Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is caused by synaptic failure and the excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins especially Aβ and tau, and associated with memory loss and cognitive impairment. Treatment of AD mainly con...Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is caused by synaptic failure and the excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins especially Aβ and tau, and associated with memory loss and cognitive impairment. Treatment of AD mainly consists of symptomatic therapy and disease-modifying therapy (DMT). Several monotherapies including small molecules or antibodies have been evaluated through multiple clinical trials, but a very few have been approved by the USFDA to intervene the disease’s pathogenesis. Past research has shown multifactorial nature of AD, therefore, multi-target drugs were proposed to target different pathways at the same time, however, currently no rationally designed multi-target directed ligand (MTDL) has been clinically approved. Different combinations and bispecific antibodies are also under development. Novel approaches like stem cell-based therapies, microRNAs, peptides, ADCs and vaccines cast a new hope for AD treatment, however, a number of questions remained to be answered prior to their safe and effective clinical translation. This review explores the small molecules, MTDL, and antibodies (monospecific and bispecific) for the treatment of AD. Finally, future perspectives (stem cell therapy, PROTAC approaches, microRNAs, ADC, peptides and vaccines) are also discussed with regard to their clinical applications and feasibility.展开更多
Ladakh’s cropped and non-cropped areas suffer greatly from weedy invasion under subsistence agricultural system where weeding is not a priority but total crop + weed biomass together contribute to livestock feeding s...Ladakh’s cropped and non-cropped areas suffer greatly from weedy invasion under subsistence agricultural system where weeding is not a priority but total crop + weed biomass together contribute to livestock feeding significantly. As agriculture along with livestock rearing is major activity of livelihood options, thereby contributing significantly to Ladakh economy and income generation for supporting resource poor farmers. Amongst various invasive weed species, the common reed (Phragmites australis) has become a serious ecological threat for agri-silvi-pastoral system biodiversity and accelerated its expansion in cropped lands including many wetland and salt-affected habitats of cold arid region due to its intermediate plant growth habit of C3 - C4 photosynthetic ecotypes. This character makes Phragmites a climate-resilient species, which is a major challenge for cold arid agriculture in the changing climatic patterns. Simultaneously, it is one of the best fodder substitute available under harsh climate. This paper deals with its unique characters and potential threats to the agrobiodiversity of Ladakh.展开更多
Rhizobia are vital for nitrogen input, fertility of soil and legume plant growth. Knowledge on rhizobial diversity from arid and semiarid areas is important for dry land agriculture in the context of climatic change a...Rhizobia are vital for nitrogen input, fertility of soil and legume plant growth. Knowledge on rhizobial diversity from arid and semiarid areas is important for dry land agriculture in the context of climatic change and for economic utilization. This study provides morphological, biochemical, stress tolerance and plant growth promoting characteristics of fifteen rhizobial isolates from the nodules of same number of wild legumes and one isolate from cultivated Arachis hypogea from semi-arid region, Tirupati. The bacterial isolates were confirmed as rhizobia based on colony morphology and biochemical tests. Based on the colour change of YMA-BTB medium, eight isolates were identified as slow growers and six were fast growers. The isolates differed in growth pattern, colony morphology, antibiotic resistance at higher concentrations and uniformity in utilization of carbon and nitrogen sources. The isolates are tolerant to NaCl up to one percent, displayed normal growth at temperatures 28℃ - 30℃, at neutral pH and poor growth at pH 5and 9. The isolates varied in the production of EPS and IAA, positive for phosphate solubilization and siderophore formation. This functional diversity displayed by the isolates can be utilised for the legume crop production by cross inoculation.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Introduction:</strong></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Regional anaesthesia combined with general anaesthesia reduc...<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Introduction:</strong></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Regional anaesthesia combined with general anaesthesia reduces </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">stress response to surgery, duration of ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">stay and promotes early recovery. Studies on thoracic epidural, caudal analgesi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a along wit</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h general anaesthesia (GA) in paediatric </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cardiac surgery are limited he</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nce we aimed to compare efficacy and safety of caudal, thoracic epid</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ural and intravenous analgesia in paediatric cardiac surgery. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methodology: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology in a tertiary care teaching hospital in southern India from February 2019 to December 2019. 90 children were randomised into group A, group B, group C. Children in group A received caudal analgesia along with GA. Group B children received thoracic epidural along with GA. Group C patients received intravenous analgesia along with GA. Rescue analgesia 1 mcg/kg fentanyl given in all 3 groups if p</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ai</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n score is more than 4. Primary outcome assessed was post-o</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p pain sco</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">res. Secondary outcome assessed was duration of ventilation, duration of intensive care unit stay. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> All patients were comparable in terms of age, sex, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">weight, mean RACHS score, baseline heart rate and blood pressure. Pain sco</span><span s展开更多
文摘Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is caused by synaptic failure and the excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins especially Aβ and tau, and associated with memory loss and cognitive impairment. Treatment of AD mainly consists of symptomatic therapy and disease-modifying therapy (DMT). Several monotherapies including small molecules or antibodies have been evaluated through multiple clinical trials, but a very few have been approved by the USFDA to intervene the disease’s pathogenesis. Past research has shown multifactorial nature of AD, therefore, multi-target drugs were proposed to target different pathways at the same time, however, currently no rationally designed multi-target directed ligand (MTDL) has been clinically approved. Different combinations and bispecific antibodies are also under development. Novel approaches like stem cell-based therapies, microRNAs, peptides, ADCs and vaccines cast a new hope for AD treatment, however, a number of questions remained to be answered prior to their safe and effective clinical translation. This review explores the small molecules, MTDL, and antibodies (monospecific and bispecific) for the treatment of AD. Finally, future perspectives (stem cell therapy, PROTAC approaches, microRNAs, ADC, peptides and vaccines) are also discussed with regard to their clinical applications and feasibility.
文摘Ladakh’s cropped and non-cropped areas suffer greatly from weedy invasion under subsistence agricultural system where weeding is not a priority but total crop + weed biomass together contribute to livestock feeding significantly. As agriculture along with livestock rearing is major activity of livelihood options, thereby contributing significantly to Ladakh economy and income generation for supporting resource poor farmers. Amongst various invasive weed species, the common reed (Phragmites australis) has become a serious ecological threat for agri-silvi-pastoral system biodiversity and accelerated its expansion in cropped lands including many wetland and salt-affected habitats of cold arid region due to its intermediate plant growth habit of C3 - C4 photosynthetic ecotypes. This character makes Phragmites a climate-resilient species, which is a major challenge for cold arid agriculture in the changing climatic patterns. Simultaneously, it is one of the best fodder substitute available under harsh climate. This paper deals with its unique characters and potential threats to the agrobiodiversity of Ladakh.
文摘Rhizobia are vital for nitrogen input, fertility of soil and legume plant growth. Knowledge on rhizobial diversity from arid and semiarid areas is important for dry land agriculture in the context of climatic change and for economic utilization. This study provides morphological, biochemical, stress tolerance and plant growth promoting characteristics of fifteen rhizobial isolates from the nodules of same number of wild legumes and one isolate from cultivated Arachis hypogea from semi-arid region, Tirupati. The bacterial isolates were confirmed as rhizobia based on colony morphology and biochemical tests. Based on the colour change of YMA-BTB medium, eight isolates were identified as slow growers and six were fast growers. The isolates differed in growth pattern, colony morphology, antibiotic resistance at higher concentrations and uniformity in utilization of carbon and nitrogen sources. The isolates are tolerant to NaCl up to one percent, displayed normal growth at temperatures 28℃ - 30℃, at neutral pH and poor growth at pH 5and 9. The isolates varied in the production of EPS and IAA, positive for phosphate solubilization and siderophore formation. This functional diversity displayed by the isolates can be utilised for the legume crop production by cross inoculation.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Introduction:</strong></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Regional anaesthesia combined with general anaesthesia reduces </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">stress response to surgery, duration of ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">stay and promotes early recovery. Studies on thoracic epidural, caudal analgesi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a along wit</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h general anaesthesia (GA) in paediatric </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cardiac surgery are limited he</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nce we aimed to compare efficacy and safety of caudal, thoracic epid</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ural and intravenous analgesia in paediatric cardiac surgery. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methodology: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology in a tertiary care teaching hospital in southern India from February 2019 to December 2019. 90 children were randomised into group A, group B, group C. Children in group A received caudal analgesia along with GA. Group B children received thoracic epidural along with GA. Group C patients received intravenous analgesia along with GA. Rescue analgesia 1 mcg/kg fentanyl given in all 3 groups if p</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ai</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n score is more than 4. Primary outcome assessed was post-o</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p pain sco</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">res. Secondary outcome assessed was duration of ventilation, duration of intensive care unit stay. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> All patients were comparable in terms of age, sex, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">weight, mean RACHS score, baseline heart rate and blood pressure. Pain sco</span><span s
