Formation of acid mine drainage(AMD)is a widespread environmental issue that has not subsided throughout decades of continuing research.Highly acidic and highly concentrated metallic streams are characteristics of suc...Formation of acid mine drainage(AMD)is a widespread environmental issue that has not subsided throughout decades of continuing research.Highly acidic and highly concentrated metallic streams are characteristics of such streams.Humans,plants and surrounding ecosystems that are in proximity to AMD producing sites face immediate threats.Remediation options include active and passive biological treatments which are markedly different in many aspects.Sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB)remove sulfate and heavy metals to generate non-toxic streams.Passive systems are inexpensive to operate but entail fundamental drawbacks such as large land requirements and prolonged treatment period.Active bioreactors offer greater operational predictability and quicker treatment time but require higher investment costs and wide scale usage is limited by lack of expertise.Recent advancements include the use of renewable raw materials for AMD clean up purposes,which will likely achieve much greener mitigation solutions.展开更多
MXene has been the limelight for studies on electrode active materials,aiming at developing supercapacitors with boosted energy density to meet the emerging influx of wearable and portable electronic devices.Despite i...MXene has been the limelight for studies on electrode active materials,aiming at developing supercapacitors with boosted energy density to meet the emerging influx of wearable and portable electronic devices.Despite its various desirable properties including intrinsic flexibility,high specific surface area,excellent metallic conductivity and unique abundance of surface functionalities,its full potential for electrochemical performance is hindered by the notorious restacking phenomenon of MXene nanosheets.Ascribed to its two-dimensional(2D)nature and surface functional groups,inevitable Van der Waals interactions drive the agglomeration of nanosheets,ultimately reducing the exposure of electrochemically active sites to the electrolyte,as well as severely lengthening electrolyte ion transport pathways.As a result,energy and power density deteriorate,limiting the application versatility of MXene-based supercapacitors.Constructing 3D architectures using 2D nanosheets presents as a straightforward yet ingenious approach to mitigate the fatal flaws of MXene.However,the sheer number of distinct methodologies reported,thus far,calls for a systematic review that unravels the rationale behind such 3D MXene structural designs.Herein,this review aims to serve this purpose while also scrutinizing the structure–property relationship to correlate such structural modifications to their ensuing electrochemical performance enhancements.Besides,the physicochemical properties of MXene play fundamental roles in determining the effective charge storage capabilities of 3D MXene-based electrodes.This largely depends on different MXene synthesis techniques and synthesis condition variations,hence,elucidated in this review as well.Lastly,the challenges and perspectives for achieving viable commercialization of MXene-based supercapacitor electrodes are highlighted.展开更多
We completely characterize the boundedness of area operators from the Bergman spaces A_(α)^(p)(Bn)to the Lebesgue spaces L^(q)(S_(n))for all 0<p,q<∞.For the case n=1,some partial results were previously obtain...We completely characterize the boundedness of area operators from the Bergman spaces A_(α)^(p)(Bn)to the Lebesgue spaces L^(q)(S_(n))for all 0<p,q<∞.For the case n=1,some partial results were previously obtained by Wu in[Wu,Z.:Volterra operator,area integral and Carleson measures,Sci.China Math.,54,2487–2500(2011)].Especially,in the case q<p and q<s,we obtain some characterizations for the area operators to be bounded.We solve the cases left open there and extend the results to n-complex dimension.展开更多
Bone cement has the capacity to release antibiotic molecules if any antibiotic is included in it, and these elution properties are improved as cement porosity is increased. In vitro studies have shown high local antib...Bone cement has the capacity to release antibiotic molecules if any antibiotic is included in it, and these elution properties are improved as cement porosity is increased. In vitro studies have shown high local antibiotic concentration for many hours or few days after its use. Antibiotic loaded bone cement(ALBC) is helpful when treating an infection in total knee arthroplasty(TKA) revision surgery. The purpose of this paper was to review the evidence for the routine use of ALBC in TKA in the literature, its pros and cons. Many authors have recommended the use of ALBC also in primary TKA for infection prophylaxis, but the evidence based on data from National Registries, randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis suggest a protective effect of ALBC against infection when used in hips, but not(or only mild) in knees. A possible explanation to this finding is that the duration and quantity of locally elevated antibiotic levels after surgery are smaller in TKA, due to the smaller amount of cement used for fixation in TKA-only a layer in the bone surface. There are some concerns about the routine use of ALBC in primary TKA as prophylaxis against infection: Firstly, there is a risk of hypersensivity or toxicity even when the chance is highly improbable. Secondly, there is a reduction in the mechanical properties of the cement, but this can be probably neglected if the antibiotic is used in low doses, not more than 1 g per 40 g cement package. Another significant concern is the increased economic cost, which could be overlooked if there were enough savings in treating fewer prosthetic infections. Finally, there is also a risk of selection of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria and this could be the main concern. If used, the choice of the antibiotic mixed in ALBC should consider microbiological aspects(broad antimicrobial spectrum and low rate of resistant bacteria), physical and chemical aspects(thermal stability, high water solubility), pharmacological characteristics(low risk to allergic reactions or toxicity)展开更多
Optimizing the structure and components is a prevalent strategy for increasing electrocatalytic energy-saving H 2 fuel production.One of the sustainable and efficient techniques is electrocatalytic water split-ting fo...Optimizing the structure and components is a prevalent strategy for increasing electrocatalytic energy-saving H 2 fuel production.One of the sustainable and efficient techniques is electrocatalytic water split-ting for H 2 generation,but it is still restricted by the kinetically sluggish OER.Due to the lower standard oxidation potential of−0.33 V,replacing the OER with anodic hydrazine oxidation reaction(HzOR)is an effective way to extensively reduce the use of electricity in water electrolysis.Through alloying,the semiconductor and adsorption characteristics of Cu,interlaced by Pd 2+solution on the Pd surface by pulsed laser ablation(PLA)in methanol,are selectively altered to maximize cathodic HER and anodic HzOR performance.The optimal Cu1Pd3/C ratio demonstrates outstanding HER performance with a low overpotential of 0.315 V at 10 mA cm^(−2),as well as an ultralow overpotential of 0.560 V for HzOR in 0.5 M N_(2) H_(4)/1.0 M KOH.Furthermore,the constructed HzOR-assisted electrolyzer cell with Cu1Pd3/C||Cu1Pd3/C as anode and cathode exhibits a cell voltage of 0.505 V at 10 mA cm^(−2) with exceptional en-durance over 5 h.The current study advances competent CuPd alloys as multifunctional electrocatalysts for H 2 fuel production using a HzOR-assisted energy-efficient electrolyzer.展开更多
The rapid advancement of data in web-based communication has created one of the biggest issues concerning the security of data carried over the internet from unauthorized access.To improve data security,modern cryptos...The rapid advancement of data in web-based communication has created one of the biggest issues concerning the security of data carried over the internet from unauthorized access.To improve data security,modern cryptosystems use substitution-boxes.Nowadays,data privacy has become a key concern for consumers who transfer sensitive data from one place to another.To address these problems,many companies rely on cryptographic techniques to secure data from illegal activities and assaults.Among these cryptographic approaches,AES is a well-known algorithm that transforms plain text into cipher text by employing substitution box(S-box).The S-box disguises the relationship between cipher text and the key to guard against cipher attacks.The security of a cipher using an S-box depends on the cryptographic strength of the respective S-box.Therefore,various researchers have employed different techniques to construct high order non-linear S-box.This paper provides a novel approach for evolving S-boxes using coset graphs for the action of the alternating group A5 over the finite field and the symmetric group S256.The motivation for this work is to study the symmetric group and coset graphs.The authors have performed various analyses against conventional security criteria such as nonlinearity,differential uniformity,linear probability,the bit independence criterion,and the strict avalanche criterion to determine its high cryptographic strength.To evaluate its image application performance,the proposed S-box is also used to encrypt digital images.The performance and comparison analyses show that the suggested S-box can secure data against cyber-attacks.展开更多
On a macroscopic level,an edge computing architecture looks like a distributed and decentralized IT(Information Technology)architecture.More in detail,it could be defined as a mesh network of micro data centers capabl...On a macroscopic level,an edge computing architecture looks like a distributed and decentralized IT(Information Technology)architecture.More in detail,it could be defined as a mesh network of micro data centers capable of processing and storing critical data locally,and to transmit all data received and/or processed to a central data center or a cloud storage repository.This network topology,also taking advantage of the availability on the market of cost-effective small form factor(SFF)electronic components and systems decreasing,brings the essential components of processing,storage,and networking closer to the sources that generate the data.The typical use case is that of Internet of Things(IoT)devices and implementations,which often face latency problems,lack of bandwidth,reliability,which cannot be addressed through the conventional cloud model.In this context,the edge computing architecture can reduce the size of data to be sent to the cloud,processing critical data,sensitive to latency,at the point of origin,via a smart device,or sending it to an intermediate server,located nearby.The aim of this paper is to report some of the main aspects and significant features of edge computing and analyzing several popular case studies.展开更多
Background: Separation-related disorders are prevalent in dogs and can result in problem behaviours such as inappropriate elimination, destructive behaviour, and distress vocalizations which occur when an owner is abs...Background: Separation-related disorders are prevalent in dogs and can result in problem behaviours such as inappropriate elimination, destructive behaviour, and distress vocalizations which occur when an owner is absent or perceived as absent. Numerous natural products are marketed for managing anxiety in dogs;however, few, if any, of these products have documented evidence of efficacy in veterinary behaviour. Purpose: This open, multicentric clinical trial aimed to assess the efficacy of a new supplement containing alpha-casozepine and fish muscle hydrolysate on the separation-related problem in dogs and the impact on the quality of life of dogs and their pet owners. Material and Methods: Fifty-one dogs with clinical signs compatible with separation-related problems were included. The dogs were treated with a complementary feed (Zylkene Plus, Vetoquinol, France) for 30 days. Separation-related behaviour assessment (SRP), emotional disorders assessment (EDED) and the quality of life (QoL) of the pets and their pet owner were assessed at baseline and the end of the study by the veterinarians. In addition, owners were asked to rate their dog’s SRP weekly after enrolment using the same questionnaire that the veterinarian used at the beginning of the study. Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in the SRP, EDED, and QoL scores (P Conclusion: The results of this study support the hypothesis that the combination of alpha-casozepine and fish muscle hydrolysate is a promising and effective option to reduce the frequency and severity of separation-related behaviour in dogs and improve the quality of dogs and their owners.展开更多
Chronic antigenic stimulation can trigger the differentiation of antigen-experienced CD4+T cells into T regulatory type 1(TR1)cells,a subset of interleukin-10-producing Treg cells that do not express FOxP3.The identit...Chronic antigenic stimulation can trigger the differentiation of antigen-experienced CD4+T cells into T regulatory type 1(TR1)cells,a subset of interleukin-10-producing Treg cells that do not express FOxP3.The identities of the progenitor(s)and transcriptional regulators of this T-cell subset remain unclear.Here,we show that the peptide-major histocompatibility complex class Il(pMHCll)monospecific immunoregulatory T-cell pools that arise in vivo in different genetic backgrounds in response to pMHCll-coated nanoparticles(pMHCll-NPs)are invariably comprised of oligoclonal subpools of T follicular helper(TFH)and TR1 cells with a nearly identical clonotypic composition but different functional properties and transcription factor expression profles.Pseudotime analyses of scRNAseq data and multidimensional mass cytometry revealed progressive downregulation and upregulation of TFH and TR1 markers,respectively.Furthermore,pMHCIl-NPs trigger cognate TR1 cell formation in TFH cell-transfused immunodeficient hosts,and T-cell-specific deletion of Bcl6 or Irf4 blunts both the TFH expansion and TR1 formation induced by pMHCl-NPs.In contrast,deletion of Prdm1 selectively abrogates the TFH-to-TR1 conversion.Bcl6 and Prdm1 are also necessary for anti-CD3 mAbinduced TR1 formation.Thus,TFH cells can differentiate into TR1 cells in vivo,and BLIMP1 is a gatekeeper of this cellular reprogramming event.展开更多
Palm oil mill effluent(POME)is defined as the wastewater that contains high concentrations of organics,nutrients and oil and grease generated from the production process of palm oil.Therefore,proper discharge and mana...Palm oil mill effluent(POME)is defined as the wastewater that contains high concentrations of organics,nutrients and oil and grease generated from the production process of palm oil.Therefore,proper discharge and management of POME is important to avoid deleterious impact on the environment.In fact,solid waste generation is a precursor for its disposal issues as most of the solid waste generated in developing nations is dumped into landfills.This has led to the threat posed by the generation of landfill leachate(LL).LL is a complex dark coloured liquid consisting of organic matter,inorganic substances,trace elements and xenobiotics.Hence,it is essential to effectively treat the landfill leachate before discharging it to avoid contamination of soil,surface&groundwater bodies.Conventional treatment methods comprises of physical,biological and chemical treatment,however,microalgal-based treatment could also be incorporated.Furthermore,with the benefits offered by microalgae in valorisation,the application of microalgae in POME and leachate treatment as well as biofuel production,is considerably viable.This paper provides an acumen of the microalgae-based treatment of POME and LL,integrated with biofuel production in a systematic and critical manner.The pollutants assimilation from wastewater and CO_(2)biosequestration are discussed for environmental protection.Cultivation systems for wastewater treatment with simultaneous biomass production and its valorisation,are summarised.The study aims to provide insight to industrial stakeholders on economically viable and environmentally sustainable treatment of wastewaters using microalgae,and eventually contributing to the circular bioeconomy and environmental sustainability.展开更多
Waste generation from food manufacturing facilities poses a serious hazard like environmental degradation, water pollution, and land pollution due to its high nutrient composition. Specifically, solid waste(powder) di...Waste generation from food manufacturing facilities poses a serious hazard like environmental degradation, water pollution, and land pollution due to its high nutrient composition. Specifically, solid waste(powder) disposal requires additional energy sources in terms of scientific treatment, structured collection, and disposal packaging according to the safety regulation. Thus, this research discusses the viewpoint of integrating food processing waste as an organic carbon source with BG-11 medium for Chlorella vulgaris(FSP-E) growth. The food processing waste powders investigated in this study were obtained from milk, and biscuit manufacturing facilities. The culture medium was modified by combining both BG-11 and food processing waste powders to identify the optimal algal growth and biochemical content.Compared to the microalgae grown in BG-11 alone(IBG), the combination of biscuit waste and IBG produced higher biomass concentration(44%), with increased lipid(11%), protein(20%), and carbohydrate(57%) contents. Chlorella vulgaris was able to uptake nutrients from the culture medium with combination of food processing waste and IBG thus enhancing its growth. The results obtained also indicate that an integrated culture system using food processing waste and synthetic sources can generate energy out of waste by improving the bio-composition of the microalgae biomass.展开更多
The industrial adoption of microbial electrosynthesis(MES)is hindered by high overpotentials deriving from low electrolyte conductivity and inefficient cell designs.In this study,a mixed microbial consortium originati...The industrial adoption of microbial electrosynthesis(MES)is hindered by high overpotentials deriving from low electrolyte conductivity and inefficient cell designs.In this study,a mixed microbial consortium originating from an anaerobic digester operated under saline conditions(∼13 g L^(−1)NaCl)was adapted for acetate production from bicarbonate in galvanostatic(0.25 mA cm^(−2))H-type cells at 5,10,15,or 20 g L^(−1)NaCl concentration.The acetogenic communities were successfully enriched only at 5 and 10 g L^(−1)NaCl,revealing an inhibitory threshold of about 6 g L^(−1)Na^(+).The enriched planktonic communities were then used as inoculum for 3D printed,three-chamber cells equipped with a gas diffusion biocathode.The cells were fed with CO_(2)gas and operated galvanostatically(0.25 or 1.00 mA cm^(−2)).The highest production rate of 55.4 g m^(−2) d^(−1)(0.89 g L^(−1)d^(−1)),with 82.4%Coulombic efficiency,was obtained at 5 g L^(−1)NaCl concentration and 1 mA cm^(−2)applied current,achieving an average acetate production of 44.7 kg MWh−1.Scanning electron microscopy and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis confirmed the formation of a cathodic biofilm dominated by Acetobacterium sp.Finally,three 3D printed cells were hydraulically connected in series to simulate an MES stack,achieving three-fold production rates than with the single cell at 0.25 mA cm^(−2).This confirms that three-chamber MES cells are an efficient and scalable technology for CO_(2)bio-electro recycling to acetate and that moderate saline conditions(5 g L^(−1)NaCl)can help reduce their power demand while preserving the activity of acetogens.展开更多
Cell adhesion processes are governed by the nanoscale arrangement of the extracellular matrix （ECM）, being more affected by local rather than global concentrations of cell adhesive ligands. In many cell-based studie...Cell adhesion processes are governed by the nanoscale arrangement of the extracellular matrix （ECM）, being more affected by local rather than global concentrations of cell adhesive ligands. In many cell-based studies, grafting of dendrimers on surfaces has shown the benefits of the local increase in concentration provided by the dendritic configuration, although the lack of any reported surface characterization has limited any direct correlation between dendrimer disposition and cell response. In order to establish a proper correlation, some control over dendrimer surface deposition is desirable. Here, dendrimer nanopatterning has been employed to address arginine-glycine-aspartic acid （RGD） density effects on cell adhesion. Nanopatterned surfaces were fully characterized by atomic force microscopy （AFM）, scanning tunneling microscopy （STM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, showing that tunable distributions of cell adhesive ligands on the surface are obtained as a function of the initial dendrimer bulk concentration. Cell experiments showed a clear correlation with dendrimer surface layout： Substrates presenting regions of high local ligand density resulted in a higher percentage of adhered cells and a higher degree of maturation of focal adhesions （FAs）. Therefore, dendrimer nano- patterning is presented as a suitable and controlled approach to address the effect of local ligand density on cell response. Moreover, due to the easy modification of dendrimer peripheral groups, dendrimer nanopatterning can be further extended to other ECM ligands having density effects on cells.展开更多
AIM:To assess the efficacy and safety of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy(NPDS)with uveoscleral implant plus subconjunctival and intrascleral collagen matrix overcoming the superficial scleral flap lips(modified deep ...AIM:To assess the efficacy and safety of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy(NPDS)with uveoscleral implant plus subconjunctival and intrascleral collagen matrix overcoming the superficial scleral flap lips(modified deep sclerectomy technique,DS)and minimal use of mitomycin C in glaucoma surgery.METHODS:A retrospective review of 47 consecutive glaucoma patients who underwent NPDS with DS between January 2017 and May 2018.Best-corrected visual acuity,intraocular pressure(IOP),post-operative need for glaucoma medications,visual field mean deviation(MD),re-interventions,needling revisions and laser goniopuncture were noted.Absolute success was defined as IOP≤18 mm Hg without topical medication.Relative success was defined as the same criteria but with the addition of any antihypertensive medication.IOP over 18 mm Hg on two consecutive followup visits was considered as a failure.RESULTS:Fifty-two eyes of 47 patients were evaluated.Mean preoperative IOP was 25.37±6.47 mm Hg,and decreased to 15.04±4.73 at 12mo and 12.21±4.1 at 24mo(all P<0.0001).Requirement for topical medications dropped from a mean of 3.06±0.25 per patient to 0.51±0.99 and 1.11±1.23 respectively after 12 and 24mo(all P<0.0001).No medications were required in 45.5%of patients after 24mo.Relative and absolute success rate at 24mo were 85.5%±5%and 48.5%±7.4%,respectively.CONCLUSION:DS is a safe and effective nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery variation.It aims to retain the patency of all pathways created for aqueous humor drainage:the intrascleral bleb,the supraciliary space and the open communication between intrascleral and subconjunctival compartments.展开更多
A new lightning locating technology, called Lightning Mapping Array （LMA）, has been developed. The system takes advantage of GPS technology to measure the times of arrival （TOA） of lightning impulsive very high fr...A new lightning locating technology, called Lightning Mapping Array （LMA）, has been developed. The system takes advantage of GPS technology to measure the times of arrival （TOA） of lightning impulsive very high frequency （VHF） radiation events at each remote location. The spatiotemporal development processes of lightning are described in three-dimension by measurement of the system with high time resolution （50 ns） and space precision （50-100 m）. The charge structures in thunderstorm and their relationship with lightning discharge processes are revealed. The temporal and spatial characteristics of preliminary breakdown process involved in negative cloud-to-ground （CG） lightning discharges are analyzed based on the data of lightning VHF radiation events. The effect of positive charge region in lower part of thunderstorm on the occurrence of negative CG lightning discharge is discussed. The results indicate that the preliminary breakdown process with longer duration in negative CG lightning discharges is an intracloud discharge process. It occurs between negative and positive charge regions located in middle and lower parts of thunderstorm respectively. It initiates from the negative charge region and propagates downward. After propagating into the positive charge region, the lightning channel develops horizontally. The characteristics of the preliminary breakdown process are consistent with that of intracloud lightning discharges. The stepped leaders are initiated by the K type breakdown which occurs in the last stage of the preliminary breakdown process and develops downward through the positive charge region. The existence of positive charge region in lower part of thunderstorm results in the occurrence of preliminary breakdown process with longer duration before the return stroke of negative CG lightning discharges.展开更多
The existence of continually increasing concentrations of antibiotics in the environment is a serious potential hazard due to their toxicity and persistence.Unfortunately,conventional treatment techniques,such as thos...The existence of continually increasing concentrations of antibiotics in the environment is a serious potential hazard due to their toxicity and persistence.Unfortunately,conventional treatment techniques,such as those utilized in wastewater treatment plants,are not efficient for the treatment of wastewater containing antibiotic.Recently,algae-based technologies have been found to be a sustainable and promising technique for antibiotic removal.Therefore,this review aims to provide a critical summary of algae-based technologies and their important role in antibiotic wastewater treatment.Algal removal mechanisms including bioadsorption,bioaccumulation,and biodegradation are discussed in detail,with using algae-bacteria consortia for antibiotic treatment,integration of algae with other microorganisms(fungi and multiple algal species),hybrid algae-based treatment and constructed wetlands,and the factors affecting algal antibiotic degradation comprehensively described and assessed.In addition,the use of algae as a precursor for the production of biochar is highlighted,along with the modification of biochar with other materials to improve its antibiotic removal capacity and hybrid algae-based treatment with advanced oxidation processes.Furthermore,recent novel approaches for enhancing antibiotic removal,such as the use of genetic engineering to enhance the antibiotic degradation capacity of algae and the integration of algal antibiotic removal with bioelectrochemical systems are discussed.Finally,some based on the critical review,key future research perspectives are proposed.Overall,this review systematically presents the current progress in algae-mediated antibiotic removal technologies,providing some novel insights for improved alleviation of antibiotic pollution in aquatic environments。展开更多
Total internal reflection occurs when light is incident on the interface of high-and low-refractive-index materials at an angle greater than the critical angle.Sunlight with high degree of linear polarization,such as ...Total internal reflection occurs when light is incident on the interface of high-and low-refractive-index materials at an angle greater than the critical angle.Sunlight with high degree of linear polarization,such as atmospheric scattered skylight,can be converted with a high efficiency up to 53%to circular and elliptical polarizations by total internal reflection under water in the region outside Snell’s window.The degree of circular polarization is observed to be inversely dependent on the albedo of underwater objects and is shown to be a direct consequence of the Umov effect.Our results are important for underwater polarimetry,surveillance applications and studies of marine animals’polarized vision near the water-air interface.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme,Malaysia[FRGS/1/2019/STG05/UNIM/02/2].
文摘Formation of acid mine drainage(AMD)is a widespread environmental issue that has not subsided throughout decades of continuing research.Highly acidic and highly concentrated metallic streams are characteristics of such streams.Humans,plants and surrounding ecosystems that are in proximity to AMD producing sites face immediate threats.Remediation options include active and passive biological treatments which are markedly different in many aspects.Sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB)remove sulfate and heavy metals to generate non-toxic streams.Passive systems are inexpensive to operate but entail fundamental drawbacks such as large land requirements and prolonged treatment period.Active bioreactors offer greater operational predictability and quicker treatment time but require higher investment costs and wide scale usage is limited by lack of expertise.Recent advancements include the use of renewable raw materials for AMD clean up purposes,which will likely achieve much greener mitigation solutions.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme by Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia(FRGS/1/2021/STG04/XMU/02/1 and FRGS/1/2022/TK09/XMU/03/2)the Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund(XMUMRF/2023-C11/IENG/0056)。
文摘MXene has been the limelight for studies on electrode active materials,aiming at developing supercapacitors with boosted energy density to meet the emerging influx of wearable and portable electronic devices.Despite its various desirable properties including intrinsic flexibility,high specific surface area,excellent metallic conductivity and unique abundance of surface functionalities,its full potential for electrochemical performance is hindered by the notorious restacking phenomenon of MXene nanosheets.Ascribed to its two-dimensional(2D)nature and surface functional groups,inevitable Van der Waals interactions drive the agglomeration of nanosheets,ultimately reducing the exposure of electrochemically active sites to the electrolyte,as well as severely lengthening electrolyte ion transport pathways.As a result,energy and power density deteriorate,limiting the application versatility of MXene-based supercapacitors.Constructing 3D architectures using 2D nanosheets presents as a straightforward yet ingenious approach to mitigate the fatal flaws of MXene.However,the sheer number of distinct methodologies reported,thus far,calls for a systematic review that unravels the rationale behind such 3D MXene structural designs.Herein,this review aims to serve this purpose while also scrutinizing the structure–property relationship to correlate such structural modifications to their ensuing electrochemical performance enhancements.Besides,the physicochemical properties of MXene play fundamental roles in determining the effective charge storage capabilities of 3D MXene-based electrodes.This largely depends on different MXene synthesis techniques and synthesis condition variations,hence,elucidated in this review as well.Lastly,the challenges and perspectives for achieving viable commercialization of MXene-based supercapacitor electrodes are highlighted.
基金partially supported by NSFC(Grant Nos.12171150,11771139)partially supported by NSFC(Grant Nos.12171373,12371136)+2 种基金ZJNSF(Grant No.LY20A010008)supported by the grants MTM2017-83499-P(Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia)2017SGR358(Generalitat de Catalunya)。
文摘We completely characterize the boundedness of area operators from the Bergman spaces A_(α)^(p)(Bn)to the Lebesgue spaces L^(q)(S_(n))for all 0<p,q<∞.For the case n=1,some partial results were previously obtained by Wu in[Wu,Z.:Volterra operator,area integral and Carleson measures,Sci.China Math.,54,2487–2500(2011)].Especially,in the case q<p and q<s,we obtain some characterizations for the area operators to be bounded.We solve the cases left open there and extend the results to n-complex dimension.
文摘Bone cement has the capacity to release antibiotic molecules if any antibiotic is included in it, and these elution properties are improved as cement porosity is increased. In vitro studies have shown high local antibiotic concentration for many hours or few days after its use. Antibiotic loaded bone cement(ALBC) is helpful when treating an infection in total knee arthroplasty(TKA) revision surgery. The purpose of this paper was to review the evidence for the routine use of ALBC in TKA in the literature, its pros and cons. Many authors have recommended the use of ALBC also in primary TKA for infection prophylaxis, but the evidence based on data from National Registries, randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis suggest a protective effect of ALBC against infection when used in hips, but not(or only mild) in knees. A possible explanation to this finding is that the duration and quantity of locally elevated antibiotic levels after surgery are smaller in TKA, due to the smaller amount of cement used for fixation in TKA-only a layer in the bone surface. There are some concerns about the routine use of ALBC in primary TKA as prophylaxis against infection: Firstly, there is a risk of hypersensivity or toxicity even when the chance is highly improbable. Secondly, there is a reduction in the mechanical properties of the cement, but this can be probably neglected if the antibiotic is used in low doses, not more than 1 g per 40 g cement package. Another significant concern is the increased economic cost, which could be overlooked if there were enough savings in treating fewer prosthetic infections. Finally, there is also a risk of selection of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria and this could be the main concern. If used, the choice of the antibiotic mixed in ALBC should consider microbiological aspects(broad antimicrobial spectrum and low rate of resistant bacteria), physical and chemical aspects(thermal stability, high water solubility), pharmacological characteristics(low risk to allergic reactions or toxicity)
基金supported by Korea Basic Science Institute (National research Facilities and Equipment Center)grant funded by the Ministry of Education. (Nos.2019R1A6C1010042,2021R1A6C103A427)support from National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), (Nos.2022R1A2C2010686,2022R1A4A3033528,2020R1I1A1A01065748,2021R1I1A1A01060380).
文摘Optimizing the structure and components is a prevalent strategy for increasing electrocatalytic energy-saving H 2 fuel production.One of the sustainable and efficient techniques is electrocatalytic water split-ting for H 2 generation,but it is still restricted by the kinetically sluggish OER.Due to the lower standard oxidation potential of−0.33 V,replacing the OER with anodic hydrazine oxidation reaction(HzOR)is an effective way to extensively reduce the use of electricity in water electrolysis.Through alloying,the semiconductor and adsorption characteristics of Cu,interlaced by Pd 2+solution on the Pd surface by pulsed laser ablation(PLA)in methanol,are selectively altered to maximize cathodic HER and anodic HzOR performance.The optimal Cu1Pd3/C ratio demonstrates outstanding HER performance with a low overpotential of 0.315 V at 10 mA cm^(−2),as well as an ultralow overpotential of 0.560 V for HzOR in 0.5 M N_(2) H_(4)/1.0 M KOH.Furthermore,the constructed HzOR-assisted electrolyzer cell with Cu1Pd3/C||Cu1Pd3/C as anode and cathode exhibits a cell voltage of 0.505 V at 10 mA cm^(−2) with exceptional en-durance over 5 h.The current study advances competent CuPd alloys as multifunctional electrocatalysts for H 2 fuel production using a HzOR-assisted energy-efficient electrolyzer.
文摘The rapid advancement of data in web-based communication has created one of the biggest issues concerning the security of data carried over the internet from unauthorized access.To improve data security,modern cryptosystems use substitution-boxes.Nowadays,data privacy has become a key concern for consumers who transfer sensitive data from one place to another.To address these problems,many companies rely on cryptographic techniques to secure data from illegal activities and assaults.Among these cryptographic approaches,AES is a well-known algorithm that transforms plain text into cipher text by employing substitution box(S-box).The S-box disguises the relationship between cipher text and the key to guard against cipher attacks.The security of a cipher using an S-box depends on the cryptographic strength of the respective S-box.Therefore,various researchers have employed different techniques to construct high order non-linear S-box.This paper provides a novel approach for evolving S-boxes using coset graphs for the action of the alternating group A5 over the finite field and the symmetric group S256.The motivation for this work is to study the symmetric group and coset graphs.The authors have performed various analyses against conventional security criteria such as nonlinearity,differential uniformity,linear probability,the bit independence criterion,and the strict avalanche criterion to determine its high cryptographic strength.To evaluate its image application performance,the proposed S-box is also used to encrypt digital images.The performance and comparison analyses show that the suggested S-box can secure data against cyber-attacks.
文摘On a macroscopic level,an edge computing architecture looks like a distributed and decentralized IT(Information Technology)architecture.More in detail,it could be defined as a mesh network of micro data centers capable of processing and storing critical data locally,and to transmit all data received and/or processed to a central data center or a cloud storage repository.This network topology,also taking advantage of the availability on the market of cost-effective small form factor(SFF)electronic components and systems decreasing,brings the essential components of processing,storage,and networking closer to the sources that generate the data.The typical use case is that of Internet of Things(IoT)devices and implementations,which often face latency problems,lack of bandwidth,reliability,which cannot be addressed through the conventional cloud model.In this context,the edge computing architecture can reduce the size of data to be sent to the cloud,processing critical data,sensitive to latency,at the point of origin,via a smart device,or sending it to an intermediate server,located nearby.The aim of this paper is to report some of the main aspects and significant features of edge computing and analyzing several popular case studies.
文摘Background: Separation-related disorders are prevalent in dogs and can result in problem behaviours such as inappropriate elimination, destructive behaviour, and distress vocalizations which occur when an owner is absent or perceived as absent. Numerous natural products are marketed for managing anxiety in dogs;however, few, if any, of these products have documented evidence of efficacy in veterinary behaviour. Purpose: This open, multicentric clinical trial aimed to assess the efficacy of a new supplement containing alpha-casozepine and fish muscle hydrolysate on the separation-related problem in dogs and the impact on the quality of life of dogs and their pet owners. Material and Methods: Fifty-one dogs with clinical signs compatible with separation-related problems were included. The dogs were treated with a complementary feed (Zylkene Plus, Vetoquinol, France) for 30 days. Separation-related behaviour assessment (SRP), emotional disorders assessment (EDED) and the quality of life (QoL) of the pets and their pet owner were assessed at baseline and the end of the study by the veterinarians. In addition, owners were asked to rate their dog’s SRP weekly after enrolment using the same questionnaire that the veterinarian used at the beginning of the study. Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in the SRP, EDED, and QoL scores (P Conclusion: The results of this study support the hypothesis that the combination of alpha-casozepine and fish muscle hydrolysate is a promising and effective option to reduce the frequency and severity of separation-related behaviour in dogs and improve the quality of dogs and their owners.
基金the Canadian Instutes of Health Research(CIHR)(FDN-353029,PJT-479040,PJT-479038,FRN-168480(with JDRF),DT4-179512)Genome Canada(GAPP program),the Praespero Foundation,the Alberta Diabetes Foundation,theISClll and FEDER(PIE14/00027,Pl15/0797)+2 种基金Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain(MCINPID2021-125493OB-I00)Generalitat de Catalunya(SGR and CERCA Programmes)and Red Espanola de Supercomputacion(RES,providing CSUC resources).P.Serra was an investigator of the Ramon y Cajal reintegration program and was supported by a JDRF Career Development Award.P.Sole and J.Garnica were supported by predoctoral studentships from FPU(MCIN).
文摘Chronic antigenic stimulation can trigger the differentiation of antigen-experienced CD4+T cells into T regulatory type 1(TR1)cells,a subset of interleukin-10-producing Treg cells that do not express FOxP3.The identities of the progenitor(s)and transcriptional regulators of this T-cell subset remain unclear.Here,we show that the peptide-major histocompatibility complex class Il(pMHCll)monospecific immunoregulatory T-cell pools that arise in vivo in different genetic backgrounds in response to pMHCll-coated nanoparticles(pMHCll-NPs)are invariably comprised of oligoclonal subpools of T follicular helper(TFH)and TR1 cells with a nearly identical clonotypic composition but different functional properties and transcription factor expression profles.Pseudotime analyses of scRNAseq data and multidimensional mass cytometry revealed progressive downregulation and upregulation of TFH and TR1 markers,respectively.Furthermore,pMHCIl-NPs trigger cognate TR1 cell formation in TFH cell-transfused immunodeficient hosts,and T-cell-specific deletion of Bcl6 or Irf4 blunts both the TFH expansion and TR1 formation induced by pMHCl-NPs.In contrast,deletion of Prdm1 selectively abrogates the TFH-to-TR1 conversion.Bcl6 and Prdm1 are also necessary for anti-CD3 mAbinduced TR1 formation.Thus,TFH cells can differentiate into TR1 cells in vivo,and BLIMP1 is a gatekeeper of this cellular reprogramming event.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme,Malaysia(No.FRGS/1/2019/STG05/UNIM/02/2)MyPAIR-PHC-Hibiscus Grant(No.MyPAIR/1/2020/STG05/UNIM/1)Kurita Water and Environment Foundation(KWEF)(No.21Pmy004-21 R)。
文摘Palm oil mill effluent(POME)is defined as the wastewater that contains high concentrations of organics,nutrients and oil and grease generated from the production process of palm oil.Therefore,proper discharge and management of POME is important to avoid deleterious impact on the environment.In fact,solid waste generation is a precursor for its disposal issues as most of the solid waste generated in developing nations is dumped into landfills.This has led to the threat posed by the generation of landfill leachate(LL).LL is a complex dark coloured liquid consisting of organic matter,inorganic substances,trace elements and xenobiotics.Hence,it is essential to effectively treat the landfill leachate before discharging it to avoid contamination of soil,surface&groundwater bodies.Conventional treatment methods comprises of physical,biological and chemical treatment,however,microalgal-based treatment could also be incorporated.Furthermore,with the benefits offered by microalgae in valorisation,the application of microalgae in POME and leachate treatment as well as biofuel production,is considerably viable.This paper provides an acumen of the microalgae-based treatment of POME and LL,integrated with biofuel production in a systematic and critical manner.The pollutants assimilation from wastewater and CO_(2)biosequestration are discussed for environmental protection.Cultivation systems for wastewater treatment with simultaneous biomass production and its valorisation,are summarised.The study aims to provide insight to industrial stakeholders on economically viable and environmentally sustainable treatment of wastewaters using microalgae,and eventually contributing to the circular bioeconomy and environmental sustainability.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, Malaysia (No. FRGS/1/2019/STG05/UNIM/02/2)My PAIR-PHCHibiscus Grant (No. My PAIR/1/2020/STG05/UNIM/1)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41876124)。
文摘Waste generation from food manufacturing facilities poses a serious hazard like environmental degradation, water pollution, and land pollution due to its high nutrient composition. Specifically, solid waste(powder) disposal requires additional energy sources in terms of scientific treatment, structured collection, and disposal packaging according to the safety regulation. Thus, this research discusses the viewpoint of integrating food processing waste as an organic carbon source with BG-11 medium for Chlorella vulgaris(FSP-E) growth. The food processing waste powders investigated in this study were obtained from milk, and biscuit manufacturing facilities. The culture medium was modified by combining both BG-11 and food processing waste powders to identify the optimal algal growth and biochemical content.Compared to the microalgae grown in BG-11 alone(IBG), the combination of biscuit waste and IBG produced higher biomass concentration(44%), with increased lipid(11%), protein(20%), and carbohydrate(57%) contents. Chlorella vulgaris was able to uptake nutrients from the culture medium with combination of food processing waste and IBG thus enhancing its growth. The results obtained also indicate that an integrated culture system using food processing waste and synthetic sources can generate energy out of waste by improving the bio-composition of the microalgae biomass.
基金This work was performed on the framework of the Science Foundation Ireland(SFI)Pathfinder Award on“Hybrid Bio-Solar Reactors for wastewater treatment and CO_(2)recycling”(award nr.19/FIP/ZE/7572 PF)PD is supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement,project ATMESPHERE,No 101029266.SP is a Serra Hunter Fellow(UdG-AG-575)+4 种基金acknowledges the funding from the ICREA Academia award.LEQUIA has been recognised as a consolidated research group by the Catalan Government(2021-SGR-01352)UZI is supported by EPSRC(EP/P029329/1 and EP/V030515/1)VOF is supported by the Enterprise Ireland Technology Centres Programme(TC/2014/0016)Science Foundation Ireland(14/IA/2371,19/FFP/6746 and 16/RC/3889)DP acknowledges the support of the VIVALDI project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 101000441.
文摘The industrial adoption of microbial electrosynthesis(MES)is hindered by high overpotentials deriving from low electrolyte conductivity and inefficient cell designs.In this study,a mixed microbial consortium originating from an anaerobic digester operated under saline conditions(∼13 g L^(−1)NaCl)was adapted for acetate production from bicarbonate in galvanostatic(0.25 mA cm^(−2))H-type cells at 5,10,15,or 20 g L^(−1)NaCl concentration.The acetogenic communities were successfully enriched only at 5 and 10 g L^(−1)NaCl,revealing an inhibitory threshold of about 6 g L^(−1)Na^(+).The enriched planktonic communities were then used as inoculum for 3D printed,three-chamber cells equipped with a gas diffusion biocathode.The cells were fed with CO_(2)gas and operated galvanostatically(0.25 or 1.00 mA cm^(−2)).The highest production rate of 55.4 g m^(−2) d^(−1)(0.89 g L^(−1)d^(−1)),with 82.4%Coulombic efficiency,was obtained at 5 g L^(−1)NaCl concentration and 1 mA cm^(−2)applied current,achieving an average acetate production of 44.7 kg MWh−1.Scanning electron microscopy and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis confirmed the formation of a cathodic biofilm dominated by Acetobacterium sp.Finally,three 3D printed cells were hydraulically connected in series to simulate an MES stack,achieving three-fold production rates than with the single cell at 0.25 mA cm^(−2).This confirms that three-chamber MES cells are an efficient and scalable technology for CO_(2)bio-electro recycling to acetate and that moderate saline conditions(5 g L^(−1)NaCl)can help reduce their power demand while preserving the activity of acetogens.
文摘Cell adhesion processes are governed by the nanoscale arrangement of the extracellular matrix （ECM）, being more affected by local rather than global concentrations of cell adhesive ligands. In many cell-based studies, grafting of dendrimers on surfaces has shown the benefits of the local increase in concentration provided by the dendritic configuration, although the lack of any reported surface characterization has limited any direct correlation between dendrimer disposition and cell response. In order to establish a proper correlation, some control over dendrimer surface deposition is desirable. Here, dendrimer nanopatterning has been employed to address arginine-glycine-aspartic acid （RGD） density effects on cell adhesion. Nanopatterned surfaces were fully characterized by atomic force microscopy （AFM）, scanning tunneling microscopy （STM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, showing that tunable distributions of cell adhesive ligands on the surface are obtained as a function of the initial dendrimer bulk concentration. Cell experiments showed a clear correlation with dendrimer surface layout： Substrates presenting regions of high local ligand density resulted in a higher percentage of adhered cells and a higher degree of maturation of focal adhesions （FAs）. Therefore, dendrimer nano- patterning is presented as a suitable and controlled approach to address the effect of local ligand density on cell response. Moreover, due to the easy modification of dendrimer peripheral groups, dendrimer nanopatterning can be further extended to other ECM ligands having density effects on cells.
文摘AIM:To assess the efficacy and safety of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy(NPDS)with uveoscleral implant plus subconjunctival and intrascleral collagen matrix overcoming the superficial scleral flap lips(modified deep sclerectomy technique,DS)and minimal use of mitomycin C in glaucoma surgery.METHODS:A retrospective review of 47 consecutive glaucoma patients who underwent NPDS with DS between January 2017 and May 2018.Best-corrected visual acuity,intraocular pressure(IOP),post-operative need for glaucoma medications,visual field mean deviation(MD),re-interventions,needling revisions and laser goniopuncture were noted.Absolute success was defined as IOP≤18 mm Hg without topical medication.Relative success was defined as the same criteria but with the addition of any antihypertensive medication.IOP over 18 mm Hg on two consecutive followup visits was considered as a failure.RESULTS:Fifty-two eyes of 47 patients were evaluated.Mean preoperative IOP was 25.37±6.47 mm Hg,and decreased to 15.04±4.73 at 12mo and 12.21±4.1 at 24mo(all P<0.0001).Requirement for topical medications dropped from a mean of 3.06±0.25 per patient to 0.51±0.99 and 1.11±1.23 respectively after 12 and 24mo(all P<0.0001).No medications were required in 45.5%of patients after 24mo.Relative and absolute success rate at 24mo were 85.5%±5%and 48.5%±7.4%,respectively.CONCLUSION:DS is a safe and effective nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery variation.It aims to retain the patency of all pathways created for aqueous humor drainage:the intrascleral bleb,the supraciliary space and the open communication between intrascleral and subconjunctival compartments.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.40875003the National Basic Research Program of China under No.2004CB418306the Special Development Item of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.
文摘A new lightning locating technology, called Lightning Mapping Array （LMA）, has been developed. The system takes advantage of GPS technology to measure the times of arrival （TOA） of lightning impulsive very high frequency （VHF） radiation events at each remote location. The spatiotemporal development processes of lightning are described in three-dimension by measurement of the system with high time resolution （50 ns） and space precision （50-100 m）. The charge structures in thunderstorm and their relationship with lightning discharge processes are revealed. The temporal and spatial characteristics of preliminary breakdown process involved in negative cloud-to-ground （CG） lightning discharges are analyzed based on the data of lightning VHF radiation events. The effect of positive charge region in lower part of thunderstorm on the occurrence of negative CG lightning discharge is discussed. The results indicate that the preliminary breakdown process with longer duration in negative CG lightning discharges is an intracloud discharge process. It occurs between negative and positive charge regions located in middle and lower parts of thunderstorm respectively. It initiates from the negative charge region and propagates downward. After propagating into the positive charge region, the lightning channel develops horizontally. The characteristics of the preliminary breakdown process are consistent with that of intracloud lightning discharges. The stepped leaders are initiated by the K type breakdown which occurs in the last stage of the preliminary breakdown process and develops downward through the positive charge region. The existence of positive charge region in lower part of thunderstorm results in the occurrence of preliminary breakdown process with longer duration before the return stroke of negative CG lightning discharges.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52070057)the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2019YFC0408503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51961165104).
文摘The existence of continually increasing concentrations of antibiotics in the environment is a serious potential hazard due to their toxicity and persistence.Unfortunately,conventional treatment techniques,such as those utilized in wastewater treatment plants,are not efficient for the treatment of wastewater containing antibiotic.Recently,algae-based technologies have been found to be a sustainable and promising technique for antibiotic removal.Therefore,this review aims to provide a critical summary of algae-based technologies and their important role in antibiotic wastewater treatment.Algal removal mechanisms including bioadsorption,bioaccumulation,and biodegradation are discussed in detail,with using algae-bacteria consortia for antibiotic treatment,integration of algae with other microorganisms(fungi and multiple algal species),hybrid algae-based treatment and constructed wetlands,and the factors affecting algal antibiotic degradation comprehensively described and assessed.In addition,the use of algae as a precursor for the production of biochar is highlighted,along with the modification of biochar with other materials to improve its antibiotic removal capacity and hybrid algae-based treatment with advanced oxidation processes.Furthermore,recent novel approaches for enhancing antibiotic removal,such as the use of genetic engineering to enhance the antibiotic degradation capacity of algae and the integration of algal antibiotic removal with bioelectrochemical systems are discussed.Finally,some based on the critical review,key future research perspectives are proposed.Overall,this review systematically presents the current progress in algae-mediated antibiotic removal technologies,providing some novel insights for improved alleviation of antibiotic pollution in aquatic environments。
文摘Total internal reflection occurs when light is incident on the interface of high-and low-refractive-index materials at an angle greater than the critical angle.Sunlight with high degree of linear polarization,such as atmospheric scattered skylight,can be converted with a high efficiency up to 53%to circular and elliptical polarizations by total internal reflection under water in the region outside Snell’s window.The degree of circular polarization is observed to be inversely dependent on the albedo of underwater objects and is shown to be a direct consequence of the Umov effect.Our results are important for underwater polarimetry,surveillance applications and studies of marine animals’polarized vision near the water-air interface.
