Background:Microbiota development is a critical aspect of turkey poult maturation,and the succession of microbes in the turkey gut has been shown to correlate with poult performance.The purpose of this study was to de...Background:Microbiota development is a critical aspect of turkey poult maturation,and the succession of microbes in the turkey gut has been shown to correlate with poult performance.The purpose of this study was to determine the fate of the microbiota in turkey poults after movement of birds first raised in an isolated hatch brood system into a more traditional commercial brood facility with pre-existing birds.Turkey poults were first divided into groups raised in conventional brood pens from day-of-hatch and those raised in an experimental hatch brood system.After 11 days of growth,hatch brood birds were moved into pens within the conventional brood barn and monitored for an additional 18 days.Sampling of both hatch brood and conventional pen birds was performed at multiple timepoints throughout the study,and cecal content was used to analyze the bacterial microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.Results:Alpha diversity tended to be higher in samples from conventional pen birds compared to those from hatch brood birds prior to the day 11 move,but the difference between systems was not observed post-move.Using beta diversity metrics,bacterial community succession appeared delayed in the hatch brood system birds pre-move,but post-move community composition quickly converged with that of the conventional pen birds.This was validated through assessment of significantly different genera between hatch brood system and conventional pen birds,where numbers of significantly different taxa quickly decreased following the move.Some key taxa previously associated with poult performance were delayed in their appearance and relative abundance in hatch brood birds.Conclusions:Overall,this study demonstrates that the use of isolated hatch brood systems has an impact on the poult gut microbiota,but its impact is resolved quickly once the birds are introduced into a conventional brood environment.Therefore,the benefits of pathogen reduction with hatch brood systems may outweigh negative microbiota impacts due to isolati展开更多
Photosynthesis in crops and natural vegetation allows light energy to be converted into chemical energy and thus forms the foundation for almost all terrestrial trophic networks on Earth.The efficiency of photosynthet...Photosynthesis in crops and natural vegetation allows light energy to be converted into chemical energy and thus forms the foundation for almost all terrestrial trophic networks on Earth.The efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion plays a crucial role in determining the portion of incident solar radiation that can be used to generate plant biomass throughout a growth season.Consequently,alongside the factors such as resource availability,crop management,crop selection,maintenance costs,and intrinsic yield potential,photosynthetic energy use efficiency significantly influences crop yield.Photosynthetic efficiency is relevant to sustainability and food security because it affects water use efficiency,nutrient use efficiency,and land use efficiency.This review focuses specifically on the potential for improvements in photosynthetic efficiency to drive a sustainable increase in crop yields.We discuss bypassing photorespiration,enhancing light use efficiency,harnessing natural variation in photosynthetic parameters for breeding purposes,and adopting new-to-nature approaches that show promise for achieving unprecedented gains in photosynthetic efficiency.展开更多
The transition metal manganese （Mn） is indispensable for photoautotrophic growth since photosystem II （PSII） employs an inorganic Mn4CaOs cluster for water splitting. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis membrane pr...The transition metal manganese （Mn） is indispensable for photoautotrophic growth since photosystem II （PSII） employs an inorganic Mn4CaOs cluster for water splitting. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis membrane protein CHLOROPLAST MANGANESE TRANSPORTER1 （CMT1） is involved in chloroplast Mn homeostasis. CMT1 is the closest homolog of the previously characterized thylakoid Mn transporter PHOTOSYNTHESIS-AFFECTED MUTANT71 （PAM71）. In contrast to PAM71, CMT1 resides at the chloro- plast envelope and is ubiquitously expressed. Nonetheless, like PAM71, the expression of CMT1 can also alleviate the Mn-sensitive phenotype of yeast mutant qomrl. The cmtl mutant is severely suppressed in growth, chloroplast ultrastructure, and PSII activity owing to a decrease in the amounts of pigments and thylakoid membrane proteins. The importance of CMT1 for chloroplast Mn homeostasis is demonstratedby the significant reduction in chloroplast Mn concentrations in cmtl-1, which exhibited reduced Mn binding in PSII complexes. Moreover, CMT1 expression is downregulated in Mn-surplus conditions. The pam71 cmtl-ldouble mutant resembles the cmtl-f single mutant rather than pare71 in most respects. Taken together, our results suggest that CMT1 mediates Mn2 uptake into the chloroplast stroma, and that CMT1 and PAM71 function sequentially in Mn delivery to PSII across the chloroplast envelope and the thylakoid membrane.展开更多
基金supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative competitive grants 2016-67015-24911 and 2018-68003-27464 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
文摘Background:Microbiota development is a critical aspect of turkey poult maturation,and the succession of microbes in the turkey gut has been shown to correlate with poult performance.The purpose of this study was to determine the fate of the microbiota in turkey poults after movement of birds first raised in an isolated hatch brood system into a more traditional commercial brood facility with pre-existing birds.Turkey poults were first divided into groups raised in conventional brood pens from day-of-hatch and those raised in an experimental hatch brood system.After 11 days of growth,hatch brood birds were moved into pens within the conventional brood barn and monitored for an additional 18 days.Sampling of both hatch brood and conventional pen birds was performed at multiple timepoints throughout the study,and cecal content was used to analyze the bacterial microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.Results:Alpha diversity tended to be higher in samples from conventional pen birds compared to those from hatch brood birds prior to the day 11 move,but the difference between systems was not observed post-move.Using beta diversity metrics,bacterial community succession appeared delayed in the hatch brood system birds pre-move,but post-move community composition quickly converged with that of the conventional pen birds.This was validated through assessment of significantly different genera between hatch brood system and conventional pen birds,where numbers of significantly different taxa quickly decreased following the move.Some key taxa previously associated with poult performance were delayed in their appearance and relative abundance in hatch brood birds.Conclusions:Overall,this study demonstrates that the use of isolated hatch brood systems has an impact on the poult gut microbiota,but its impact is resolved quickly once the birds are introduced into a conventional brood environment.Therefore,the benefits of pathogen reduction with hatch brood systems may outweigh negative microbiota impacts due to isolati
基金funding by the European Union H2020 Program(project GAIN4CROPS,GA no.862087,to B.S.,G.F.,G.C,D.T.,T.M.,T.J.E.,A.P.M.W.,M.H.,E.N.S.,O.E.,J.M.H.,and T.T.)the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(Cluster of Excellence for Plant Sciences[CEPLAS]under Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC-2048/1 under project ID 390686111 to B.S.,O.E.,and A.P.M.W.and CRC TRR 341“Plant Ecological Genetics”to B.S.and A.P.M.W.).
文摘Photosynthesis in crops and natural vegetation allows light energy to be converted into chemical energy and thus forms the foundation for almost all terrestrial trophic networks on Earth.The efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion plays a crucial role in determining the portion of incident solar radiation that can be used to generate plant biomass throughout a growth season.Consequently,alongside the factors such as resource availability,crop management,crop selection,maintenance costs,and intrinsic yield potential,photosynthetic energy use efficiency significantly influences crop yield.Photosynthetic efficiency is relevant to sustainability and food security because it affects water use efficiency,nutrient use efficiency,and land use efficiency.This review focuses specifically on the potential for improvements in photosynthetic efficiency to drive a sustainable increase in crop yields.We discuss bypassing photorespiration,enhancing light use efficiency,harnessing natural variation in photosynthetic parameters for breeding purposes,and adopting new-to-nature approaches that show promise for achieving unprecedented gains in photosynthetic efficiency.
文摘The transition metal manganese （Mn） is indispensable for photoautotrophic growth since photosystem II （PSII） employs an inorganic Mn4CaOs cluster for water splitting. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis membrane protein CHLOROPLAST MANGANESE TRANSPORTER1 （CMT1） is involved in chloroplast Mn homeostasis. CMT1 is the closest homolog of the previously characterized thylakoid Mn transporter PHOTOSYNTHESIS-AFFECTED MUTANT71 （PAM71）. In contrast to PAM71, CMT1 resides at the chloro- plast envelope and is ubiquitously expressed. Nonetheless, like PAM71, the expression of CMT1 can also alleviate the Mn-sensitive phenotype of yeast mutant qomrl. The cmtl mutant is severely suppressed in growth, chloroplast ultrastructure, and PSII activity owing to a decrease in the amounts of pigments and thylakoid membrane proteins. The importance of CMT1 for chloroplast Mn homeostasis is demonstratedby the significant reduction in chloroplast Mn concentrations in cmtl-1, which exhibited reduced Mn binding in PSII complexes. Moreover, CMT1 expression is downregulated in Mn-surplus conditions. The pam71 cmtl-ldouble mutant resembles the cmtl-f single mutant rather than pare71 in most respects. Taken together, our results suggest that CMT1 mediates Mn2 uptake into the chloroplast stroma, and that CMT1 and PAM71 function sequentially in Mn delivery to PSII across the chloroplast envelope and the thylakoid membrane.
