and Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851(United Kingdom)
文摘The product of the ∧0/b （-B/0） differential production cross-section and the branching fraction of the decay ∧0/b→ J/ψ pK-（-B/0→ J/ψ-K＊（892）0）is measured as a function of the beauty hadron transverse momentum, PT, and rapidity, y. The kinematic region of the measurements is pT〈20 GeV/c and 2.0 〈g〈4.5.The measurements use a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3fb-1 collected by the LHCb detector in pp collisions at centre-of-mass energies √s=7 TeV in 2011 and √s=8 TeV in 2012. Based on previous LHCb results of the fragmentation fraction ratio,f∧0/b/fd,the branching fraction of the decay ∧0/b→ J/ψ pK-is measured to be B（∧0/b→ J/ψ pK-）=（3.17±0.04±0.07±0.34＋0.45/-0.28）×10-4,where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, the third is due to the uncertainty on the branching fraction of the decay -B/0 →J/ψ-K＊（892）0,and the fourth is due to the knowledge of f∧0/b/fd.The sum of the asymmetries in the production and decay between ∧0/b and ∧0/bis also measured as a function of PT and y.The previously published branching fraction of ∧0/b→ J/ψ pπ-,relative to that of ∧0/b→ J/ψ pK-,is updated. The branching fractions of ∧0/b→P＋c（→ J/ψp）K-are determined.
文摘Use of fly-by-wire technology for aircraft flight controls have resulted in an improved performance and reliability along with achieving reduction in control system weight. Implementation of full authority digital engine control has also resulted in more intelligent, reliable, light-weight aircraft engine control systems. Greater reduction in weight can be achieved by replacing the wire harness with a wireless communication network. The first step towards fly-by-wireless control systems is likely to be the introduction of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSNs are already finding a variety of applications for both safety-critical and nonsafety critical distributed systems. Some of the many potential benefits of using WSN for aircraft systems include weight reduction, ease of maintenance and an increased monitoring capability. This paper discusses the application of WSN for several aircraft systems such as distributed aircraft engine control, aircraft flight control, aircraft engine and structural health monitoring systems. A brief description of each system is presented along with a discussion on the technological challenges. Future research directions for application of WSN in aircraft systems are also discussed.
文摘Biliary stricture complicating living donor liver transplantation(LDLT) is a relatively common complication, occurring in most transplant centres across the world. Cases of biliary strictures are more common in LDLT than in deceased donor liver transplantation. Endoscopic management is the mainstay for biliary strictures complicating LDLT and includes endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, sphincterotomy and stent placement(with or without balloon dilatation). The efficacy and safety profiles as well as outcomes of endoscopic management of biliary strictures complicating LDLT is an area that needs to be viewed in isolation, owing to its unique set of problems and attending complications; as such, it merits a tailored approach, which is yet to be well established. The diagnostic criteria applied to these strictures are not uniform and are over-reliant on imaging studies showing an anastomotic narrowing. It has to be kept in mind that in the setting of LDLT, a subjective anastomotic narrowing is present in most cases due to a mismatch in ductal diameters. However, whether this narrowing results in a functionally significant narrowing is a question that needs further study. In addition, wide variation in the endotherapy protocols practised in most centres makes it difficult to interpret the results and hampers our understanding of this topic. The outcome definition for endotherapy is also heterogenous and needs to be standardised to allow for comparison of data in this regard and establish a clinical practice guideline. There have been multiple studies in this area in the last 2 years, with novel findings that have provided solutions to some of these issues. This review endeavours to incorporate these new findings into the wider understanding of endotherapy for biliary strictures complicating LDLT, with specific emphasis on diagnosis of strictures in the LDLT setting, endotherapy protocols and outcome definitions. An attempt is made to present the best management options currently available as well as directions for
基金The work on microscopy and synthesis was supported by the U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Science,Basic Energy Sciences,Materials Sciences and Engineering Division(R.K.V,S.V.K,K.W,KX.,D.G.)Research was conducted at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences,which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility+1 种基金D,SJ.acknowledge support by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory,managed by UT-Battelle,LLC,for the U.S.Department of EnergyA.M.acknowledges fllowship support from pthe UT/ORNL Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education.
文摘Recent advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM)allow the real-time visualization of solid-state transformations in materials,including those induced by an electron beam and temperature,with atomic resolution.However,despite the ever-expanding capabilities for high-resolution data acquisition,the inferred information about kinetics and thermodynamics of the process,and single defect dynamics and interactions is minimal.This is due to the inherent limitations of manual ex situ analysis of the collected volumes of data.To circumvent this problem,we developed a deep-learning framework for dynamic STEM imaging that is trained to find the lattice defects and apply it for mapping solid state reactions and transformations in layered WS_(2).The trained deep-learning model allows extracting thousands of lattice defects from raw STEM data in a matter of seconds,which are then classified into different categories using unsupervised clustering methods.We further expanded our framework to extract parameters of diffusion for sulfur vacancies and analyzed transition probabilities associated with switching between different configurations of defect complexes consisting of Mo dopant and sulfur vacancy,providing insight into pointdefect dynamics and reactions.This approach is universal and its application to beam-induced reactions allows mapping chemical transformation pathways in solids at the atomic level.
文摘AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of thoracic epidural analgesia for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). METHODS: ESWL is an effective, non-invasive technique for the treatment of difficult pancreatic and large bile duct calculi. The procedure is often painful and requires large doses of analgesics. Many different anesthetic techniques have been used. Patients with either large bile duct calculi or pancreatic duct calculi which could not be extracted by routine endoscopic methods were selected. Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) was routinely used in all the subjects unless contraindicated. Bupivacaine 0.25% with or without clonidine was used to block the segments D6 to D12. The dose was calculated depending on the age, height and weight of the patient. It was usually 1-2 mL per segment blocked.RESULTS: Ninety eight percent of the 1509 patients underwent ESWL under TEA. The subjects selected were within American Society of Anesthesiologists grade Ⅰ to Ⅲ. ESWL using EA permitted successful elimination of bile duct or pancreatic calculi with minimal morbidity. The procedure time was shorter in patients with TEA than in those who underwent ESWL under total intravenous anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Almost all patients undergoing ESWL with EA had effective blocks with a single catheter insertion and local anesthetic injection.
文摘Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy is a minimally invasive surgery with little pain, less blood loss, less hospital stay and the surgery can be done in local anesthesia, which was started during late 20th century. Kambin and Gellmann in 1973 in the United States and Hijikata in Japanin 1977 individually preformed posterolateral percutaneous nucleotomy for the resection of the nucleus pulposus and release of compressed exiting nerve root, which is now spreading through the world and many surgeons are developing their skill but it needs experience and patience for successful outcomes. Along with advanced instruments now the surgery can be performed only giving a small skin incision of 8 - 10 mm and is as effective as the conventional method of surgery and open microdiscectomy surgery for the treatment of symptomatic lumbar disc herniation. In this review, we are explaining the technique of minimally invasive Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy surgery along its advantages and complications which can be encountered while performing this technique.
文摘Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that regulate the innate immune response by facilitating the release of inflammatory cytokines in response to pathogen exposure or cellular damage. Pro-inflammatory inflammasome signaling is vital to host defense and helps initiate the process of tissue repair following an insult to the host, but can be injurious, when excessive or chronic. As such, inflammasome activity is tightly regulated. Here we discuss one critical mechanism of inflammasome regulation, ubiquitination, that functions as a universal modulator of protein stability and trafficking. Recent studies have provided important insights into the regulation of inflammasome activation by protein ubiquitination. We review the molecular regulation of inflammasome function, specifically, as it relates to ubiquitination, and discuss the implications for the development of theraoeutics to soecificallv target aberrant inflammasome signaling.
文摘In this paper, the generalized oscillator strengths (GOSs) of excitations of atomic sodium from ground state to 2p63s0 (3p, 4p, 5p, 6p) states, immersed in Debye plasma, were calculated by using wavefunctions which were obtained numerically from the restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) equation. This RHF equation employs the local density approach for exchange interactions including plasma Debye screening. Theoretical RHF and random phase approximation with exchange (RPAE) velocity calculations have shown that the GOSs for excitations to 3 s0(3 p,4 p,5 p,6 p)depend on the plasma Debye screening effects, as shown by the reduction in the GOS amplitude with decreasing Debye length λD. The agreement between the present RPAE V results for the transitions 3 s→3 s0(3 p,4 p,5 p)and the length calculations of Martínez-Flores was satisfactory. Correlation effects were found quite to be significant in the vicinity of the maxima of the GOS of the 3 s→3 s0(4 p,5 p,6 p)excitations by using the RPAE V approach. We note the poor influence of many electron correlations on the GOS of (3 s→3 p)transition with the same principal quantum number. Finally, we comment that the RPAE V calculations are useful in investigating electron correlation effects on the transition GOS of atomic sodium planted in Debye plasma. The present velocity results also reveal that the 3 s→3 s0(5p, 6p)transition GOSs tend to be delocalized due to more significant screening effects at Debye lengths λD=20and 30 a.u. for excited subshells 5p and 6p, respectively. We report here novel results of GOS for 3 s→3 s06ptransition obtained from different Debye lengths.
文摘Introduction: Seizures are one of the most common neurological complications in the infant period. The aim of our study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and prognostic features of seizures in infants at the Albert Royer Children’s Hospital (Senegal). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive study from 1 January 2012 to 30 September 2018 of infants aged 0 days to 2 months who presented with seizures. Results: The hospital rate was 8.5%. Almost all the mothers (99.1%) had undergone at least 3 antenatal visits. Urogenital infection, gestational arterial hypertension and funicular anomalies were the main pregnancy-related pathologies. Delivery was vaginal in the majority of cases (80.9%). Most infants (43.6%) had not cried at birth. The majority of infants (63%) were born at term. Trophicity was normal in 68% of cases. The average age of the infants was 6.7 days. The main causes of seizures were hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (48.7%), metabolic disturbances (48.1%) and central ոеrvοսѕ system infections (15.6%). Phenobarbital was the 1st-line anticonvulsant. The case fatality rate was 39.5%. The main sequela observed were delayed psychomotor development (20.6%). Conclusion: Optimal management of infant seizures requires early diagnosis and etiological treatment by improving the quality of perinatal care to ensure better management of risk factors, as well as increasing the availability of neuroimaging equipment.
文摘Introduction: Type 1 diabetes can have acute complications, sometimes requiring hospitalization. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary aspects of type 1 diabetes in patients at the Abass Ndao National Hospital in Dakar. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study conducted from January 01, 2010 to December 31, 2021. It focused on hospitalized type 1 diabetic patients. Epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary data were evaluated. Results: Six hundred and fifty-nine (659) patients were enrolled, representing a frequency of 11.5%. The mean age was 29.47 years, giving a sex ratio (m/f) of 0.95. Average hospital stay was 6.1 days. One hundred and forty-four (144) patients (21.8%) had inaugural diabetes. The average consultation time was 14.89 days. Acute metabolic complications were ketoacidosis in 353 patients (56%), and hypoglycemia in 1.2%. Simple hyperglycemia was noted in 113 patients (18.0%). Infection was present in 522 patients (58.3%), of whom 95 (28.2%) had a skin infection.55 patients (16.3%) had a respiratory infection. 12.3% had a dietary imbalance.176 cases (27.7%) had no imbalance.26 patients (3.9%) died, with infectious pathologies accounting for the majority of decompensation factors among the deceased (57.7%). Conclusion: Type 1 diabetes is a cause of morbidity and mortality. It is essential to develop and implement a prevention and management program.
文摘We have quantitatively analyzed the tree species diversity with respect to soil nutrient status in three sites of a sacred forest ecosystem of Niyamgiri hill range, Eastern Ghats, India. Extensive field surveys and sampling were conducted in 3 sites of the hill range： Site 1 Pterocarpus dominated forest （PTF） （19°40＇02.2＇＇ N and 83°21＇23.1＇＇ E）, Site 2 Mangifera dominated forest （MAF） （19°40＇02.8＇＇ N and 83°21＇40.8＇＇ E） and Site 3 Mixed forest （MIF） （19°36＇47.1＂ N and 83°21＇02.7＇＇ E）. A total of 28 families, 42 genera, 46 tree species, and 286 individual trees were recorded on an area of0.6 ha. Tree density varied between 470 and 49o individuals ha and average basal area between 3.16 and l0.04 m2 ha-1. Shannon Index （H＇） ranged from 2.34 to 4.53, Simpson＇s Index ranged from 0.07 to o.09, and equitability Index ranged from 0.7 to 1.34. The number of individuals was highest in the girth at breast height （GBH） class of 50-7o cm. The soil nutrient status of the three forest types was related to tree species diversity. The soil pH value of the three sites reflected the slightly acidic nature of the area. Species diversity was positively correlated with organic carbon and phosphorus and negatively with nitrogen, EC and pH. The results of the current study may be helpful to further develop a conservation planfor tree species in tropical sacred forest ecosystems.
文摘A validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method （UPLC-MS/MS） was used for the simultaneous quantitation of candesartan （CN） and hydrochlorothiazide （HCT） in human plasma. The analysis was performed on UPLC-MS/MS system using turbo ion spray interface. Negative ions were measured in multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode. The analytes were extracted using a liquid-liquid extraction （LLE） method by using 0.1 mL of plasma volume. The lower limit of quantitation for CN and HCT was 1.00 ng/mL whereas the upper limit of quantitation was 499.15 ng/mL and 601.61 ng/mL for CN and HCT respectively. CN d4 and HCT-13Cd2 were used as the internal standards for CN and HCT respectively. The chromatography was achieved within 2.0 min run time using a C18 Pheno-menex, Gemini NX （100 mm ~ 4.6 mm, 5 mm） column with organic mixture：buffer solution （80：20, v/v） at a flow rate of 0.800 mL/min. The method has been successfully applied to establish the bioequivalence of candesartan cilexetil （CNC） and HCT immediate release tablets with reference product in human subjects.
基金This research used resources of the Compute and Data Environment for Science(CADES)at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory,which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC05-00OR22725.
文摘Understanding transformations under electron beam irradiation requires mapping the structural phases and their evolution in real time.To date,this has mostly been a manual endeavor comprising difficult frame-by-frame analysis that is simultaneously tedious and prone to error.Here,we turn toward the use of deep convolutional neural networks(DCNN)to automatically determine the Bravais lattice symmetry present in atomically resolved images.A DCNN is trained to identify the Bravais lattice class given a 2D fast Fourier transform of the input image.Monte-Carlo dropout is used for determining the prediction probability,and results are shown for both simulated and real atomically resolved images from scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy.A reduced representation of the final layer output allows to visualize the separation of classes in the DCNN and agrees with physical intuition.We then apply the trained network to electron beam-induced transformations in WS2,which allows tracking and determination of growth rate of voids.We highlight two key aspects of these results:(1)it shows that DCNNs can be trained to recognize diffraction patterns,which is markedly different from the typical“real image”cases and(2)it provides a method with inbuilt uncertainty quantification,allowing the real-time analysis of phases present in atomically resolved images.
文摘In this study we have reported the design and development of a facile,sensitive,selective,and label-free electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of atrazine based on MWCNT-embedded ZnO nanofibers.Electrospun nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscope(SEM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscope(XPS),UV-Visible spectroscope(UV-VIS),and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscope(FTIR).Electrochemical properties of MWCNT-ZnO nanofiber-modified electrodes were assessed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)and cyclic voltammetry(CV).Binding event of atrazine to anti-atrazine antibody,which immobilized on nanofiber-modified electrode via EDC and NHS chemistry,was transduced with EIS.Due to high conductivity,surface area,and low bandgap of MWCNT-ZnO nanofibers,we have achieved the sensitivity and limit of detection(LoD)of sensor as 21.61(KΩμg^(−1) mL^(−1))cm^(−2) and 5.368zM for a wide detection range of 10 zM–1µM.The proposed immunosensing platform has good stability,selectivity,repeatability,and reproducibility,and are less prone to interference.
文摘Having established itself as a heritage discourse,planetary gentrification is being studied in terms of how it operates in the Global South.This study focuses on the case of Abdali Amman,a significant mixed-use neighbourhood in Jordan that has experienced numerous mega-gentrification initiatives.According to Bourdieu’s theories of the state and dispositional practices,this study critically evaluates urban gentrification practices.In terms of gentrification governance,which takes place in two adjacent‘state’and‘civic’zones inside the Abdali district,this study analyses the interactions between transnational and state actors and the intragovernmental(state-municipality)governance system.Gentrification in Amman is connected to the revitalisation of historic sites,is a matter of urban governance,and operates from the transnational sphere along national and local lines.Furthermore,gentrification is caught in a desire/resistance paradox with calls for legitimacy and recognition.As a country in the Global South,Jordan has welcomed capitalist urbanisation.Gentrification is articulated within a flux between deterritorialisation/reterritorialisation,producing a form of‘heritage gentrification’in which history and national heritage are sacrificed through a process of satellite gentrification that is rooted in generative cultural transformation and governed by decentralised power structures.Introducing a Western blueprint of planetary gentrification through narrow gates into non-Western environments is a prevailing challenge.
文摘The aim of this study was to improve the dissolution rate of the poorly soluble drug valsartan by delivering the drug as a liquisolid compact.Liquisolid compacts were prepared using propylene glycol as solvent,Avicel PH102 as carrier,and Aerosil 200 as the coating material.The crystallinity of the newly formulated drug and the interaction between excipients was examined by X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,respectively.The dissolution studies for the liquisolid formula-tion and the marketed product were carried out at different pH values.The results showed no change in the crystallinity of the drug and no interaction between excipients.The dissolution efficiency of valsartan at 15 min was increased from 4.02% for plain drug and 13.58% for marketed product to 29.47% for the liquisolid formulation.The increase in the dissolution rate was also found to be significant compared to the marketed product at lower pH values,simulating the gastric environment where valsartan is largely absorbed.The liquisolid technique appears to be a promising approach for improving the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs like valsartan.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)Grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(2022M3J7A1062940 and 2022R1A2C2008968)supported by the Korea Environment Industry&Technology Institute(KEITI)through a project to develop Aquatic Ecosystem Conservation Research Program,funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE)(2022003040004).
文摘The demand for green-power-driven flexible energy storage systems is increasing.This requires new materials for power-ing wearable electronic devices without conceding energy and power densities.Herein,a nanograss-flower-like nickel di-vanadium selenide(NiV_(2)Se_(4))is fabricated on a flexible Ni–Cu–Co fabric by a scalable oil bath deposition approach.The NiV_(2)Se_(4)is decorated with silver(Ag)nanoparticles(NiV_(2)Se_(4)–Ag)to improve the electrical conductivity of the electrode surface.The NiV_(2)Se_(4)–Ag electrode exhibits a 27%higher capacity than the NiV_(2)Se_(4)electrode at 1 mA cm^(-2),owing to the synergistic effect of Ag nanoparticles and NiV_(2)Se_(4).Aqueous and flexible hybrid supercapacitors(HSCs)are fabricated with NiV_(2)Se_(4)–Ag and activated carbon(AC)electrodes(NiV_(2)Se_(4)–Ag//AC),which work up to 1.6 V.Aqueous NiV_(2)Se_(4)–Ag//AC HSCs maintain 76%capacitance at a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)and deliver an energy density of 77 Wh kg^(-1)at a power density of 749 W kg^(-1).Moreover,these HSCs exhibit an excellent cycling stability of 95%after 10,000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles.Ultimately,this study demonstrates the potential of NiV_(2)Se_(4)–Ag//AC flexible HSCs for wearable electronics.These HSCs can withstand different bending and twisting angles without compromising the electrochemical performance.The fabricated flexible HSCs can also be recharged by sunlight,providing a sustainable way to utilize natural energy resources.
