The rice XA21 immune receptor kinase and the structurally related XA3 receptor confer immunity to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo）, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight. Here we report the isolation of OsSER...The rice XA21 immune receptor kinase and the structurally related XA3 receptor confer immunity to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo）, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight. Here we report the isolation of OsSERK2 （rice somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 2） and demonstrate that OsSERK2 positively regulates immunity mediated by XA21 and XA3 as well as the rice immune receptor FLS2 （OsFLS2）. Rice plants silenced for OsSerk2 display altered morphology and reduced sensitivity to the hormone brassinolide. OsSERK2 interacts with the intracellular domains of each immune receptor in the yeast two-hybrid system in a kinase activity-dependent manner. OsSERK2 undergoes bidi- rectional transphosphorylation with XA21 in vitro and forms a constitutive complex with XA21 in vivo. These results demonstrate an essential role for OsSERK2 in the function of three rice immune receptors and suggest that direct interaction with the rice immune receptors is critical for their function. Taken together, our findings suggest that the mechanism of OsSERK2-meditated regulation of rice XA21, XA3, and FLS2 differs from that of AtSERK3/BAK1-mediated regulation of Arabidopsis FLS2 and EFR.展开更多
Fungal research on non-lichenized taxa in xeric and other unusual habitats for fungi is comparatively scarce but constantly reveal an enormous ecological and functional adaptiveness of these organisms to extremes.This...Fungal research on non-lichenized taxa in xeric and other unusual habitats for fungi is comparatively scarce but constantly reveal an enormous ecological and functional adaptiveness of these organisms to extremes.This holds true in the topmost forest canopies as well as in marine,arctic,antarctic or desert habitats.In the present study dried leaves of Populus euphratica from a continental desert area in Central China were investigated for endophytic fungi 6 weeks after sampling by cultivation of small leaf fragments.Thirty-five species,many of them well-known from extreme environments,were delimitated from as few as 58 isolates by a combined analysis of morphotypes,micromorphology and ITS sequences.Meta-analyses revealed pronounced conspecificity to endophytes from Populus tremula leaves,but significant differences to foliar endophytic assemblages in Pinus monticola and Fagus sylvatica.The deduced high similarity of endophytic communities on both Populus species compared with that on Pinus and Fagus suggests that many fungal phyllosphere species show a well-pronounced host preference,at least for their endophytic stages.In addition,it demonstrates that leaving leaves as a microhabitat might provide similar conditions such as constantly high relative humidity,regardless of the surrounding climatic conditions.The evolution of extremotolerance might be of particular importance for retaining competitiveness of foliar endophytes in deciduous host trees after loss of pathogenicity.展开更多
Listeriosis is an infection caused b y the bacterium Listeriamonocytogenes.In pregnancy listeriosis may result in abortion,still -birth,premature d elivery or severe neonatal infection.Clinical manifestations of mater...Listeriosis is an infection caused b y the bacterium Listeriamonocytogenes.In pregnancy listeriosis may result in abortion,still -birth,premature d elivery or severe neonatal infection.Clinical manifestations of maternal lis-teriosis are often influenza -like s ymptoms.We present a case of listeriosis in a triplet pregnancy with abortion of the1st and 2nd fetus and the birth of a healthy 3rd child in the25th week of gestation.展开更多
Aims: To investigate whether plasma biomarkers for axonal injury and inflammation are related to loss and recovery of visual function in acute optic neuritis (ON).Methods: Eighteen patientswith ON and 14 controls were...Aims: To investigate whether plasma biomarkers for axonal injury and inflammation are related to loss and recovery of visual function in acute optic neuritis (ON).Methods: Eighteen patientswith ON and 14 controls were investigated in a longitudinal, prospective study. Plasma phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (NfHSMI35; a surrogate marker of axonal injury), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), and citrulline (surrogate markers of inflammation) were measured. Results: Patients with ON had higher median plasma NfHSMI35 values than controls (0.17 versus 0.005 ng/ml; p < 0.05) and higher NOx values (49 versus 35.5μ M; p < 0.001). Plasma NfHSMI35 values correlated inverselywith visual acuity at presentation (R= 0.67; p=0.01). NfHSMI35 was higher in patients with poor recovery of visual acuity than in those with good recovery (0.25 ng/ml versus 0.09 ng/ml; p < 0.05). Three of four patients with high NfHSMI35 and high NOx values experienced a poor recovery as opposed to only one of five with high NOx but normal NfHSMI35 values. Conclusions: NfHSMI35, a surrogate marker for axonal damage, is a prognostic indicator and should be considered in the design of neuroprotective treatment strategies.展开更多
图元文件(metafile)通常用于存储由一系列绘图命令所描述的图形,所用的命令如绘制直线与文本等等。这种方式存储的图形与位图(bitmap)大不相同。在位图中是以像素矩阵来存储一幅图形的。在这一专栏前几次的连载中,我们一直在考虑在 Micr...图元文件(metafile)通常用于存储由一系列绘图命令所描述的图形,所用的命令如绘制直线与文本等等。这种方式存储的图形与位图(bitmap)大不相同。在位图中是以像素矩阵来存储一幅图形的。在这一专栏前几次的连载中,我们一直在考虑在 Microsoft Windows NT 中所实现的增强型图元文件格式。这一新的,改进了的图元文件格式弥补了旧的,基于 DOS 的 Windows 版本中图元文件格式中的一些缺陷,最主要的是在图元文件中包括了一个十分重要的文件头。展开更多
Metastases of uveal melanoma(UM)spread predominantly to the liver.Due to low response rates to systemic therapies,liver-directed therapies(LDT)are commonly used for tumor control.The impact of LDT on the response to s...Metastases of uveal melanoma(UM)spread predominantly to the liver.Due to low response rates to systemic therapies,liver-directed therapies(LDT)are commonly used for tumor control.The impact of LDT on the response to systemic treatment is unknown.A total of 182 patients with metastatic UM treated with immune checkpoint blockade(ICB)were included in this analysis.Patients were recruited from prospective skin cancer centers and the German national skin cancer registry(ADOReg)of the German Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group(DeCOG).Two cohorts were compared:patients with LDT(cohort A,n=78)versus those without LDT(cohort B,n=104).Data were analyzed for response to treatment,progression-free survival(PFS),and overall survival(OS).The median OS was significantly longer in cohort A than in cohort B(20.1 vs.13.8 months;P=0.0016)and a trend towards improved PFS was observed for cohort A(3.0 vs.2.5 months;P=0.054).The objective response rate to any ICB(16.7%vs.3.8%,P=0.0073)and combined ICB(14.1%vs.4.5%,P=0.017)was more favorable in cohort A.Our data suggest that the combination of LDT with ICB may be associated with a survival benefit and higher treatment response to ICB in patients with metastatic UM.展开更多
To accelerate the shift to bio-based production and overcome complicated functional implementation of natural and artificial biosynthetic pathways to industry relevant organisms,development of new,versatile,bio-based ...To accelerate the shift to bio-based production and overcome complicated functional implementation of natural and artificial biosynthetic pathways to industry relevant organisms,development of new,versatile,bio-based production platforms is required.Here we present a novel yeast-based platform for biosynthesis of bacterial aromatic polyketides.The platform is based on a synthetic polyketide synthase system enabling a first demonstration of bacterial aromatic polyketide biosynthesis in a eukaryotic host.展开更多
文摘The rice XA21 immune receptor kinase and the structurally related XA3 receptor confer immunity to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo）, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight. Here we report the isolation of OsSERK2 （rice somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 2） and demonstrate that OsSERK2 positively regulates immunity mediated by XA21 and XA3 as well as the rice immune receptor FLS2 （OsFLS2）. Rice plants silenced for OsSerk2 display altered morphology and reduced sensitivity to the hormone brassinolide. OsSERK2 interacts with the intracellular domains of each immune receptor in the yeast two-hybrid system in a kinase activity-dependent manner. OsSERK2 undergoes bidi- rectional transphosphorylation with XA21 in vitro and forms a constitutive complex with XA21 in vivo. These results demonstrate an essential role for OsSERK2 in the function of three rice immune receptors and suggest that direct interaction with the rice immune receptors is critical for their function. Taken together, our findings suggest that the mechanism of OsSERK2-meditated regulation of rice XA21, XA3, and FLS2 differs from that of AtSERK3/BAK1-mediated regulation of Arabidopsis FLS2 and EFR.
基金The authors thank their University and the“Akademisches Auslandsamt Greifswald”for funding within the“Forschungsnetzwerk Ostseeraum 2011”.MU thanks Urmas Kõljalg,Leho Tedersoo and Kessy Abarenkov for introduction into UNITE and PlutoF,AP and MS thank the German Science Foundation(DFG)for funding(DFG SCHN 1080/1-1 and SCHN 1080/3-1).
文摘Fungal research on non-lichenized taxa in xeric and other unusual habitats for fungi is comparatively scarce but constantly reveal an enormous ecological and functional adaptiveness of these organisms to extremes.This holds true in the topmost forest canopies as well as in marine,arctic,antarctic or desert habitats.In the present study dried leaves of Populus euphratica from a continental desert area in Central China were investigated for endophytic fungi 6 weeks after sampling by cultivation of small leaf fragments.Thirty-five species,many of them well-known from extreme environments,were delimitated from as few as 58 isolates by a combined analysis of morphotypes,micromorphology and ITS sequences.Meta-analyses revealed pronounced conspecificity to endophytes from Populus tremula leaves,but significant differences to foliar endophytic assemblages in Pinus monticola and Fagus sylvatica.The deduced high similarity of endophytic communities on both Populus species compared with that on Pinus and Fagus suggests that many fungal phyllosphere species show a well-pronounced host preference,at least for their endophytic stages.In addition,it demonstrates that leaving leaves as a microhabitat might provide similar conditions such as constantly high relative humidity,regardless of the surrounding climatic conditions.The evolution of extremotolerance might be of particular importance for retaining competitiveness of foliar endophytes in deciduous host trees after loss of pathogenicity.
文摘Listeriosis is an infection caused b y the bacterium Listeriamonocytogenes.In pregnancy listeriosis may result in abortion,still -birth,premature d elivery or severe neonatal infection.Clinical manifestations of maternal lis-teriosis are often influenza -like s ymptoms.We present a case of listeriosis in a triplet pregnancy with abortion of the1st and 2nd fetus and the birth of a healthy 3rd child in the25th week of gestation.
文摘Aims: To investigate whether plasma biomarkers for axonal injury and inflammation are related to loss and recovery of visual function in acute optic neuritis (ON).Methods: Eighteen patientswith ON and 14 controls were investigated in a longitudinal, prospective study. Plasma phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (NfHSMI35; a surrogate marker of axonal injury), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), and citrulline (surrogate markers of inflammation) were measured. Results: Patients with ON had higher median plasma NfHSMI35 values than controls (0.17 versus 0.005 ng/ml; p < 0.05) and higher NOx values (49 versus 35.5μ M; p < 0.001). Plasma NfHSMI35 values correlated inverselywith visual acuity at presentation (R= 0.67; p=0.01). NfHSMI35 was higher in patients with poor recovery of visual acuity than in those with good recovery (0.25 ng/ml versus 0.09 ng/ml; p < 0.05). Three of four patients with high NfHSMI35 and high NOx values experienced a poor recovery as opposed to only one of five with high NOx but normal NfHSMI35 values. Conclusions: NfHSMI35, a surrogate marker for axonal damage, is a prognostic indicator and should be considered in the design of neuroprotective treatment strategies.
文摘图元文件(metafile)通常用于存储由一系列绘图命令所描述的图形,所用的命令如绘制直线与文本等等。这种方式存储的图形与位图(bitmap)大不相同。在位图中是以像素矩阵来存储一幅图形的。在这一专栏前几次的连载中,我们一直在考虑在 Microsoft Windows NT 中所实现的增强型图元文件格式。这一新的,改进了的图元文件格式弥补了旧的,基于 DOS 的 Windows 版本中图元文件格式中的一些缺陷,最主要的是在图元文件中包括了一个十分重要的文件头。
文摘Metastases of uveal melanoma(UM)spread predominantly to the liver.Due to low response rates to systemic therapies,liver-directed therapies(LDT)are commonly used for tumor control.The impact of LDT on the response to systemic treatment is unknown.A total of 182 patients with metastatic UM treated with immune checkpoint blockade(ICB)were included in this analysis.Patients were recruited from prospective skin cancer centers and the German national skin cancer registry(ADOReg)of the German Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group(DeCOG).Two cohorts were compared:patients with LDT(cohort A,n=78)versus those without LDT(cohort B,n=104).Data were analyzed for response to treatment,progression-free survival(PFS),and overall survival(OS).The median OS was significantly longer in cohort A than in cohort B(20.1 vs.13.8 months;P=0.0016)and a trend towards improved PFS was observed for cohort A(3.0 vs.2.5 months;P=0.054).The objective response rate to any ICB(16.7%vs.3.8%,P=0.0073)and combined ICB(14.1%vs.4.5%,P=0.017)was more favorable in cohort A.Our data suggest that the combination of LDT with ICB may be associated with a survival benefit and higher treatment response to ICB in patients with metastatic UM.
基金This work was funded by grants from the Novo Nordisk Foundation[NNF10CC1016517],[NNF15OC0016626]and is part of the U.S.Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute supported by the U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Science,Office of Biological and Environmental Research,through Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231 between Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the U.S.Department of Energy.
文摘To accelerate the shift to bio-based production and overcome complicated functional implementation of natural and artificial biosynthetic pathways to industry relevant organisms,development of new,versatile,bio-based production platforms is required.Here we present a novel yeast-based platform for biosynthesis of bacterial aromatic polyketides.The platform is based on a synthetic polyketide synthase system enabling a first demonstration of bacterial aromatic polyketide biosynthesis in a eukaryotic host.
