Live high train high(LHTH)is the original method of altitude training used by elite athletes to enhance sea-level perfor-mance.Whilst many anecdotal reports featuring world-class performances of elite athletes at sea-...Live high train high(LHTH)is the original method of altitude training used by elite athletes to enhance sea-level perfor-mance.Whilst many anecdotal reports featuring world-class performances of elite athletes at sea-level following LHTH exist,well-controlled studies of elite athletes using altitude training under ecologically valid conditions with training well characterised are still lacking.The literature is equivocal when considering the ergogenic potential of LHTH,and given the majority of controlled studies do not report enhanced sea-level performance,some scepticism regarding the efficacy of LHTH persists.Despite this,LHTH remains a popular form of altitude training utilised by elite athletes,with numerous case studies of champion athletes employing LHTH solidifying the rationale for its use during preparation for competition.Discussion of factors affecting the response to LHTH are often related to compromising either the hypoxia induced acceleration of eryth-ropoiesis and production of red blood cells,or the maintenance of oxygen flux and training intensity at altitude.Regarding the former,iron status and supplementation,as well as hypoxic dose are often mentioned.Concerning the latter,reduced oxygen availability at altitude leading to athletes training at lower absolute intensities and the relative intensity of training sessions being clamped as equivalent to sea-level,thus also reducing absolute training intensity are frequently discussed.Other factors including immune function and the timing of competition following LHTH may also contribute to an observed performance.Less considered in the literature are those factors specific to elite athletes,namely the repeated use of altitude camps throughout a season,and the influence this may have on subsequent performance.The current narrative review aimed to summarise the current literature pertaining to LHTH in elite athletes,and furthermore describe several factors affecting performance following altitude training.展开更多
Bamboos are used extensively for a variety of purposes,and many new species have been introduced to the northwestern Himalaya.However,their potential as a fodder species has not been investigated.Six bamboo species,na...Bamboos are used extensively for a variety of purposes,and many new species have been introduced to the northwestern Himalaya.However,their potential as a fodder species has not been investigated.Six bamboo species,namely Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Gamble,Dendrocalamus asper(Schult.and Schult.f.)Backer ex K.Heyne,Melocanna baccifera(Roxb.)Kurz,Phyllostachys aurea Rivie′re and C.Rivie′re,Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb and Zucc.and Phyllostachys pubescens(Pradelle)Mazel ex J.Houz.were evaluated for their nutritional value,relative palatability and best lopping time.Dry matter(DM),ether extract(EE),and crude fibre varied from(37.0-67.7)%,(4.7-7.6),and(22.1-37.9)%,respectively.Values of crude protein ranged from(12.2-17.1)%,total ash(TA)from(11.8-21.5)%,acid insoluble ash(AIA)from(0.3-0.5)%,nitrogen free extract from(31.1-40.8)%,carbohydrates from(57.0-69.0)%,organic matter(OM)from(78.5-88.2)%,calcium from(1.7-2.3)%,phosphorus from(0.4-0.8)%,potassium from,(0.9-1.6)%,magnesium from(0.5-0.9)%,sodium from(603.7-1072.7)×10^-6 and vitamin A from(21.1-30.5)×10^-2 mg/g,respectively.D.hamiltonii had maximum values for DM,EE,TA and AIA.OM and vitamin A were highest in M.baccifera.CF and carbohydrates were maximized in P.aurea and CP in P.pubescens.All the values obtained for different bamboo species were less than maximum tolerable concentration of common feed resources of the region thereby indicating their suitability for nutrition and palatability.The contents of anti-nutritional factors,namely hydrocyanic acid and tannin ranged from(33.8-61.7)×10^-2 mg/g and(0.7-1.9)%,respectively.P.pubescens was the best species from a palatability point of view and has maximum crude protein content(17.2%),Ca(2.3%)and lowest tannin content(0.7%).The relative palatability of introduced bamboo species followed trend:P.pubescens(97.6%)[D.hamiltonii(92.5%)[P.bambusoides(81.2%)[D.asper(76.9%)[M.baccifera(75.9%)[P.aurea(73.4%).The optimum months for lopping these species for green leaves are November and December,as the nutritional value展开更多
Bladder pheochromocytoma is the most common extra-adrenal genitourinary tumor.Endoscopic management is feared due to the risk of intra-operative hypertensive crisis.We described a case of successful endoscopic managem...Bladder pheochromocytoma is the most common extra-adrenal genitourinary tumor.Endoscopic management is feared due to the risk of intra-operative hypertensive crisis.We described a case of successful endoscopic management of a bladder pheochromocytoma and discussed its technical aspects.展开更多
This paper focuses on the interface failure in metal/GFRP laminates on account of the high-velocity impact phenomenon by a hemispherical projectile.The study considers three laminates in which the failure inside the 8...This paper focuses on the interface failure in metal/GFRP laminates on account of the high-velocity impact phenomenon by a hemispherical projectile.The study considers three laminates in which the failure inside the 8-layer 0/90 GFRP laminate is compared with the other two laminates that include metal layers in their layup configuration.The metal layers were placed on the top and bottom on one type of laminates while in the other additional metal layers are placed symmetrically inside the layup as well.They were subjected to high-velocity impact by a hemispherical projectile at different energy levels and the idea is not to perforate the laminate configuration instead to account for the damage incurred in these laminates and the role of metal layers in providing resistance to damage within these laminates.The study utilizes experimental findings and proposes a rate-dependent Finite Element(FE)model consisting of the Hashin-Puck failure scheme for composite and the Johnson-Cook damage model for metal layers.The results of the model satisfactorily agree with their experimental counterparts and provide valuable insight into the damage resistance inside the laminates.It has been observed that the 8-layer GFRP laminate was good in terms of elastic recovery and prevention of propagation of damage inside the laminates only,till the impact energy was lower.For higher impact energy,they show poor damage resistance as the fiber failure is triggered in them.However,laminates with metal layers are shown to protect the laminate by dissipating energy in the delamination of metal/GFRP interface,shear failure of the metal layer,and on account of metal plasticity.The study further shows that the throughthickness compressive stresses were responsible for the failure of laminates and also triggering the delamination in them.A damage energy study was performed to investigate the amount of energy dissipating in various failure modes like delamination,matrix cracking,fiber failure,etc。展开更多
RAF near point rule (RNPR) is a routinely used instrument in ophthalmology and optometry practice as well as for research purposes to measure the near point of convergence (NPC). The measurement of NPC is an important...RAF near point rule (RNPR) is a routinely used instrument in ophthalmology and optometry practice as well as for research purposes to measure the near point of convergence (NPC). The measurement of NPC is an important criterion for diagnosis and management of convergence insufficiency. The RNPR forms an important tool for ophthalmic clinicians however, only a very little is understood about it. This article tries to describe and review the designs, measurement techniques, merits and demerits of the RNPR and establish the need for its modification. It recommends that clinicians and researchers consider these findings while measuring NPC with the RNPR.展开更多
The neutron deficient Xe nuclei with A≈120 are predicted to have strong octupole correlation at low spins.In the present study,an attempt was made to improve upon the level scheme and also to examine the signatures o...The neutron deficient Xe nuclei with A≈120 are predicted to have strong octupole correlation at low spins.In the present study,an attempt was made to improve upon the level scheme and also to examine the signatures of octupole correlation in^(118)xe via high spin γ-ray spectroscopy.High spin states in^(118)Xe have been populated via the^(93)Nb(^(28)Si,p2n)^(118)Xe fusion-evaporation reaction at a beam energy of 115 MeV provided by the 15 UD pelletron accelerator facility at IUAC,New Delhi.In the experiment,seven newγ-transitions have been found and placed appropriately in the level scheme.A theoretical study using the triaxial projected shell model(TPSM)approach suggests that the first bandcrossing is due to the alignment of two neutrons,and a parallel band tracking the yrast configuration is the γ-band built on the two-quasiparticle state.Enhanced E1 transition rates measured between opposite parity bands involving vh_(11/2)and vd_(5/2)orbitals having△j=△l=3 indicate the presence of octupole correlation in this nucleus.展开更多
Purpose:Various surgical modalities are available to treat Neer types 2 and 5 unstable fractures of lateral end clavicle but none of them are standardized.Arthroscopic fixation of the displaced lateral end clavicle fr...Purpose:Various surgical modalities are available to treat Neer types 2 and 5 unstable fractures of lateral end clavicle but none of them are standardized.Arthroscopic fixation of the displaced lateral end clavicle fractures provides good short-term results but mid- to long-term outcomes are not available.The purpose of this study was to show the mid- to long-term radiological and functional outcomes of these fractures treated arthroscopically by a TightRope device,and to show the complications associated with this procedure.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted over 2 years from January 2014 to December 2015 with a minimum 5-year follow-up.Active patients aged 18–50 years with acute (less than 3 weeks) displaced fracture of lateral end of the clavicle,with a minimum 5-year follow-up were included in the study.Patients with associated fractures of the proximal humerus,glenoid,scapula and acromioclavicular joint injuries were excluded from the study along with open fractures and neurovascular injuries.The outcomes were assessed by objective (complications and radiographic examination) and subjective criteria (quick disabilities of the arm,shoulder and hand score,the Constant-Murley score and the visual pain analogue scale).The data were analyzed by SPSS version 21.0.Results:Totally,42 patients were operated during the study period and 37 were available with a minimum 5-year follow-up.Thirty were male and 7 were female with a mean age of 29.5 years and a mean follow-up of 6.1 years.The mean quick disabilities of the arm,shoulder and hand score was 68.2 ± 4.6 preoperatively and 1.27 ± 2.32 at final follow-up (p < 0.001);the mean visual pain analogue scale score was 6.85 ± 2.2 preoperatively and 0.86 ± 1.60 at final follow-up (p < 0.001).The average Constant-Murley score was 93.38 ± 3.25 at the end of the follow-up.There were 2 fixation failures,with established non-union and 3 patients developed radiographic acromioclavicular joint arthritis.Conclusions:Arthroscopic TightRope fixation of displaced later展开更多
Alterations of drug efficacy by the circadian clock are a concern when assessing drug therapies. Circadian rhythms persist in some cancer cells and are repressed in others. A better understanding of circadian activiti...Alterations of drug efficacy by the circadian clock are a concern when assessing drug therapies. Circadian rhythms persist in some cancer cells and are repressed in others. A better understanding of circadian activities generated within cancer cells could indicate therapeutic approaches that selectively disrupt rhythms and deprive cells of any benefits provided by circadian timing. Another option is to induce expression of the core clock gene Per2 to suppress cancer cell proliferation. We used the C6 rat glioblastoma cell line to identify rhythmic cancer cell properties that could provide improved therapeutic targets. Nuclear uptake of the anti-cancer agent doxorubicin by C6 cells showed a circadian rhythm that was shifted six hours from the rhythm in Per2 expression. We also observed circadian expression of the Crm1 (Xpo1) gene that is responsible for a key component of molecular transport through nuclear pores. C6 cultures include glioma stem cells (GSCs) that have elevated resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. We examined C6 tumorsphere cultures formed from GSCs to determine whether Hes1 and Bmi1 genes that maintain GSCs are under circadian clock control. Unlike Per2 gene expression in tumorspheres, Hes1 and Bmi1 expression did not oscillate in a circadian rhythm. These results highlight the importance of the nuclear pore complex in cancer treatments and suggest that the nuclear export mechanism and genes maintaining the cancer stem cell state could be inhibited therapeutically at a particular phase of the circadian cycle while preserving the tumor-suppressing abilities of Per2 gene expression.展开更多
The stenosis in the artery, which reduces the flow passage to blood, is a common cardiovascular disease that is responsible even for cardiac arrest sometimes. The hemodynaics reveals that the severe blockage in an art...The stenosis in the artery, which reduces the flow passage to blood, is a common cardiovascular disease that is responsible even for cardiac arrest sometimes. The hemodynaics reveals that the severe blockage in an artery due to stenosis generates pressure tangential stress that impacts adversely on the arterial wall downstream to stenosis and weakens the arterial wall. The site of weakened wall in the artery generates post stenotic dilatation. The objective of this paper is to study flow of blood, of non-Newtonian in nature described by Herschel-Bulkley model, in a diseased artery suffering with partly overlapped two stenoses and a dilatation distal to the stenoses. A mathematical model, describing the blood flow, has been derived using Navier-Stokes equations along with the prescribed geometry of the diseased artery. The expressions of velocity profile, resistive impedance to flow and wall shear stress (skin-friction) are derived. The effect of inclination of the vessel on the resistive impedance to flow is discussed along with the effect of rheological and geometrical parameters on the resistive impedance to flow and skin friction.展开更多
The propagation characteristics of elasto-thermodiffusive Lamb waves in a homogenous isotropic,thermodiffusive,elastic plate have been investigated in the context of linear theory of generalized thermodiffusion.After ...The propagation characteristics of elasto-thermodiffusive Lamb waves in a homogenous isotropic,thermodiffusive,elastic plate have been investigated in the context of linear theory of generalized thermodiffusion.After developing the formal solution of the mathematical model consisting of partial differential equations,the secular equations have been derived by using relevant boundary conditions prevailing at the surfaces of the plate for symmetric and asymmetric wave modes in completely separate terms.The secular equations for long wavelength and short wavelength waves have also been deduced and discussed.The amplitudes of displacement components,temperature change and mass concentration under the Lamb wave propagation conditions have also been obtained.The complex transcendental secular equations have been solved by using a hybrid numerical technique consisting of irreducible Cardano method along with function iteration technique after splitting these in a system of real transcendental equations.The numerically simulated results in respect of phase velocity,attenuation coefficient,specific loss factor and relative frequency shift of thermoelastic diffusive waves have been presented graphically in the case of brass material.展开更多
文摘Live high train high(LHTH)is the original method of altitude training used by elite athletes to enhance sea-level perfor-mance.Whilst many anecdotal reports featuring world-class performances of elite athletes at sea-level following LHTH exist,well-controlled studies of elite athletes using altitude training under ecologically valid conditions with training well characterised are still lacking.The literature is equivocal when considering the ergogenic potential of LHTH,and given the majority of controlled studies do not report enhanced sea-level performance,some scepticism regarding the efficacy of LHTH persists.Despite this,LHTH remains a popular form of altitude training utilised by elite athletes,with numerous case studies of champion athletes employing LHTH solidifying the rationale for its use during preparation for competition.Discussion of factors affecting the response to LHTH are often related to compromising either the hypoxia induced acceleration of eryth-ropoiesis and production of red blood cells,or the maintenance of oxygen flux and training intensity at altitude.Regarding the former,iron status and supplementation,as well as hypoxic dose are often mentioned.Concerning the latter,reduced oxygen availability at altitude leading to athletes training at lower absolute intensities and the relative intensity of training sessions being clamped as equivalent to sea-level,thus also reducing absolute training intensity are frequently discussed.Other factors including immune function and the timing of competition following LHTH may also contribute to an observed performance.Less considered in the literature are those factors specific to elite athletes,namely the repeated use of altitude camps throughout a season,and the influence this may have on subsequent performance.The current narrative review aimed to summarise the current literature pertaining to LHTH in elite athletes,and furthermore describe several factors affecting performance following altitude training.
基金supported by project from Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry,Dr.Y.S.Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,Solan,173 230,India
文摘Bamboos are used extensively for a variety of purposes,and many new species have been introduced to the northwestern Himalaya.However,their potential as a fodder species has not been investigated.Six bamboo species,namely Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Gamble,Dendrocalamus asper(Schult.and Schult.f.)Backer ex K.Heyne,Melocanna baccifera(Roxb.)Kurz,Phyllostachys aurea Rivie′re and C.Rivie′re,Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb and Zucc.and Phyllostachys pubescens(Pradelle)Mazel ex J.Houz.were evaluated for their nutritional value,relative palatability and best lopping time.Dry matter(DM),ether extract(EE),and crude fibre varied from(37.0-67.7)%,(4.7-7.6),and(22.1-37.9)%,respectively.Values of crude protein ranged from(12.2-17.1)%,total ash(TA)from(11.8-21.5)%,acid insoluble ash(AIA)from(0.3-0.5)%,nitrogen free extract from(31.1-40.8)%,carbohydrates from(57.0-69.0)%,organic matter(OM)from(78.5-88.2)%,calcium from(1.7-2.3)%,phosphorus from(0.4-0.8)%,potassium from,(0.9-1.6)%,magnesium from(0.5-0.9)%,sodium from(603.7-1072.7)×10^-6 and vitamin A from(21.1-30.5)×10^-2 mg/g,respectively.D.hamiltonii had maximum values for DM,EE,TA and AIA.OM and vitamin A were highest in M.baccifera.CF and carbohydrates were maximized in P.aurea and CP in P.pubescens.All the values obtained for different bamboo species were less than maximum tolerable concentration of common feed resources of the region thereby indicating their suitability for nutrition and palatability.The contents of anti-nutritional factors,namely hydrocyanic acid and tannin ranged from(33.8-61.7)×10^-2 mg/g and(0.7-1.9)%,respectively.P.pubescens was the best species from a palatability point of view and has maximum crude protein content(17.2%),Ca(2.3%)and lowest tannin content(0.7%).The relative palatability of introduced bamboo species followed trend:P.pubescens(97.6%)[D.hamiltonii(92.5%)[P.bambusoides(81.2%)[D.asper(76.9%)[M.baccifera(75.9%)[P.aurea(73.4%).The optimum months for lopping these species for green leaves are November and December,as the nutritional value
文摘Bladder pheochromocytoma is the most common extra-adrenal genitourinary tumor.Endoscopic management is feared due to the risk of intra-operative hypertensive crisis.We described a case of successful endoscopic management of a bladder pheochromocytoma and discussed its technical aspects.
文摘This paper focuses on the interface failure in metal/GFRP laminates on account of the high-velocity impact phenomenon by a hemispherical projectile.The study considers three laminates in which the failure inside the 8-layer 0/90 GFRP laminate is compared with the other two laminates that include metal layers in their layup configuration.The metal layers were placed on the top and bottom on one type of laminates while in the other additional metal layers are placed symmetrically inside the layup as well.They were subjected to high-velocity impact by a hemispherical projectile at different energy levels and the idea is not to perforate the laminate configuration instead to account for the damage incurred in these laminates and the role of metal layers in providing resistance to damage within these laminates.The study utilizes experimental findings and proposes a rate-dependent Finite Element(FE)model consisting of the Hashin-Puck failure scheme for composite and the Johnson-Cook damage model for metal layers.The results of the model satisfactorily agree with their experimental counterparts and provide valuable insight into the damage resistance inside the laminates.It has been observed that the 8-layer GFRP laminate was good in terms of elastic recovery and prevention of propagation of damage inside the laminates only,till the impact energy was lower.For higher impact energy,they show poor damage resistance as the fiber failure is triggered in them.However,laminates with metal layers are shown to protect the laminate by dissipating energy in the delamination of metal/GFRP interface,shear failure of the metal layer,and on account of metal plasticity.The study further shows that the throughthickness compressive stresses were responsible for the failure of laminates and also triggering the delamination in them.A damage energy study was performed to investigate the amount of energy dissipating in various failure modes like delamination,matrix cracking,fiber failure,etc。
文摘RAF near point rule (RNPR) is a routinely used instrument in ophthalmology and optometry practice as well as for research purposes to measure the near point of convergence (NPC). The measurement of NPC is an important criterion for diagnosis and management of convergence insufficiency. The RNPR forms an important tool for ophthalmic clinicians however, only a very little is understood about it. This article tries to describe and review the designs, measurement techniques, merits and demerits of the RNPR and establish the need for its modification. It recommends that clinicians and researchers consider these findings while measuring NPC with the RNPR.
基金the contribution of the INGA collaboration,which is partially funded by the Department of Science and Technology(DST,GoIproject no.IR/S2/PF-03/2003-I)+4 种基金University Grants Commission(UGC)supported by IUAC,New Delhi(Grant No.IUAC/XIII/7/UFR-63302)financial support from the University Grants Commission(UGC),Indiathe Department of Science and Technology,Govt.of India for providing financial support under Project no.CRG/2019/004960 to carry out a part of the research workthe financial support received from SERB,INDIA under N-PDF scheme vide reference no.PDF/2022/001829
文摘The neutron deficient Xe nuclei with A≈120 are predicted to have strong octupole correlation at low spins.In the present study,an attempt was made to improve upon the level scheme and also to examine the signatures of octupole correlation in^(118)xe via high spin γ-ray spectroscopy.High spin states in^(118)Xe have been populated via the^(93)Nb(^(28)Si,p2n)^(118)Xe fusion-evaporation reaction at a beam energy of 115 MeV provided by the 15 UD pelletron accelerator facility at IUAC,New Delhi.In the experiment,seven newγ-transitions have been found and placed appropriately in the level scheme.A theoretical study using the triaxial projected shell model(TPSM)approach suggests that the first bandcrossing is due to the alignment of two neutrons,and a parallel band tracking the yrast configuration is the γ-band built on the two-quasiparticle state.Enhanced E1 transition rates measured between opposite parity bands involving vh_(11/2)and vd_(5/2)orbitals having△j=△l=3 indicate the presence of octupole correlation in this nucleus.
文摘Purpose:Various surgical modalities are available to treat Neer types 2 and 5 unstable fractures of lateral end clavicle but none of them are standardized.Arthroscopic fixation of the displaced lateral end clavicle fractures provides good short-term results but mid- to long-term outcomes are not available.The purpose of this study was to show the mid- to long-term radiological and functional outcomes of these fractures treated arthroscopically by a TightRope device,and to show the complications associated with this procedure.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted over 2 years from January 2014 to December 2015 with a minimum 5-year follow-up.Active patients aged 18–50 years with acute (less than 3 weeks) displaced fracture of lateral end of the clavicle,with a minimum 5-year follow-up were included in the study.Patients with associated fractures of the proximal humerus,glenoid,scapula and acromioclavicular joint injuries were excluded from the study along with open fractures and neurovascular injuries.The outcomes were assessed by objective (complications and radiographic examination) and subjective criteria (quick disabilities of the arm,shoulder and hand score,the Constant-Murley score and the visual pain analogue scale).The data were analyzed by SPSS version 21.0.Results:Totally,42 patients were operated during the study period and 37 were available with a minimum 5-year follow-up.Thirty were male and 7 were female with a mean age of 29.5 years and a mean follow-up of 6.1 years.The mean quick disabilities of the arm,shoulder and hand score was 68.2 ± 4.6 preoperatively and 1.27 ± 2.32 at final follow-up (p < 0.001);the mean visual pain analogue scale score was 6.85 ± 2.2 preoperatively and 0.86 ± 1.60 at final follow-up (p < 0.001).The average Constant-Murley score was 93.38 ± 3.25 at the end of the follow-up.There were 2 fixation failures,with established non-union and 3 patients developed radiographic acromioclavicular joint arthritis.Conclusions:Arthroscopic TightRope fixation of displaced later
文摘Alterations of drug efficacy by the circadian clock are a concern when assessing drug therapies. Circadian rhythms persist in some cancer cells and are repressed in others. A better understanding of circadian activities generated within cancer cells could indicate therapeutic approaches that selectively disrupt rhythms and deprive cells of any benefits provided by circadian timing. Another option is to induce expression of the core clock gene Per2 to suppress cancer cell proliferation. We used the C6 rat glioblastoma cell line to identify rhythmic cancer cell properties that could provide improved therapeutic targets. Nuclear uptake of the anti-cancer agent doxorubicin by C6 cells showed a circadian rhythm that was shifted six hours from the rhythm in Per2 expression. We also observed circadian expression of the Crm1 (Xpo1) gene that is responsible for a key component of molecular transport through nuclear pores. C6 cultures include glioma stem cells (GSCs) that have elevated resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. We examined C6 tumorsphere cultures formed from GSCs to determine whether Hes1 and Bmi1 genes that maintain GSCs are under circadian clock control. Unlike Per2 gene expression in tumorspheres, Hes1 and Bmi1 expression did not oscillate in a circadian rhythm. These results highlight the importance of the nuclear pore complex in cancer treatments and suggest that the nuclear export mechanism and genes maintaining the cancer stem cell state could be inhibited therapeutically at a particular phase of the circadian cycle while preserving the tumor-suppressing abilities of Per2 gene expression.
文摘The stenosis in the artery, which reduces the flow passage to blood, is a common cardiovascular disease that is responsible even for cardiac arrest sometimes. The hemodynaics reveals that the severe blockage in an artery due to stenosis generates pressure tangential stress that impacts adversely on the arterial wall downstream to stenosis and weakens the arterial wall. The site of weakened wall in the artery generates post stenotic dilatation. The objective of this paper is to study flow of blood, of non-Newtonian in nature described by Herschel-Bulkley model, in a diseased artery suffering with partly overlapped two stenoses and a dilatation distal to the stenoses. A mathematical model, describing the blood flow, has been derived using Navier-Stokes equations along with the prescribed geometry of the diseased artery. The expressions of velocity profile, resistive impedance to flow and wall shear stress (skin-friction) are derived. The effect of inclination of the vessel on the resistive impedance to flow is discussed along with the effect of rheological and geometrical parameters on the resistive impedance to flow and skin friction.
文摘The propagation characteristics of elasto-thermodiffusive Lamb waves in a homogenous isotropic,thermodiffusive,elastic plate have been investigated in the context of linear theory of generalized thermodiffusion.After developing the formal solution of the mathematical model consisting of partial differential equations,the secular equations have been derived by using relevant boundary conditions prevailing at the surfaces of the plate for symmetric and asymmetric wave modes in completely separate terms.The secular equations for long wavelength and short wavelength waves have also been deduced and discussed.The amplitudes of displacement components,temperature change and mass concentration under the Lamb wave propagation conditions have also been obtained.The complex transcendental secular equations have been solved by using a hybrid numerical technique consisting of irreducible Cardano method along with function iteration technique after splitting these in a system of real transcendental equations.The numerically simulated results in respect of phase velocity,attenuation coefficient,specific loss factor and relative frequency shift of thermoelastic diffusive waves have been presented graphically in the case of brass material.
