"Yu Xue Fen Cun" records during the Qing Dynasty are used to identify the starting and ending dates of Meiyu at the period of 1736―1911. These results, along with the instrumental meteorological records, ar..."Yu Xue Fen Cun" records during the Qing Dynasty are used to identify the starting and ending dates of Meiyu at the period of 1736―1911. These results, along with the instrumental meteorological records, are used to reconstruct the series of length and precipitation of Meiyu during 1736―2000 over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The characteristics of Meiyu are analyzed since 1736. Moreover, the strength of East Asian Summer Monsoon and locations of rainband are discussed, based on the relationship between the length of Meiyu and the Index of East Asian Summer Monsoon. It is found that the starting and ending dates and the length of Meiyu have significant interannual and in-terdecadal variations. Apart from 7―8 years, 20―30 years and 40 years cycles for the lengths of Meiyu, the centennial oscillation is also presented. The length of Meiyu, monsoon rainband movement over eastern China, and the strength of East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) have a very good correlation, which can be expressed in the following: during the periods of 1736―1770, 1821―1870 and 1921―1970, the EASM was stronger, and the monsoon rainband was located in North China and South China easily, corresponding to the decreased length of Meiyu. Whereas during the periods of 1771―1820, 1871―1920 and 1971―2000, the EASM was weaker and monsoon rainband usually stopped at the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, corresponding to the increased length of Meiyu.展开更多
Using 24 proxy temperature series, the rates of temperature change in China are analyzed at the 30- to 100-year scales for the past 2000 years and at the 10-year scale for the past 500 years. The results show that, at...Using 24 proxy temperature series, the rates of temperature change in China are analyzed at the 30- to 100-year scales for the past 2000 years and at the 10-year scale for the past 500 years. The results show that, at the 100-year scale, the warming rate for the whole of China in the 20th century was only 0.6±1.6℃/100 a （interval at the 95% confidence level, which is used here- after）, while the peak warming rate for the period from the Little Ice Age （LIA） to the 20th century reached 1.1_＋1.2~C/100 a, which was the greatest in the past 500 years and probably the past 2000 years. At the 30-year scale, warming in the 20th century was quite notable, but the peak rate was still less than rates for previous periods, such as the rapid warming from the LIA to the 20th century and from the 270s-290s to 300s-320s. At the 10-year scale, the warming in the late 20th century was very evident, but it might not be unusual in the context of warming over the past 500 years. The exact timing, duration and magnitude of the warming peaks varied from region to region at all scales. The peak rates of the 100-year scale warming in the AD 180s-350s in northeastern China as well as those in the 260s-410s and 500s-660s in Tibet were all greater than those from the mid-19th to 20th century. Meanwhile, the rates of the most rapid cooling at scales of 30 to 100 years in the LIA were promi-nent, but they were also not unprecedented in the last 2000 years. At the 10-year scale, for the whole of China, the most rapid decadal cooling in the 20th century was from the 1940s to 1950s with a rate of -0.3±0.6℃/10 a, which was similar to rates for periods before the 20th century. For all regions, the rates of most rapid cooling in the 20th century were all less than those for previous periods.展开更多
The general characteristics of climate changes over the past 2000 years in China,regional differences and uncertainties were analyzed based on the recently peer-reviewed high time-resolution climatic reconstructions.T...The general characteristics of climate changes over the past 2000 years in China,regional differences and uncertainties were analyzed based on the recently peer-reviewed high time-resolution climatic reconstructions.The results showed that there exists four warm periods of the temperature variation in China since the Qin Dynasty,including the western and eastern Han Dynasties(200 BC-AD 180),the Sui and Tang dynasties(541-810),the Song and Yuan dynasties(931-1320),and the 20th century,and three cold phases involving the Wei,Jin,and North-South Dynasties(181-540),the late Tang Dynasty(811-930),and the Ming and Qing dynasties(1321-1920).The Song and Yuan warm period is consistent with the Medieval Warm Period over the Northern Hemisphere,and the cold phases of the North-South Dynasties and the Ming and Qing dynasties are paralleled to the Dark Ages Cold Period and the Little Ice Age,respectively.The 13th-15th century could be a shift to the wet condition of the climate,and the low precipitation variability is exhibited in western China prior to 1500.In the context of the climate warming,the pattern of the drought in north and flood in south is prevalent over the eastern China.In addition,the published reconstructions have a high level of confidence for the past 500 years,but large uncertainties exist prior to the 16th century.展开更多
This paper presents new high-resolution proxies and paleoclimatic reconstructions for studying climate changes in China for the past 2000 years. Multi-proxy synthesized reconstructions show that temperature variation ...This paper presents new high-resolution proxies and paleoclimatic reconstructions for studying climate changes in China for the past 2000 years. Multi-proxy synthesized reconstructions show that temperature variation in China has exhibited significant 50–70-yr, 100–120-yr, and 200–250-yr cycles. Results also show that the amplitudes of decadal and centennial temperature variation were 1.3℃ and 0.7℃, respectively, with the latter significantly correlated with long-term changes in solar radiation, especially cold periods, which correspond approximately to sunspot minima. The most rapid warming in China occurred over AD 1870–2000, at a rate of 0.56°± 0.42℃（100 yr）^（-1）; however, temperatures recorded in the 20 th century may not be unprecedented for the last 2000 years, as data show records for the periods AD 981–1100 and AD1201–70 are comparable to the present. The ensemble means of dryness/wetness spatial patterns in eastern China across all centennial warm periods illustrate a tripole pattern： dry south of 25°N, wet from 25°–30°N, and dry to the north of 30°N. However, for all centennial cold periods, this spatial pattern also exhibits a meridional distribution. The increase in precipitation over the monsoonal regions of China associated with the 20 th century warming can primarily be attributed to a mega El Nino–Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. In addition, a significant association between increasing numbers of locusts and dry/cold conditions is found in eastern China. Plague intensity also generally increases in concert with wetness in northern China, while more precipitation is likely to have a negative effect in southern China.展开更多
Using historical records on first and last frost and snow,spring cultivation,David peach blossom,autumn crop harvest,grade of sea freeze and change in northern citrus boundary,we reconstructed temperature change durin...Using historical records on first and last frost and snow,spring cultivation,David peach blossom,autumn crop harvest,grade of sea freeze and change in northern citrus boundary,we reconstructed temperature change during 601-920 AD.The mean temperature of the winter half-year(October to April)over Central East China during this period was about-0.22°C higher than that of the present(1961-2000 AD mean).During 601-820 AD,mean temperature was about-0.52°C higher than the present.During 821-920 AD,the mean temperature was 0.42°C lower than the present.The temperature fluctuations were characterized by a maximum amplitude of 1.05°C at the centennial scale,1.38°C at the 50-year scale,2.02°C at the 30-year scale,and 2.3°C at the 20-year scale.There were four peaks warmer than today(601-620 AD,mean of 1°C higher temperature;641-660 AD,1.44°C;701-720 AD,0.88°C;781-800 AD,0.65°C).Three cold periods were in 741-760,821-840,and 881-900 AD,the mean temperature of which was 0.37-0.87°C lower than the present.展开更多
In this work,a novel ultraviolet(UV)photodetector(PD)based on AlGaN/u-GaN/p-GaN/u-GaN heterojunction high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)has been developed.This HEMT epilayer is grown using the metal-organic chemic...In this work,a novel ultraviolet(UV)photodetector(PD)based on AlGaN/u-GaN/p-GaN/u-GaN heterojunction high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)has been developed.This HEMT epilayer is grown using the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD)technique,and the growth parameters,including the AlGaN growth temperature,preheating temperature of the p-GaN layer,and NH3/N2 flow rate,are optimized to improve the quality of the epilayer.The optimized epilayer exhibits a flat surface with a root mean square value of 0.146 nm and low dislocation density.The p-GaN thickness in epitaxial wafers has a significant influence on electrical and UV photoresponse.With a p-GaN of 1µm,the UV PD demonstrates a significant switching ratio and transconductance of 107 and 127.3 mS mm^(-1),respectively.Acting as a UV PD,it also exhibits a high light on/off ratio(I_(light)/I_(dark))of 6.35×10^(5),a high responsivity(R)of 48.11 A W^(-1),and a detectivity(D*)of 6.85×10^(12)Jones under 365-nm UV illumination with light power density of 86.972 mW cm^(-2).The high-performance HEMT and UV detectors,which incorporate p-GaN etchless technology,have been refined through advancements in epitaxial growth and structural design.These improvements solidify the groundwork for large-scale manufacturing of UV communication systems and laser diodes.展开更多
The second edition of the expert consensus on pediatric nutrition was formed based on a global update of pedia-tric nutrition guidelines or consensus worldwide,the management of congenital heart disease,and the result...The second edition of the expert consensus on pediatric nutrition was formed based on a global update of pedia-tric nutrition guidelines or consensus worldwide,the management of congenital heart disease,and the results of multi-center clinical nutrition research for congenital heart disease following thefirst Chinese consensus edition of 2016.The consensus was also shaped by the results of three discussion sessions and two questionnaires con-ducted by the 13-member collaboration group.This process was informed by both clinical guidelines and expert consensus.The quality of literature,both in English and Chinese,and the level of recommendations were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluations(GRADE)system.展开更多
PDCD5 is a novel apoptosis-related gene. Overexpression of PDCD5 facilitates apoptosis in various tumor cells. Here, we investigated the roles of recombinant human PDCD5 (rhPDCD5) protein in chemosensitivities of hema...PDCD5 is a novel apoptosis-related gene. Overexpression of PDCD5 facilitates apoptosis in various tumor cells. Here, we investigated the roles of recombinant human PDCD5 (rhPDCD5) protein in chemosensitivities of hematologic malignancies. The rhPDCD5 increased the in vitro cytotoxicity of daunorubicin (DNR), adriamycin (ADM) and As2O3 in three hematologic tumor cell lines. In vivo studies showed that DNR combined with rhPDCD5 significantly suppressed tumor growth of U937 xenograft nude mice compared with DNR alone. In conclusion, rhPDCD5 combined with the chemotherapeutic drug has greater efficacy than chemotherapy alone, and rhPDCD5 is a very promising chemosensitizer.展开更多
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-315-2)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40331013 and 40625002)Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 066U0105SZ)
文摘"Yu Xue Fen Cun" records during the Qing Dynasty are used to identify the starting and ending dates of Meiyu at the period of 1736―1911. These results, along with the instrumental meteorological records, are used to reconstruct the series of length and precipitation of Meiyu during 1736―2000 over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The characteristics of Meiyu are analyzed since 1736. Moreover, the strength of East Asian Summer Monsoon and locations of rainband are discussed, based on the relationship between the length of Meiyu and the Index of East Asian Summer Monsoon. It is found that the starting and ending dates and the length of Meiyu have significant interannual and in-terdecadal variations. Apart from 7―8 years, 20―30 years and 40 years cycles for the lengths of Meiyu, the centennial oscillation is also presented. The length of Meiyu, monsoon rainband movement over eastern China, and the strength of East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) have a very good correlation, which can be expressed in the following: during the periods of 1736―1770, 1821―1870 and 1921―1970, the EASM was stronger, and the monsoon rainband was located in North China and South China easily, corresponding to the decreased length of Meiyu. Whereas during the periods of 1771―1820, 1871―1920 and 1971―2000, the EASM was weaker and monsoon rainband usually stopped at the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, corresponding to the increased length of Meiyu.
基金supported by Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-Q1-01)China Global Change Research Program (Grant No. 2010CB950101)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40625002)the IGSNRR Research Foundation (Grant No. 200905006)
文摘Using 24 proxy temperature series, the rates of temperature change in China are analyzed at the 30- to 100-year scales for the past 2000 years and at the 10-year scale for the past 500 years. The results show that, at the 100-year scale, the warming rate for the whole of China in the 20th century was only 0.6±1.6℃/100 a （interval at the 95% confidence level, which is used here- after）, while the peak warming rate for the period from the Little Ice Age （LIA） to the 20th century reached 1.1_＋1.2~C/100 a, which was the greatest in the past 500 years and probably the past 2000 years. At the 30-year scale, warming in the 20th century was quite notable, but the peak rate was still less than rates for previous periods, such as the rapid warming from the LIA to the 20th century and from the 270s-290s to 300s-320s. At the 10-year scale, the warming in the late 20th century was very evident, but it might not be unusual in the context of warming over the past 500 years. The exact timing, duration and magnitude of the warming peaks varied from region to region at all scales. The peak rates of the 100-year scale warming in the AD 180s-350s in northeastern China as well as those in the 260s-410s and 500s-660s in Tibet were all greater than those from the mid-19th to 20th century. Meanwhile, the rates of the most rapid cooling at scales of 30 to 100 years in the LIA were promi-nent, but they were also not unprecedented in the last 2000 years. At the 10-year scale, for the whole of China, the most rapid decadal cooling in the 20th century was from the 1940s to 1950s with a rate of -0.3±0.6℃/10 a, which was similar to rates for periods before the 20th century. For all regions, the rates of most rapid cooling in the 20th century were all less than those for previous periods.
基金supported by grants to IGSNRR from China Global Change Research Program of MOST (Grant No. 2010CB950101)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05080100)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41071029)
文摘The general characteristics of climate changes over the past 2000 years in China,regional differences and uncertainties were analyzed based on the recently peer-reviewed high time-resolution climatic reconstructions.The results showed that there exists four warm periods of the temperature variation in China since the Qin Dynasty,including the western and eastern Han Dynasties(200 BC-AD 180),the Sui and Tang dynasties(541-810),the Song and Yuan dynasties(931-1320),and the 20th century,and three cold phases involving the Wei,Jin,and North-South Dynasties(181-540),the late Tang Dynasty(811-930),and the Ming and Qing dynasties(1321-1920).The Song and Yuan warm period is consistent with the Medieval Warm Period over the Northern Hemisphere,and the cold phases of the North-South Dynasties and the Ming and Qing dynasties are paralleled to the Dark Ages Cold Period and the Little Ice Age,respectively.The 13th-15th century could be a shift to the wet condition of the climate,and the low precipitation variability is exhibited in western China prior to 1500.In the context of the climate warming,the pattern of the drought in north and flood in south is prevalent over the eastern China.In addition,the published reconstructions have a high level of confidence for the past 500 years,but large uncertainties exist prior to the 16th century.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA050800)the Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KJZD-EW-TZ-G10)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41671201 and 91525101)
文摘This paper presents new high-resolution proxies and paleoclimatic reconstructions for studying climate changes in China for the past 2000 years. Multi-proxy synthesized reconstructions show that temperature variation in China has exhibited significant 50–70-yr, 100–120-yr, and 200–250-yr cycles. Results also show that the amplitudes of decadal and centennial temperature variation were 1.3℃ and 0.7℃, respectively, with the latter significantly correlated with long-term changes in solar radiation, especially cold periods, which correspond approximately to sunspot minima. The most rapid warming in China occurred over AD 1870–2000, at a rate of 0.56°± 0.42℃（100 yr）^（-1）; however, temperatures recorded in the 20 th century may not be unprecedented for the last 2000 years, as data show records for the periods AD 981–1100 and AD1201–70 are comparable to the present. The ensemble means of dryness/wetness spatial patterns in eastern China across all centennial warm periods illustrate a tripole pattern： dry south of 25°N, wet from 25°–30°N, and dry to the north of 30°N. However, for all centennial cold periods, this spatial pattern also exhibits a meridional distribution. The increase in precipitation over the monsoonal regions of China associated with the 20 th century warming can primarily be attributed to a mega El Nino–Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. In addition, a significant association between increasing numbers of locusts and dry/cold conditions is found in eastern China. Plague intensity also generally increases in concert with wetness in northern China, while more precipitation is likely to have a negative effect in southern China.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-Q1-01and KZCX2-YW-315)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40625002)
文摘Using historical records on first and last frost and snow,spring cultivation,David peach blossom,autumn crop harvest,grade of sea freeze and change in northern citrus boundary,we reconstructed temperature change during 601-920 AD.The mean temperature of the winter half-year(October to April)over Central East China during this period was about-0.22°C higher than that of the present(1961-2000 AD mean).During 601-820 AD,mean temperature was about-0.52°C higher than the present.During 821-920 AD,the mean temperature was 0.42°C lower than the present.The temperature fluctuations were characterized by a maximum amplitude of 1.05°C at the centennial scale,1.38°C at the 50-year scale,2.02°C at the 30-year scale,and 2.3°C at the 20-year scale.There were four peaks warmer than today(601-620 AD,mean of 1°C higher temperature;641-660 AD,1.44°C;701-720 AD,0.88°C;781-800 AD,0.65°C).Three cold periods were in 741-760,821-840,and 881-900 AD,the mean temperature of which was 0.37-0.87°C lower than the present.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62175040, 61805044, 12064027, and 62065014)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(202201010242)+3 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515110981)2022 Jiangxi Province High-level and High-skilled Leading Talent Training Project Selected (No. 63)Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education Science and Technology Key Project (GJJ2204302)Jiujiang Municipal Science and Technology Program (Natural Science Foundation, Innovative Talents)(2022-2023)。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11904108)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020B1515020032)"The pearl River Talent Recruitment Program"(2019ZT08X639)。
文摘In this work,a novel ultraviolet(UV)photodetector(PD)based on AlGaN/u-GaN/p-GaN/u-GaN heterojunction high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)has been developed.This HEMT epilayer is grown using the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD)technique,and the growth parameters,including the AlGaN growth temperature,preheating temperature of the p-GaN layer,and NH3/N2 flow rate,are optimized to improve the quality of the epilayer.The optimized epilayer exhibits a flat surface with a root mean square value of 0.146 nm and low dislocation density.The p-GaN thickness in epitaxial wafers has a significant influence on electrical and UV photoresponse.With a p-GaN of 1µm,the UV PD demonstrates a significant switching ratio and transconductance of 107 and 127.3 mS mm^(-1),respectively.Acting as a UV PD,it also exhibits a high light on/off ratio(I_(light)/I_(dark))of 6.35×10^(5),a high responsivity(R)of 48.11 A W^(-1),and a detectivity(D*)of 6.85×10^(12)Jones under 365-nm UV illumination with light power density of 86.972 mW cm^(-2).The high-performance HEMT and UV detectors,which incorporate p-GaN etchless technology,have been refined through advancements in epitaxial growth and structural design.These improvements solidify the groundwork for large-scale manufacturing of UV communication systems and laser diodes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81970265,82270310)a Sub-Project of the National Key R&D Program“The recognition and Identification of Genetic Pathogenic Genes for Structural Birth Defects”(2021YFC2701002)+1 种基金Nanjing Science and Technology Development Project(2019060007)Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program(BE2023662).
文摘The second edition of the expert consensus on pediatric nutrition was formed based on a global update of pedia-tric nutrition guidelines or consensus worldwide,the management of congenital heart disease,and the results of multi-center clinical nutrition research for congenital heart disease following thefirst Chinese consensus edition of 2016.The consensus was also shaped by the results of three discussion sessions and two questionnaires con-ducted by the 13-member collaboration group.This process was informed by both clinical guidelines and expert consensus.The quality of literature,both in English and Chinese,and the level of recommendations were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluations(GRADE)system.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA02A305)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30671907)+1 种基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 5072029)Special Fund for Promotion of Ministry of Education (Grant No. 985-2-032-24)
文摘PDCD5 is a novel apoptosis-related gene. Overexpression of PDCD5 facilitates apoptosis in various tumor cells. Here, we investigated the roles of recombinant human PDCD5 (rhPDCD5) protein in chemosensitivities of hematologic malignancies. The rhPDCD5 increased the in vitro cytotoxicity of daunorubicin (DNR), adriamycin (ADM) and As2O3 in three hematologic tumor cell lines. In vivo studies showed that DNR combined with rhPDCD5 significantly suppressed tumor growth of U937 xenograft nude mice compared with DNR alone. In conclusion, rhPDCD5 combined with the chemotherapeutic drug has greater efficacy than chemotherapy alone, and rhPDCD5 is a very promising chemosensitizer.
