Realizing the full potential of ultrahigh-intensity lasers for particle and radiation generation will require multi-beam arrangements due to technology limitations.Here,we investigate how to optimize their coupling wi...Realizing the full potential of ultrahigh-intensity lasers for particle and radiation generation will require multi-beam arrangements due to technology limitations.Here,we investigate how to optimize their coupling with solid targets.Experimentally,we show that overlapping two intense lasers in a mirror-like configuration onto a solid with a large preplasma can greatly improve the generation of hot electrons at the target front and ion acceleration at the target backside.The underlying mechanisms are analyzed through multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations,revealing that the self-induced magnetic fields driven by the two laser beams at the target front are susceptible to reconnection,which is one possible mechanism to boost electron energization.In addition,the resistive magnetic field generated during the transport of the hot electrons in the target bulk tends to improve their collimation.Our simulations also indicate that such effects can be further enhanced by overlapping more than two laser beams.展开更多
<strong>Background and Purpose:</strong><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Paragangliomas are rare tumors of the he...<strong>Background and Purpose:</strong><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Paragangliomas are rare tumors of the head and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">neck. Their management remains problematic and</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">varies considerably de</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pending on the center. This study reported 14 years of experience in the</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> management of head and neck paraganglioma (HNPGls)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> We aimed to assess the therapeutic results of these tumors in terms of local control and overall survival. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Materials and Methods</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: We included 16 patients followed for HNPGls and treated by radiotherapy from January 2006 to June 2018 in the National Institute of Oncology in Rabat. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The median age was 44.5 years (15 - 67). 13 patients were female and three male with a sex ratio of 4.3. Cervical mass was the common sign (56</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3%). All patients received radiation therapy. This radiation was exclusive in 43.7% of cases or adjuvant to partial surgical resection in展开更多
Rapid population growth and major trends of world economy growth have led to significant energy needs in our country. Benin, Gulf of Guinea country, although with a significant coastal network powered by potential ene...Rapid population growth and major trends of world economy growth have led to significant energy needs in our country. Benin, Gulf of Guinea country, although with a significant coastal network powered by potential energy from breaking waves, has experienced a deficit and a critical energy instability, marked by recurrent power cuts and disruption of the national economy. To ensure the integration of this source of renewable energy in the Benin energy mix and sustainably reduce the energy deficit in progress, this work has aimed to study the dissipation of wave energy at the bathymetric breaking in the breakers zone of Cotonou coast. Sea conditions and the statistics parameters of the breaking waves under perturbation effect of the seabed were evaluated to predict the beginning of the breaking. The modeling is based on the Navier-Stokes equation in which the viscosity and the interactions between the molecules of the oceanic fluid are neglected. The nonlinear wave dispersion relation is also used. The results obtained for this purpose showed that water particles have an almost parabolic motion during their fall;their velocity is higher than those of the early breaking. In this area, the waves dissipate about 80% of their energy: it generates turbulence which leads to a strong setting in motion of sediments.展开更多
Access to drinking water in rural and semi-rural areas is a major concern for the populations because of the quality of the resources. This research work aims to analyze the bacteriological quality of the water consum...Access to drinking water in rural and semi-rural areas is a major concern for the populations because of the quality of the resources. This research work aims to analyze the bacteriological quality of the water consumed by households in the Commune of Sô-Ava in order to establish a relationship between this quality and the health problems observed within the communities. To succeed in this study, documentary research, surveys and observations in the field and analyzes of eighty-two (82) water samples were analyzed in the laboratory during two (2) seasons (rainy and dry). From the results obtained, it appears that the samples present concentrations of total germs, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, faecal enterococci, sulphite-reducing anaerobic bacteria (ASR), salmonella and Shiguela which do not comply with the water potability standards in respectively 78.05%, 60.98%, 50%, 64.63%, 80.49% and 70.73% of the samples taken. The statistics on the diseases recorded during this decade in the Commune showed that the populations of Sô-Ava are confronted with several ailments such as: malaria (75%), Acute Respiratory Infections IRA, (16%) and Gastrointestinal disorders (5%) especially during floods and during the rainy season. Education and sensitization of the population on good public hygiene practices around water must be highlighted in order to avoid waterborne diseases.展开更多
BACKGROUND After an esophagectomy, the stomach is most commonly used to restore continuity of the upper gastrointestinal tract. These esophago-gastric anastomoses are prone to serious complications such as leakage ass...BACKGROUND After an esophagectomy, the stomach is most commonly used to restore continuity of the upper gastrointestinal tract. These esophago-gastric anastomoses are prone to serious complications such as leakage associated with high morbidity and mortality. Graft perfusion is considered to be an important predictor for anastomotic integrity. Based on the current literature we believe Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography(ICGA) is an easy assessment tool for gastric tube(GT) perfusion, and it might predict anastomotic leakage(AL).AIM To evaluate feasibility and effectiveness of ICGA in GT perfusion assessment and as a predictor of AL.METHODS This study was designed according to the PRISMA guidelines and registered in the PROSPERO database. PubMed and EMBASE were independently searched by 2 reviewers for studies presenting data on intraoperative ICGA GT perfusion assessment during esophago-gastric reconstruction after esophagectomy.Relevant outcomes such as feasibility, complications, intraoperative surgical changes based on ICGA findings, quantification attempts, anatomical data and the impact of ICGA on postoperative anastomotic complications, were collected by 2 independent researchers. The quality of the included articles was assessed based on the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies. The 19 included studies presented data on 1192 esophagectomy patients, in 758 patients ICGA was used perioperative to guide esophageal reconstruction.RESULTS The 19 included studies for qualitative analyses all described ICGA as a safe and easy method to evaluate gastric graft perfusion. AL occurred in 13.8% of the entire cohort, 10% in the ICG guided group and 20.6% in the control group(P <0.001). When poorly perfused cases are excluded from the analyses, the difference in AL was even larger(AL well-perfused group 6.3% vs control group 20.5%, P <0.001). The AL rate in the group with an altered surgical plan based on the ICG image was 6.5%, similar to the well perfused group(6.3%) and significantly less than the 展开更多
Ocular drug delivery remains a significant challenge that is limited by poor corneal retention and permeation,resulting in low ocular bioavailability(<5%).Worse still,the most convenient and safe route of ocular dr...Ocular drug delivery remains a significant challenge that is limited by poor corneal retention and permeation,resulting in low ocular bioavailability(<5%).Worse still,the most convenient and safe route of ocular drug administration,topical administration results in a drug bioavailability of less than 1%.iRGD modified drug delivery strategies have been developed for cancer therapy,however active targeting iRGD platforms for ocular drug delivery have yet to be explored.Herein,an iRGD modified liposomes was developed for ocular drug delivery via topical administration.The results indicated that iRGD modified liposomes could prolong the corneal retention time and enhance corneal permeability in an iRGD receptor mediated manner.These findings provided a novel strategy for topical ocular drug delivery for the treatment of posterior ocular diseases.展开更多
Sand and gravel are important raw materials which are needed for many civil engineering projects. Due to economic reasons, sand and gravel pits are frequently located in the periphery of metropolitan areas which are o...Sand and gravel are important raw materials which are needed for many civil engineering projects. Due to economic reasons, sand and gravel pits are frequently located in the periphery of metropolitan areas which are often subject to competing land-use interests. As a contribution to land-use conflict solving, the Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） is applied within a Geographic Information System （GIS） environment. Two AHP preference matrix scenario constellations are evaluated and their results are used to create a land-use conflict map.展开更多
<strong>Introduction</strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>:</str...<strong>Introduction</strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>:</strong> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue tumor in children, with the head and neck location accounting for up to 40% of cases. The embryonal and alveolar histologic variants are more commonly seen in pediatric patients. The treatment is multimodal and the prognosis of this clinical entity is always gloomy.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We report the case of nasopharyngeal rhabdomyosarcoma in a 7-year-old boy child with a good response to early post-therapy.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Case</span></b></span></span><span><span><b><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Presentation</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: </span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The patient was diagnosed with nasopharyngeal RMS revealed by a congested nose, ptosis and bilateral blindness, and who received induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent radiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The evolution is marked by a good clinical course but persistence of bilateral blindness</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span></展开更多
Purpose： To study the management and evaluate anatomical and functional outcomes of patients with ipsilateral proximal and shaft femoral fractures. Methods： A retrospective, descriptive and analytic study lasted for...Purpose： To study the management and evaluate anatomical and functional outcomes of patients with ipsilateral proximal and shaft femoral fractures. Methods： A retrospective, descriptive and analytic study lasted for ten years and a half ranging from January 1, 2005 to June 30, 2015. The following parameters were studied： epidemiology, fracture char- acteristics, therapeutic, anatomical and functional outcomes. The correlation between different param- eters was analyzed with Fischer test. The significant threshold was defined for p value 〈0.05. Results： Ten medical files were registered. There were 7 men and 3 women, with a sex ratio of 2.33. The average age was 46 years （range： 29-62 years）. It was about traffic road accidents in all cases. Motorcycle -motorcycle and motorcycle-car collision were most frequent. Average admission delay was 7 h （range： 1.5-24 h）. Left side was most reached in 8 cases. According to Garden classification, there was type Ⅲ cervical fracture in 2 cases, type Ⅱ in 1 case and type Ⅳ in 1 case. According to Ender classification, there was type I trochanteric fracture in 3 cases, type Ⅵ in 2 cases and type Ⅶ in 1 case. According to AO classification, there was type A shaft fracture in 6 cases （A2 in 4 cases and A3 in 2 cases）, type B in 2 cases （BI in 1 case and B2 in 1 case） and type C in 2 cases （CI in 1 case and C2 in 1 case）. Average surgical delay was 28.7 days （range： 11-61 days）. For proximal femoral fracture, Moore prosthesis was used in 1 case, blade plate 130° in 2 cases, long Gamma nail in 4 cases, double screwing in 2 cases and dynamic hip screw in 1 case. For shaft femoral fracture, blade plate 95° was used in 3 cases, low compressive plate in 2 cases. Osseous contention was achieved in 4 cases with long Gamma nail and in 1 case with long blade plate 130°. Nonunion of cervical fracture was achieved in 2 cases. The average osseous healing delay was 5.14 months （range： 3-12 months） for proximal femoral fracture and 5 mon展开更多
There is now abundant evidence that contemporary climatic change has indirectly affected a wide-range of species by changing trophic interactions,competition,epidemiology and habitat.However,direct physiological...There is now abundant evidence that contemporary climatic change has indirectly affected a wide-range of species by changing trophic interactions,competition,epidemiology and habitat.However,direct physiological impacts of changing climates are rarely reported for endothermic species,despite being commonly reported for ectotherms.We review the evidence for changing physiological constraints on endothermic vertebrates at high temperatures,integrating theoretical and empirical perspectives on the morphology,physiology and behavior of marine birds.Potential for increasing heat stress exposure depends on changes in multiple environmental variables,not just air temperature,as well as organism-specific morphology,physiology and behavior.Endotherms breeding at high latitudes are vulnerable to the forecast,extensive temperature changes because of the adaptations they possess to minimize heat loss.Low-latitude species will also be challenged as they currently live close to their thermal limits and will likely suffer future water shortages.Small,highly-active species,particularly aerial foragers,are acutely vulnerable as they are least able to dissipate heat at high temperatures.Overall,direct physiological impacts of climatic change appear underrepresented in the published literature,but available data suggest they have much potential to shape behavior,morphology and distribution of endothermic species.Coincidence between future heat stress events and other energetic constraints on endotherms remains largely unexplored but will be key in determining the physiological impacts of climatic change.Multi-scale,biophysical modeling,informed by experiments that quantify thermoregulatory responses of endotherms to heat stress,is an essential precursor to urgently-needed analyses at the population or species level.展开更多
基金supported by the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(Grant Agreement No.787539)funding from EPRSC(Grant Nos.EP/E035728,EP/C003586,and EP/P010059/1)supported by the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)and Compute Canada(Job:pve-323-ac,PA).
文摘Realizing the full potential of ultrahigh-intensity lasers for particle and radiation generation will require multi-beam arrangements due to technology limitations.Here,we investigate how to optimize their coupling with solid targets.Experimentally,we show that overlapping two intense lasers in a mirror-like configuration onto a solid with a large preplasma can greatly improve the generation of hot electrons at the target front and ion acceleration at the target backside.The underlying mechanisms are analyzed through multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations,revealing that the self-induced magnetic fields driven by the two laser beams at the target front are susceptible to reconnection,which is one possible mechanism to boost electron energization.In addition,the resistive magnetic field generated during the transport of the hot electrons in the target bulk tends to improve their collimation.Our simulations also indicate that such effects can be further enhanced by overlapping more than two laser beams.
文摘<strong>Background and Purpose:</strong><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Paragangliomas are rare tumors of the head and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">neck. Their management remains problematic and</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">varies considerably de</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pending on the center. This study reported 14 years of experience in the</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> management of head and neck paraganglioma (HNPGls)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> We aimed to assess the therapeutic results of these tumors in terms of local control and overall survival. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Materials and Methods</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: We included 16 patients followed for HNPGls and treated by radiotherapy from January 2006 to June 2018 in the National Institute of Oncology in Rabat. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The median age was 44.5 years (15 - 67). 13 patients were female and three male with a sex ratio of 4.3. Cervical mass was the common sign (56</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3%). All patients received radiation therapy. This radiation was exclusive in 43.7% of cases or adjuvant to partial surgical resection in
文摘Rapid population growth and major trends of world economy growth have led to significant energy needs in our country. Benin, Gulf of Guinea country, although with a significant coastal network powered by potential energy from breaking waves, has experienced a deficit and a critical energy instability, marked by recurrent power cuts and disruption of the national economy. To ensure the integration of this source of renewable energy in the Benin energy mix and sustainably reduce the energy deficit in progress, this work has aimed to study the dissipation of wave energy at the bathymetric breaking in the breakers zone of Cotonou coast. Sea conditions and the statistics parameters of the breaking waves under perturbation effect of the seabed were evaluated to predict the beginning of the breaking. The modeling is based on the Navier-Stokes equation in which the viscosity and the interactions between the molecules of the oceanic fluid are neglected. The nonlinear wave dispersion relation is also used. The results obtained for this purpose showed that water particles have an almost parabolic motion during their fall;their velocity is higher than those of the early breaking. In this area, the waves dissipate about 80% of their energy: it generates turbulence which leads to a strong setting in motion of sediments.
文摘Access to drinking water in rural and semi-rural areas is a major concern for the populations because of the quality of the resources. This research work aims to analyze the bacteriological quality of the water consumed by households in the Commune of Sô-Ava in order to establish a relationship between this quality and the health problems observed within the communities. To succeed in this study, documentary research, surveys and observations in the field and analyzes of eighty-two (82) water samples were analyzed in the laboratory during two (2) seasons (rainy and dry). From the results obtained, it appears that the samples present concentrations of total germs, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, faecal enterococci, sulphite-reducing anaerobic bacteria (ASR), salmonella and Shiguela which do not comply with the water potability standards in respectively 78.05%, 60.98%, 50%, 64.63%, 80.49% and 70.73% of the samples taken. The statistics on the diseases recorded during this decade in the Commune showed that the populations of Sô-Ava are confronted with several ailments such as: malaria (75%), Acute Respiratory Infections IRA, (16%) and Gastrointestinal disorders (5%) especially during floods and during the rainy season. Education and sensitization of the population on good public hygiene practices around water must be highlighted in order to avoid waterborne diseases.
基金"Kom op tegen Kanker"(Stand up to Cancer),the Flemish cancer society
文摘BACKGROUND After an esophagectomy, the stomach is most commonly used to restore continuity of the upper gastrointestinal tract. These esophago-gastric anastomoses are prone to serious complications such as leakage associated with high morbidity and mortality. Graft perfusion is considered to be an important predictor for anastomotic integrity. Based on the current literature we believe Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography(ICGA) is an easy assessment tool for gastric tube(GT) perfusion, and it might predict anastomotic leakage(AL).AIM To evaluate feasibility and effectiveness of ICGA in GT perfusion assessment and as a predictor of AL.METHODS This study was designed according to the PRISMA guidelines and registered in the PROSPERO database. PubMed and EMBASE were independently searched by 2 reviewers for studies presenting data on intraoperative ICGA GT perfusion assessment during esophago-gastric reconstruction after esophagectomy.Relevant outcomes such as feasibility, complications, intraoperative surgical changes based on ICGA findings, quantification attempts, anatomical data and the impact of ICGA on postoperative anastomotic complications, were collected by 2 independent researchers. The quality of the included articles was assessed based on the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies. The 19 included studies presented data on 1192 esophagectomy patients, in 758 patients ICGA was used perioperative to guide esophageal reconstruction.RESULTS The 19 included studies for qualitative analyses all described ICGA as a safe and easy method to evaluate gastric graft perfusion. AL occurred in 13.8% of the entire cohort, 10% in the ICG guided group and 20.6% in the control group(P <0.001). When poorly perfused cases are excluded from the analyses, the difference in AL was even larger(AL well-perfused group 6.3% vs control group 20.5%, P <0.001). The AL rate in the group with an altered surgical plan based on the ICG image was 6.5%, similar to the well perfused group(6.3%) and significantly less than the
基金supported by the National Key S&T Special Projects(No.2018ZX09201018-024)Sichuan Province Science and Technology Plan(2019YFH0115).
文摘Ocular drug delivery remains a significant challenge that is limited by poor corneal retention and permeation,resulting in low ocular bioavailability(<5%).Worse still,the most convenient and safe route of ocular drug administration,topical administration results in a drug bioavailability of less than 1%.iRGD modified drug delivery strategies have been developed for cancer therapy,however active targeting iRGD platforms for ocular drug delivery have yet to be explored.Herein,an iRGD modified liposomes was developed for ocular drug delivery via topical administration.The results indicated that iRGD modified liposomes could prolong the corneal retention time and enhance corneal permeability in an iRGD receptor mediated manner.These findings provided a novel strategy for topical ocular drug delivery for the treatment of posterior ocular diseases.
文摘Sand and gravel are important raw materials which are needed for many civil engineering projects. Due to economic reasons, sand and gravel pits are frequently located in the periphery of metropolitan areas which are often subject to competing land-use interests. As a contribution to land-use conflict solving, the Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） is applied within a Geographic Information System （GIS） environment. Two AHP preference matrix scenario constellations are evaluated and their results are used to create a land-use conflict map.
文摘<strong>Introduction</strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>:</strong> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue tumor in children, with the head and neck location accounting for up to 40% of cases. The embryonal and alveolar histologic variants are more commonly seen in pediatric patients. The treatment is multimodal and the prognosis of this clinical entity is always gloomy.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We report the case of nasopharyngeal rhabdomyosarcoma in a 7-year-old boy child with a good response to early post-therapy.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Case</span></b></span></span><span><span><b><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Presentation</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: </span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The patient was diagnosed with nasopharyngeal RMS revealed by a congested nose, ptosis and bilateral blindness, and who received induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent radiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The evolution is marked by a good clinical course but persistence of bilateral blindness</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span></
文摘Purpose： To study the management and evaluate anatomical and functional outcomes of patients with ipsilateral proximal and shaft femoral fractures. Methods： A retrospective, descriptive and analytic study lasted for ten years and a half ranging from January 1, 2005 to June 30, 2015. The following parameters were studied： epidemiology, fracture char- acteristics, therapeutic, anatomical and functional outcomes. The correlation between different param- eters was analyzed with Fischer test. The significant threshold was defined for p value 〈0.05. Results： Ten medical files were registered. There were 7 men and 3 women, with a sex ratio of 2.33. The average age was 46 years （range： 29-62 years）. It was about traffic road accidents in all cases. Motorcycle -motorcycle and motorcycle-car collision were most frequent. Average admission delay was 7 h （range： 1.5-24 h）. Left side was most reached in 8 cases. According to Garden classification, there was type Ⅲ cervical fracture in 2 cases, type Ⅱ in 1 case and type Ⅳ in 1 case. According to Ender classification, there was type I trochanteric fracture in 3 cases, type Ⅵ in 2 cases and type Ⅶ in 1 case. According to AO classification, there was type A shaft fracture in 6 cases （A2 in 4 cases and A3 in 2 cases）, type B in 2 cases （BI in 1 case and B2 in 1 case） and type C in 2 cases （CI in 1 case and C2 in 1 case）. Average surgical delay was 28.7 days （range： 11-61 days）. For proximal femoral fracture, Moore prosthesis was used in 1 case, blade plate 130° in 2 cases, long Gamma nail in 4 cases, double screwing in 2 cases and dynamic hip screw in 1 case. For shaft femoral fracture, blade plate 95° was used in 3 cases, low compressive plate in 2 cases. Osseous contention was achieved in 4 cases with long Gamma nail and in 1 case with long blade plate 130°. Nonunion of cervical fracture was achieved in 2 cases. The average osseous healing delay was 5.14 months （range： 3-12 months） for proximal femoral fracture and 5 mon
文摘There is now abundant evidence that contemporary climatic change has indirectly affected a wide-range of species by changing trophic interactions,competition,epidemiology and habitat.However,direct physiological impacts of changing climates are rarely reported for endothermic species,despite being commonly reported for ectotherms.We review the evidence for changing physiological constraints on endothermic vertebrates at high temperatures,integrating theoretical and empirical perspectives on the morphology,physiology and behavior of marine birds.Potential for increasing heat stress exposure depends on changes in multiple environmental variables,not just air temperature,as well as organism-specific morphology,physiology and behavior.Endotherms breeding at high latitudes are vulnerable to the forecast,extensive temperature changes because of the adaptations they possess to minimize heat loss.Low-latitude species will also be challenged as they currently live close to their thermal limits and will likely suffer future water shortages.Small,highly-active species,particularly aerial foragers,are acutely vulnerable as they are least able to dissipate heat at high temperatures.Overall,direct physiological impacts of climatic change appear underrepresented in the published literature,but available data suggest they have much potential to shape behavior,morphology and distribution of endothermic species.Coincidence between future heat stress events and other energetic constraints on endotherms remains largely unexplored but will be key in determining the physiological impacts of climatic change.Multi-scale,biophysical modeling,informed by experiments that quantify thermoregulatory responses of endotherms to heat stress,is an essential precursor to urgently-needed analyses at the population or species level.
