We report an improved measurement of the neutrino mixing angle θ13 from the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. We exclude a zero value for sin22θ13 with a significance of 7.7 standard deviations. Electron antineu...We report an improved measurement of the neutrino mixing angle θ13 from the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. We exclude a zero value for sin22θ13 with a significance of 7.7 standard deviations. Electron antineutrinos from six reactors of 2.9 GWm th were detected in six antineutrino detectors deployed in two near （flux-weighted baselines of 470 m and 576 m） and one far （1648 m） underground experimental halls. Using 139 days of data, 28909 （205308） electron antineutrino candidates were detected at the far hall （near halls）. The ratio of the observed to the expected number of antineutrinos assuming no oscillations at the far hall is 0.944± 0.007（stat.） ± 0.003（syst.）. An analysis of the relative rates in six detectors finds sin22θ13=0.089± 0.010（stat.）±0.005（syst.） in a three-neutrino framework.展开更多
In this study, the ecological effects of culling programs are considered in the context of rodent pest management.Despite the escalation of rodent problems globally, over the past quarter of a century there have not b...In this study, the ecological effects of culling programs are considered in the context of rodent pest management.Despite the escalation of rodent problems globally, over the past quarter of a century there have not been many newdevelopments in culling programs directed at managing these populations. There is a strong reliance on broad scaleuse of chemical rodenticides or other lethal methods of control. The ecological consequences of culling programsbased on chemical rodenticides and bounty systems are considered. Although rodents cause tremendous economichardship to people on a continental scale, usually less than 10% of species cause substantial impacts. Indeed, manyspecies of rodent provide important “ecological services” and, given that culling programs rarely distinguishbetween rodent species, often the non-pest rodents are at grave risk. Rodent control is conducted with littleappreciation of what proportion of the population would need to be culled for a significant reduction in economicdamage. In Indonesian rice fields, once rodent densities are high then a reduction in yield loss from 30% to 15%would require more than 75% of the population to be culled;a reduction to less than 5% yield loss would requiremore than a 95% cull. The negative ecological consequences of culling can be better managed if the method isspecifically tailored to the species that need to be managed. A greater emphasis on ecologically-based rodentmanagement would assist markedly in reducing the unwanted and unintended effects of culling.展开更多
Anautogenous mosquitoes must blood feed on a vertebrate host to produce eggs.Each gonadotrophic cycle is subdivided into a sugar-feeding previtellogenic phase that produces primary follicles and a blood meal-activated...Anautogenous mosquitoes must blood feed on a vertebrate host to produce eggs.Each gonadotrophic cycle is subdivided into a sugar-feeding previtellogenic phase that produces primary follicles and a blood meal-activated vitellogenic phase in which large numbers of eggs synchronously mature and are laid.Multiple endocrine factors including juvenile hormone(JH),insulin-like peptides(ILPs),ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone(OEH),and 20-hydroxyecdysone(20E)coordinate each gonadotrophic cycle.Egg formation also requires nutrients from feeding that are stored in the fat body.Regulation of egg formation is best understood in Aedes aegypti but the role different endocrine factors play in regulating nutrient mobilization and storage remains unclear.In this study,we report that adult female Ae.aegypti maintained triacylglycerol(TAG)stores during the previtellogenic phase of the first gonadotrophic cycle while glycogen stores declined.In contrast,TAG and glycogen stores were rapidly mobilized during the vitellogenic phase and then replenishment.Several genes encoding enzymes with functions in TAG and glycogen metabolism were differentially expressed in the fat body,which suggested regulation was mediated in part at the transcriptional level.Gain of function assays indicated that stored nutrients were primarily mobilized by adipokinetic hormone(AKH)while juvenoids and OEH regulated replenishment.ILP3 further showed evidence of negatively regulating certain lipolytic enzymes.Loss of function assays indicated AKH depends on the AKH receptor(AKHR)for function.Altogether,our results indicate that the opposing activities of different hormones regulate nutrient stores during a gonadotrophic cycle in Ae.aegypti.展开更多
This paper is dedicated to the expansion of the framework of general interpolant observables introduced by Azouani,Olson,and Titi for continuous data assimilation of nonlinear partial differential equations.The main f...This paper is dedicated to the expansion of the framework of general interpolant observables introduced by Azouani,Olson,and Titi for continuous data assimilation of nonlinear partial differential equations.The main feature of this expanded framework is its mesh-free aspect,which allows the observational data itself to dictate the subdivision of the domain via partition of unity in the spirit of the so-called Partition of Unity Method by Babuska and Melenk.As an application of this framework,we consider a nudging-based scheme for data assimilation applied to the context of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations as a paradigmatic example and establish convergence to the reference solution in all higher-order Sobolev topologies in a periodic,mean-free setting.The convergence analysis also makes use of absorbing ball bounds in higherorder Sobolev norms,for which explicit bounds appear to be available in the literature only up to H^(2);such bounds are additionally proved for all integer levels of Sobolev regularity above H^(2).展开更多
Irregular plagues of house mice,Mus musculus,incur major economic impacts on agricultural production in Australia.The efficacy of zinc phosphide(ZnP),the only registered broadacre control agent for mice,is reported as ...Irregular plagues of house mice,Mus musculus,incur major economic impacts on agricultural production in Australia.The efficacy of zinc phosphide(ZnP),the only registered broadacre control agent for mice,is reported as increasingly variable.Have mice become less sensitive over time or are they taking a sub-lethal dose and develop-ing aversion?In this laboratory study,the sensitivity of mice(wild caught;outbred laboratory strain)was assessed using oral gavage of a range of ZnP concentrations.The estimated LD50 values(72–79 mg ZnP/kg body weight)were similar for each mouse group but are significantly higher than previously reported.The willingness of mice to consume ZnP-coated grains was determined.ZnP-coated grains(50 g ZnP/kg grain)presented in the absence of alternative food were consumed and 94%of wild mice died.Mice provided with alternative food and ZnP-coated wheat grains(either 25 or 50 g ZnP/kg grain)consumed toxic and non-toxic grains,and mortality was lower(33–55%).If a sublethal amount of ZnP-coated grain was consumed,aversion occurred,mostly when alternative food was present.The sensitivity of wild house mice to ZnP in Australia is significantly lower than previously assumed.Under laboratory conditions,ZnP-coated grains coated with a new higher dose(50 g ZnP/kg grain)were readily consumed.Consumption of toxic grain occurred when alternative food was available but was decreased.Our unambiguousfindings for house mice indicate a re-assessment of the ZnP loading for baits used for control of many rodents around the world may be warranted.展开更多
This special issue of Integrative Zoology is the third and final one in a series of issues containing papers presented at the Third International Conference on Rodent Biology and Management(ICRBM).The conference was h...This special issue of Integrative Zoology is the third and final one in a series of issues containing papers presented at the Third International Conference on Rodent Biology and Management(ICRBM).The conference was held in Hanoi,Vietnam in August 2006 and focused on the areas of rodent biology,ecology and management(for details,please the summary report by C.J.Krebs see Integrative Zoology,1(4),194–195).The 1st ICRBM was held in Beijing,China,in 1998.The 2nd ICRBM was held in Canberra,Australia,in 2003.Papers of these two conferences were also published(Singleton et al.1999;Singleton et al.2003).This special issue contains a diverse range of papers examining rodents in urban environments,rodent behaviour and biology,and rodents in agricultural systems.展开更多
基金Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Chinathe United States Department of Energy+15 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe National Natural Science Foundation of Chinathe Guangdong provincial governmentthe Shenzhen municipal governmentthe China Guangdong Nuclear Power GroupShanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmologythe Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of ChinaUniversity Development Fund of The University of Hong Kongthe MOE program for Research of Excellence at NTU, NCTUNSC fund support from Taipeithe U.S. National Science Foundationthe Alfred P. Sloan Foundationthe Ministry of EducationYouth and Sports of the Czech Republicthe Czech Science Foundationthe Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna,Russia
文摘We report an improved measurement of the neutrino mixing angle θ13 from the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. We exclude a zero value for sin22θ13 with a significance of 7.7 standard deviations. Electron antineutrinos from six reactors of 2.9 GWm th were detected in six antineutrino detectors deployed in two near （flux-weighted baselines of 470 m and 576 m） and one far （1648 m） underground experimental halls. Using 139 days of data, 28909 （205308） electron antineutrino candidates were detected at the far hall （near halls）. The ratio of the observed to the expected number of antineutrinos assuming no oscillations at the far hall is 0.944± 0.007（stat.） ± 0.003（syst.）. An analysis of the relative rates in six detectors finds sin22θ13=0.089± 0.010（stat.）±0.005（syst.） in a three-neutrino framework.
文摘In this study, the ecological effects of culling programs are considered in the context of rodent pest management.Despite the escalation of rodent problems globally, over the past quarter of a century there have not been many newdevelopments in culling programs directed at managing these populations. There is a strong reliance on broad scaleuse of chemical rodenticides or other lethal methods of control. The ecological consequences of culling programsbased on chemical rodenticides and bounty systems are considered. Although rodents cause tremendous economichardship to people on a continental scale, usually less than 10% of species cause substantial impacts. Indeed, manyspecies of rodent provide important “ecological services” and, given that culling programs rarely distinguishbetween rodent species, often the non-pest rodents are at grave risk. Rodent control is conducted with littleappreciation of what proportion of the population would need to be culled for a significant reduction in economicdamage. In Indonesian rice fields, once rodent densities are high then a reduction in yield loss from 30% to 15%would require more than 75% of the population to be culled;a reduction to less than 5% yield loss would requiremore than a 95% cull. The negative ecological consequences of culling can be better managed if the method isspecifically tailored to the species that need to be managed. A greater emphasis on ecologically-based rodentmanagement would assist markedly in reducing the unwanted and unintended effects of culling.
基金provided by the National Institutes of Health(R01AI033108,R01AI106892)awarded to MRS and MRBNational Science Foundation(IOS 1656236)awarded to MRS and MRB+3 种基金United States Department of Agriculture Hatch Project GEO00772 to MRSthe Pulliam Endowment(MRS)partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(31901876)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(KB20190900).
文摘Anautogenous mosquitoes must blood feed on a vertebrate host to produce eggs.Each gonadotrophic cycle is subdivided into a sugar-feeding previtellogenic phase that produces primary follicles and a blood meal-activated vitellogenic phase in which large numbers of eggs synchronously mature and are laid.Multiple endocrine factors including juvenile hormone(JH),insulin-like peptides(ILPs),ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone(OEH),and 20-hydroxyecdysone(20E)coordinate each gonadotrophic cycle.Egg formation also requires nutrients from feeding that are stored in the fat body.Regulation of egg formation is best understood in Aedes aegypti but the role different endocrine factors play in regulating nutrient mobilization and storage remains unclear.In this study,we report that adult female Ae.aegypti maintained triacylglycerol(TAG)stores during the previtellogenic phase of the first gonadotrophic cycle while glycogen stores declined.In contrast,TAG and glycogen stores were rapidly mobilized during the vitellogenic phase and then replenishment.Several genes encoding enzymes with functions in TAG and glycogen metabolism were differentially expressed in the fat body,which suggested regulation was mediated in part at the transcriptional level.Gain of function assays indicated that stored nutrients were primarily mobilized by adipokinetic hormone(AKH)while juvenoids and OEH regulated replenishment.ILP3 further showed evidence of negatively regulating certain lipolytic enzymes.Loss of function assays indicated AKH depends on the AKH receptor(AKHR)for function.Altogether,our results indicate that the opposing activities of different hormones regulate nutrient stores during a gonadotrophic cycle in Ae.aegypti.
基金partially supported by the award PSC-CUNY64335-0052,jointly funded by The Professional Staff Congress and The City University of New York。
文摘This paper is dedicated to the expansion of the framework of general interpolant observables introduced by Azouani,Olson,and Titi for continuous data assimilation of nonlinear partial differential equations.The main feature of this expanded framework is its mesh-free aspect,which allows the observational data itself to dictate the subdivision of the domain via partition of unity in the spirit of the so-called Partition of Unity Method by Babuska and Melenk.As an application of this framework,we consider a nudging-based scheme for data assimilation applied to the context of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations as a paradigmatic example and establish convergence to the reference solution in all higher-order Sobolev topologies in a periodic,mean-free setting.The convergence analysis also makes use of absorbing ball bounds in higherorder Sobolev norms,for which explicit bounds appear to be available in the literature only up to H^(2);such bounds are additionally proved for all integer levels of Sobolev regularity above H^(2).
基金supported by the Grains Research and Development Corporation(GRDC)through project CSP1804-012RTX,and CSIRO Health and Biosecurityapproved by the CSIRO Wildlife and Large Animal Ethics Committee(Approval No 2019-23)conform to the Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes.
文摘Irregular plagues of house mice,Mus musculus,incur major economic impacts on agricultural production in Australia.The efficacy of zinc phosphide(ZnP),the only registered broadacre control agent for mice,is reported as increasingly variable.Have mice become less sensitive over time or are they taking a sub-lethal dose and develop-ing aversion?In this laboratory study,the sensitivity of mice(wild caught;outbred laboratory strain)was assessed using oral gavage of a range of ZnP concentrations.The estimated LD50 values(72–79 mg ZnP/kg body weight)were similar for each mouse group but are significantly higher than previously reported.The willingness of mice to consume ZnP-coated grains was determined.ZnP-coated grains(50 g ZnP/kg grain)presented in the absence of alternative food were consumed and 94%of wild mice died.Mice provided with alternative food and ZnP-coated wheat grains(either 25 or 50 g ZnP/kg grain)consumed toxic and non-toxic grains,and mortality was lower(33–55%).If a sublethal amount of ZnP-coated grain was consumed,aversion occurred,mostly when alternative food was present.The sensitivity of wild house mice to ZnP in Australia is significantly lower than previously assumed.Under laboratory conditions,ZnP-coated grains coated with a new higher dose(50 g ZnP/kg grain)were readily consumed.Consumption of toxic grain occurred when alternative food was available but was decreased.Our unambiguousfindings for house mice indicate a re-assessment of the ZnP loading for baits used for control of many rodents around the world may be warranted.
文摘This special issue of Integrative Zoology is the third and final one in a series of issues containing papers presented at the Third International Conference on Rodent Biology and Management(ICRBM).The conference was held in Hanoi,Vietnam in August 2006 and focused on the areas of rodent biology,ecology and management(for details,please the summary report by C.J.Krebs see Integrative Zoology,1(4),194–195).The 1st ICRBM was held in Beijing,China,in 1998.The 2nd ICRBM was held in Canberra,Australia,in 2003.Papers of these two conferences were also published(Singleton et al.1999;Singleton et al.2003).This special issue contains a diverse range of papers examining rodents in urban environments,rodent behaviour and biology,and rodents in agricultural systems.
