Background:Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally,but its burden is not uniform.GLOBOCAN 2020 has newly updated the estimates of cancer burden.This study summarizes the most recent changing profiles of ...Background:Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally,but its burden is not uniform.GLOBOCAN 2020 has newly updated the estimates of cancer burden.This study summarizes the most recent changing profiles of cancer burden worldwide and in China and compares the cancer data of China with those of other regions.Methods:We conducted a descriptive secondary analysis of the GLOBOCAN 2020 data.To depict the changing global profile of the leading cancer types in 2020 compared with 2018,we extracted the numbers of cases and deaths in 2018 from GLOBOCAN 2018.We also obtained cancer incidence and mortality from the 2015 National Cancer Registry Report in China when sorting the leading cancer types by new cases and deaths.For the leading cancer types according to sex in China,we summarized the estimated numbers of incidence and mortality,and calculated China’s percentage of the global new cases and deaths.Results:Breast cancer displaced lung cancer to become the most leading diagnosed cancer worldwide in 2020.Lung,liver,stomach,breast,and colon cancers were the top five leading causes of cancer-related death,among which liver cancer changed from the third-highest cancer mortality in 2018 to the second-highest in 2020.China accounted for 24%of newly diagnosed cases and 30%of the cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2020.Among the 185 countries included in the database,China’s age-standardized incidence rate(204.8 per 100,000)ranked 65th and the age-standardized mortality rate(129.4 per 100,000)ranked 13th.The two rates were above the global average.Lung cancer remained the most common cancer type and the leading cause of cancer death in China.However,breast cancer became the most frequent cancer type among women if the incidence was stratified by sex.Incidences of colorectal cancer and breast cancer increased rapidly.The leading causes of cancer death varied minimally in ranking from 2015 to 2020 in China.Gastrointestinal cancers,including stomach,colorectal,liver,and esophageal cancers,contributed to a massive bu展开更多
Background:The cancer burden in the United States of America(USA)has decreased gradually.However,China is experiencing a transition in its cancer profiles,with greater incidence of cancers that were previously more co...Background:The cancer burden in the United States of America(USA)has decreased gradually.However,China is experiencing a transition in its cancer profiles,with greater incidence of cancers that were previously more common in the USA.This study compared the latest cancer profiles,trends,and determinants between China and USA.Methods:This was a comparative study using open-source data.Cancer cases and deaths in 2022 were calculated using cancer estimates from GLOBOCAN 2020 and population estimates from the United Nations.Trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates in the USA used data from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results program and National Center for Health Statistics.Chinese data were obtained from cancer registry reports.Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 and a decomposition method were used to express cancer deaths as the product of four determinant factors.Results:In 2022,there will be approximately 4,820,000 and 2,370,000 new cancer cases,and 3,210,000 and 640,000 cancer deaths in China and the USA,respectively.The most common cancers are lung cancer in China and breast cancer in the USA,and lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both.Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer and colorectal cancer in the USA have decreased significantly recently,but rates of liver cancer have increased slightly.Rates of stomach,liver,and esophageal cancer decreased gradually in China,but rates have increased for colorectal cancer in the whole population,prostate cancer in men,and other seven cancer types in women.Increases in adult population size and population aging were major determinants for incremental cancer deaths,and case-fatality rates contributed to reduced cancer deaths in both countries.Conclusions:The decreasing cancer burden in liver,stomach,and esophagus,and increasing burden in lung,colorectum,breast,and prostate,mean that cancer profiles in China and the USA are converging.Population aging is a growing determinant of incremental cancer burden.Progre展开更多
Tea is the world＇s oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich （80.9...Tea is the world＇s oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich （80.9%）, 3.02-Gb genome of the cultivated tea tree Camellia sinensis. We show that an extraordinarily large genome size of tea tree is resulted from the slow, steady, and long-term amplification of a few LTR retrotransposon families. In addition to a recent whole-genome duplication event, lineage-specific expansions of genes associated with flavonoid metabolic biosynthesis were discovered, which enhance catechin production, terpene enzyme activation, and stress tolerance, important features for tea flavor and adaptation. We demonstrate an independent and rapid evolution of the tea caffeine synthesis pathway relative to cacao and coffee. A comparative study among 25 Camellia species revealed that higher expression levels of most flavonoid- and caffeinebut not theanine-related genes contribute to the increased production of catechins and caffeine and thus enhance tea-processing suitability and tea quality. These novel findings pave the way for further metabolomic and functional genomic refinement of characteristic biosynthesis pathways and will help develop a more diversified set of tea flavors that would eventually satisfy and attract more tea drinkers worldwide.展开更多
Dozens of >M5, hundreds of >M4, and much more >M3 aftershocks occurred after the 2008/05/12 Wenchuan earthquake, which were well recorded by permanent and portable seismic stations. After relocated with P arr...Dozens of >M5, hundreds of >M4, and much more >M3 aftershocks occurred after the 2008/05/12 Wenchuan earthquake, which were well recorded by permanent and portable seismic stations. After relocated with P arrival, the >M3 aftershocks show two trends of distribution, with most of the aftershocks located along the north-east strike consistent with Longmenshan fault system, yet there is a north-west trend around the epicenter. It seems that substantially more aftershocks occur in regions with crystalline bedrocks. Then we collected waveform data from National Digital Seismograph Network and regional seismograph network of China, and employed 'Cut and Paste' method to obtain focal mechanisms and depths of the big aftershocks (M≥5.6). While most of those aftershocks show thrust mechanism, there are some strike slip earthquakes in the northern-most end of the rupture. Focal mechanisms show that the events located on the southern part of central Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault (BY) are mainly thrust earthquakes, which is consistent with initial mechanism of the main shock rupture. In the north part the aftershocks along the BY are also dominated by thrust slip, which is quite different from the right slip rupture of the main shock. Around Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault, the focal mechanisms are dominated by right-slip rupture with large depths (~18 km). So we suspected that in the north part the main shock might rupture on two faults: Beichuan Fault and Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault. The complex pattern of aftershock mechanisms argues for presence of a complicated fault system in the Longmenshan area.展开更多
It is estimated that 20000 to 30000 new patients are diagnosed with osteonecrosis annually accounting for approximately 10% of the 250000 total hip arthroplasties done annually in the United States. Thelack of level 1...It is estimated that 20000 to 30000 new patients are diagnosed with osteonecrosis annually accounting for approximately 10% of the 250000 total hip arthroplasties done annually in the United States. Thelack of level 1 evidence in the literature makes it difficult to identify optimal treatment protocols to manage patients with pre-collapse avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and early intervention prior to collapse is critical to successful outcomes in joint preserving procedures. There have been a variety of traumatic and atraumatic factors that have been identified as risk factors for osteonecrosis, but the etiology and pathogenesis still remains unclear. Current osteonecrosis diagnosis is dependent upon plain anteroposterior and frog-leg lateral radiographs of the hip, followed by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). Generally, the first radiographic changes seen by radiograph will be cystic and sclerotic changes in the femoral head. Although the diagnosis may be made by radiograph, plain radiographs are generally insufficient for early diagnosis, therefore MRI is considered the most accurate benchmark. Treatment options include pharmacologic agents such as bisphosphonates and statins, biophysical treatments, as well as joint-preserving and joint-replacing surgeries. the surgical treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head can be divided into two major branches: femoral head sparing procedures(FHSP) and femoral head replacement procedures(FHRP). In general, FHSP are indicated at pre-collapse stages with minimal symptoms whereas FHRP are preferred at post-collapse symptomatic stages. It is difficult to know whether any treatment modality changes the natural history of core decompression since the true natural history of core decompression has not been delineated.展开更多
Background DI-3-n-butylphthalide （NBP）, first isolated from the seeds of celery, showed efficacy in animal models of stroke. This study was a clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of NBP with a continuous...Background DI-3-n-butylphthalide （NBP）, first isolated from the seeds of celery, showed efficacy in animal models of stroke. This study was a clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of NBP with a continuous dose regimen among patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial enrolled 573 patients within 48 hours of onset of ischemic stroke in China. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a 14-day infusion of NBP followed by an NBP capsule, a 14- day infusion of NBP followed by aspirin, or a 14-day infusion of ozagrel followed by aspirin. The efficacy measures were Barthel index score and the modified Rankin scale （mRS） at day 90. Differences among the three groups on mRS were compared using X2 test of proportions （with two-sided e=0.05） and Logistic regression analysis was conducted to take the baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale （NIHSS） score into consideration. Results Among the 535 subjects included in the efficacy analysis, 90-day treatment with NBP was associated with a significantly favorable outcome than 14-day treatment with ozagrel as measured by mRS （P 〈0.001）. No significant difference was found among the three groups on Barthel index at day 90. The rate of adverse events was similar among the three groups. Conclusions The 90-day treatment with NBP could improve outcomes at the third month after stroke. The NBP treatment （both intravenous and oral） is safe （ChiCTR-TRC-09000483）.展开更多
Field survey and greenhouse experiments were carried out to identify and characterize zinc (Zn) uptake and accumulation by a new Zn hyperaccumulating plant species (Sedum alfredii Hance) native to China. Zinc concentr...Field survey and greenhouse experiments were carried out to identify and characterize zinc (Zn) uptake and accumulation by a new Zn hyperaccumulating plant species (Sedum alfredii Hance) native to China. Zinc concentration in the shoots of Sedum alfredii Hance grown on an ancient mined area ranged from 4134 to 5000 mg/kg, with a mean of 4515 mg/kg. It suggests that Sedum alfredii could not only grow on heavily Pb/Zn contaminated soils, but also could accumulate extraordinarily high concentration of Zn. Under nutrient solution culture conditions, Sedum alfredii Hance grew healthy at Zn supplying levels from 0.006 to 240 mg · L-1. Zinc concentration in the shoots increased with external Zn levels increasing. The Zn concentration and accumulation in the shoots reached the highest at Zn supply level of SO mg/L, with 19.67 g/kg and 19.83 nig/plant, respectively. All the results showed that Sedum alfredii Hance is a new Zn hyperaccumulating plant. This provides a new plant material to explore mechanism of展开更多
Graphene has many unique properties that make it an ideal material for fundamental studies as well as for potential applications.Here we review recent results on the Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene.We show ...Graphene has many unique properties that make it an ideal material for fundamental studies as well as for potential applications.Here we review recent results on the Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene.We show that Raman spectroscopy and imaging can be used as a quick and unambiguous method to determine the number of graphene layers.The strong Raman signal of single layer graphene compared to graphite is explained by an interference enhancement model.We have also studied the effect of substrates,the top layer deposition,the annealing process,as well as folding(stacking order)on the physical and electronic properties of graphene.Finally,Raman spectroscopy of epitaxial graphene grown on a SiC substrate is presented and strong compressive strain on epitaxial graphene is observed.The results presented here are highly relevant to the application of graphene in nano-electronic devices and help in developing a better understanding of the physical and electronic properties of graphene.展开更多
The pressure fluctuation in the flow passage of both impeller and casing is addressed on design condition. The initial conditions for the unsteady turbulent simulation are resulted from the steady calculations, and th...The pressure fluctuation in the flow passage of both impeller and casing is addressed on design condition. The initial conditions for the unsteady turbulent simulation are resulted from the steady calculations, and the three dimensional unsteady turbulent simulation concerning the rotor-stator interaction is executed by a Navier-Stoke solver embedded with k -ε turbulence model and with appropriate moving interface boundary conditions. Detecting points are distributed in the flow passage in different radial and circumferential positions to capture the static pressure fluctuation character for one cycle of the impeller. The time-domain spectrums show that the static pressure curves are periodic and have five peaks and five valleys. With the radius increasing, the pressure fluctuation peak-to-peak values in the impeller are increasing, and reach the maximum value on the interface. In the casing flow passage, those values are about 7% of local static pressure except some ones near the tongue. The values become decreasingly in the diffuser pipe. The frequency spectrums transformed by fast Fourier transform （FFT） show that the dominant frequency is approximate with the blade passing frequency, and the pressure fluctuations in impeller passage have high frequency content while those in casing ones have no such information.展开更多
AIM: To examine the effect of ganoderma lucidumpolysaccharide (GLP) on the immune liver injuryinduced by BCG infection, and investigate therelationship between degrees of hepatic damage andNO production in mice.METHOD...AIM: To examine the effect of ganoderma lucidumpolysaccharide (GLP) on the immune liver injuryinduced by BCG infection, and investigate therelationship between degrees of hepatic damage andNO production in mice.METHODS: Immune hepatic injury was markedlyinduced by BCG-pretreatment (125 mg.kg-1, 2-week, iv)or by BCG-pretreatment plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS,125 μg.kg-1, 12-hour, iv) in mice in vivo.Hepatocellulardamage induced by BCG-pretreated plus inflammatorycytokines mixture (CM), which was included TNF-α, IL1β, IFN-γ and LPS in culture medium in vitro.Administration of GLP was performed by oral orincubating with culture medium at immune stimulisimultaneity. Liver damage was determined by activityof alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum and inhepatocytes cultured supernatant, by liver weightchanges and histopathological examination. NOproduction in the cultured supematant was determinedby the Griess reaction. Moreover, inducible nitric oxidesynthase (iNOS) protein expression was alsoexaminated by immunohistochemi1cal method.RESULTS: Immune hepatic injury was markedly inducedby BCG or BCG plus inflammatory cytokines in BALB/cmice in vivoand in vitro. Under BCG-stimulated condition,augment of the liver weight and increase of the serum/supernatant ALT level were observed, as well asgranuloma forming and inflammatory cells soakage wereobserved by microscopic analysis within liver tissues.Moreover, NO production was also increased by BCG or/and CH stimuli in the culture supernatant, and a lot ofiNOS positive staining was observed in BCG-prestimulated hepatic sections. Application of GLPsignificantly mitigated hepatic tumefaction, decreasedALT enzyme release and NO production in serum/supernatant, improved the pathological changes ofchronic and acute inflammation induced by BCG-stimuliin mice. Moreover, the immunohistochemical resultshowed that GLP inhibited iNOS protein expression inBCG-immune hepatic damage model.CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that NOparticipates in immune liver injury induced byMyc展开更多
Objective： Annual cancer incidence and mortality in 2008 were provided by National Central Cancer Registry in China, which data were collected from population‐based cancer registries in 2011. Methods： There were 56...Objective： Annual cancer incidence and mortality in 2008 were provided by National Central Cancer Registry in China, which data were collected from population‐based cancer registries in 2011. Methods： There were 56 registries submitted their data in 2008. After checking and evaluating the data quality, total 41 registries＇ data were accepted and pooled for analysis. Incidence and mortality rates by area （urban or rural areas） were assessed, as well as the age‐ and sex‐specific rates, age‐standardized rates, proportions and cumulative rate. Results： The coverage population of the 41 registries was 66,138,784 with 52,158,495 in urban areas and 13,980,289 in rural areas. There were 197,833 new cancer cases and 122,136 deaths in cancer with mortality to incidence ratio of 0.62. The morphological verified rate was 69.33%, and 2.23% of cases were identified by death certificate only. The crude cancer incidence rate in all areas was 299.12/100,000 （330.16/100,000 in male and 267.56/100,000 in female） and the age‐standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASIRC） and world standard population （ASIRW） were 148.75/100,000 and 194.99/100,000, respectively. The cumulative incidence rate （0-74 years old） was of 22.27%. The crude incidence rate in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas. However, after adjusted by age, the incidence rate in urban was lower than that in rural. The crude cancer mortality was 184.67/100,000 （228.14/100,000 in male and 140.48/100,000 in female）, and the age‐standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population （ASMRC） and by world population were 84.36/100,000 and 114.32/100,000, respectively. The cumulative mortality rate （0-74 years old） was of 12.89%. Age‐adjusted mortality rates in urban areas were lower than that in rural areas. The most common cancer sites were lung, stomach, colon‐rectum, liver, esophagus, pancreas, brain, lymphoma, breast and cervix which accounted for 75% of all cancer incidence. Lung c展开更多
This is an empirical paper that measures and interprets the position of Chinese cities in the world city network in 2010. Building on a specification of the world city network as a′interlocking network′in which busi...This is an empirical paper that measures and interprets the position of Chinese cities in the world city network in 2010. Building on a specification of the world city network as a′interlocking network′in which business services firms play the crucial role in city network formation, information is gathered about the presence of global service firms in cities. This information is converted into data to provide the′service value′of a city for a firm′s provision of corporate services in a 526(cities)×175(firms) matrix. These data are then used as the input to the interlocking network model in order to measure cities′connectivity and its predominant geographical orientation. Here we focus on the position of some key Chinese cities in this regard, and discuss and interpret results in the context of the urban dimensions of the′opening up′of the Chinese economy.展开更多
Dear Editor,The CRISPR/Cas9（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9）system is revolutionizing genome editing due to its high efficiency,low cost,design simplicity and ve...Dear Editor,The CRISPR/Cas9（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9）system is revolutionizing genome editing due to its high efficiency,low cost,design simplicity and versatility.However,introduction of a point mutation at a desired position remains a great challenge in plant genome engineering.展开更多
Land use reflects human activities on land.Urban land use is the highest level human alteration on Earth,and it is rapidly changing due to population increase and urbanization.Urban areas have widespread effects on lo...Land use reflects human activities on land.Urban land use is the highest level human alteration on Earth,and it is rapidly changing due to population increase and urbanization.Urban areas have widespread effects on local hydrology,climate,biodiversity,and food production[1,2].However,maps,that contain knowledge on the distribution,pattern and composition of various land use types in urban areas,are limited to city level.The mapping standard on data sources,methods,land use classification schemes varies from city to city,due to differences in financial input and skills of mapping personnel.To address various national and global environmental challenges caused by urbanization,it is important to have urban land uses at the national and global scales that are derived from the same or consistent data sources with the same or compatible classification systems and mapping methods.This is because,only with urban land use maps produced with similar criteria,consistent environmental policies can be made,and action efforts can be compared and assessed for large scale environmental administration.However,despite of the fact that a number of urban-extent maps exist at global scales[3,4],more detailed urban land use maps do not exist at the same scale.Even at big country or regional levels such as for the United States,China and European Union,consistent land use mapping efforts are rare[5,6](e.g.,https://sdi4apps.eu/open_land_use/).展开更多
Background： A large proportion of the patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma are young women. Therefore, minimally invasive endoscopic thyroidectomy with central neck dissection （CND） emerged and showed wel...Background： A large proportion of the patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma are young women. Therefore, minimally invasive endoscopic thyroidectomy with central neck dissection （CND） emerged and showed well-accepted results with improved cosmetic outcome, accelerated healing, and comforting the patients. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of robotic total thyroidectomy with CND via bilateral axillo-breast approach （BABA）, compared with conventional open procedure in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Methods： One-hundred patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma from March 2014 to January 2015 in Jinan Military General Hospital of People＇s Liberation Army （PLA） were randomly assigned to robotic group or conventional open approach group （17 = 50 in each group）. The total operative time, estimated intraoperative blood loss, numbers of lymph node removed, visual analog scale （VAS）, postoperative hospital stay time, complications, and numerical scoring system （NSS, used to assess cosmetic effect） were analyzed. Results： The robotic total thyroidectomy with CND via BABA was successfully performed in robotic group. There were no conversion from the robotic surgeries to open or endoscopic surgery. The subclinical central lymph node metastasis rate was 35%. The mean operative time of the robotic group was longer than that of the conventional open approach group （118.8± 16.5 min vs. 90.7± 10.3 min, P 〈 0.05）. The study showed significant differences between the two groups in terms of the VASs （2.1 ± 1.0 vs. 3.8 ±~ 1.2, P 〈 0.05） and NSS （8.9 ± 0.8 vs. 4.8 ± 1.7, P 〈 0.05）. The differences between the two groups in the estimated intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay time, numbers of lymph node removed, postoperative thyroglobulin levels, and complications were not statistically significant （all P 〉 0.05）. Neither iatrogenic implantation nor metastasis occurred in punctured porous channel or chest wall in both 展开更多
Background： Patients on hemodialysis have a high-mortality risk. Tiffs study analyzed factors associated with death in patients on maintenance hemodialysis （MHD）. While some studies used baseline data of MHD patien...Background： Patients on hemodialysis have a high-mortality risk. Tiffs study analyzed factors associated with death in patients on maintenance hemodialysis （MHD）. While some studies used baseline data of MHD patients, this study used the most recent data obtained from patients just prior to either a primary endpoint or the end of the study period to iliad the characteristics of patients preceding death.Methods： Participants were selected from 16 blood purification centers in China from January 2012 to December 2014, Patients＇ data were collected retrospectively. Based on survival status, the participants were divided into two groups： survival group and the death group. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine/＇actors associated with all-cause mortality.展开更多
There have been continuous efforts to seek novel functional two-dimensional semiconductors with high performance for future applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. In this work, we introduce a successful ...There have been continuous efforts to seek novel functional two-dimensional semiconductors with high performance for future applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. In this work, we introduce a successful experimental approach to fabricate monolayer phosphorene by mechanical cleavage and a subsequent Ar＊ plasma thinning process. The thickness of phosphorene is unambiguously determined by optical contrast spectra combined with atomic force microscopy （AFM）. Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the pristine and plasma-treated samples. The Raman frequency of the A2g mode stiffens, and the intensity ratio of A2g to Alg modes shows a monotonic discrete increase with the decrease of phosphorene thickness down to a monolayer. All those phenomena can be used to identify the thickness of this novel two-dimensional semiconductor. This work on monolayer phosphorene fabrication and thickness determination will facilitate future research on phosphorene.展开更多
Optical vortices,a type of structured beam with helical phase wavefronts and‘doughnut’-shaped intensity distributions,have been used to fabricate chiral structures in metals and spiral patterns in anisotropic polari...Optical vortices,a type of structured beam with helical phase wavefronts and‘doughnut’-shaped intensity distributions,have been used to fabricate chiral structures in metals and spiral patterns in anisotropic polarization-dependent azobenzene polymers.However,in isotropic polymers,the fabricated microstructures are typically confined to non-chiral cylindrical geometry due to the two-dimensional‘doughnut’-shaped intensity profile of the optical vortices.Here we develop a powerful strategy to realize chiral microstructures in isotropic material by coaxial interference of a vortex beam and a plane wave,which produces threedimensional(3D)spiral optical fields.These coaxial interference beams are generated by designing contrivable holograms consisting of an azimuthal phase and an equiphase loaded on a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator.In isotropic polymers,3D chiral microstructures are achieved under illumination using coaxial interference femtosecond laser beams with their chirality controlled by the topological charge.Our further investigation reveals that the spiral lobes and chirality are caused by interfering patterns and helical phase wavefronts,respectively.This technique is simple,stable and easy to perform,and it offers broad applications in optical tweezers,optical communications and fast metamaterial fabrication.展开更多
文摘Background:Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally,but its burden is not uniform.GLOBOCAN 2020 has newly updated the estimates of cancer burden.This study summarizes the most recent changing profiles of cancer burden worldwide and in China and compares the cancer data of China with those of other regions.Methods:We conducted a descriptive secondary analysis of the GLOBOCAN 2020 data.To depict the changing global profile of the leading cancer types in 2020 compared with 2018,we extracted the numbers of cases and deaths in 2018 from GLOBOCAN 2018.We also obtained cancer incidence and mortality from the 2015 National Cancer Registry Report in China when sorting the leading cancer types by new cases and deaths.For the leading cancer types according to sex in China,we summarized the estimated numbers of incidence and mortality,and calculated China’s percentage of the global new cases and deaths.Results:Breast cancer displaced lung cancer to become the most leading diagnosed cancer worldwide in 2020.Lung,liver,stomach,breast,and colon cancers were the top five leading causes of cancer-related death,among which liver cancer changed from the third-highest cancer mortality in 2018 to the second-highest in 2020.China accounted for 24%of newly diagnosed cases and 30%of the cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2020.Among the 185 countries included in the database,China’s age-standardized incidence rate(204.8 per 100,000)ranked 65th and the age-standardized mortality rate(129.4 per 100,000)ranked 13th.The two rates were above the global average.Lung cancer remained the most common cancer type and the leading cause of cancer death in China.However,breast cancer became the most frequent cancer type among women if the incidence was stratified by sex.Incidences of colorectal cancer and breast cancer increased rapidly.The leading causes of cancer death varied minimally in ranking from 2015 to 2020 in China.Gastrointestinal cancers,including stomach,colorectal,liver,and esophageal cancers,contributed to a massive bu
基金Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(No.2021-I2M-1-033)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81974492)+1 种基金Jing-jin-ji Special Projects for Basic Research Cooperation(No.J200017)Sanming Project of the Medicine in Shenzhen(No.SZSM201911015)。
文摘Background:The cancer burden in the United States of America(USA)has decreased gradually.However,China is experiencing a transition in its cancer profiles,with greater incidence of cancers that were previously more common in the USA.This study compared the latest cancer profiles,trends,and determinants between China and USA.Methods:This was a comparative study using open-source data.Cancer cases and deaths in 2022 were calculated using cancer estimates from GLOBOCAN 2020 and population estimates from the United Nations.Trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates in the USA used data from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results program and National Center for Health Statistics.Chinese data were obtained from cancer registry reports.Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 and a decomposition method were used to express cancer deaths as the product of four determinant factors.Results:In 2022,there will be approximately 4,820,000 and 2,370,000 new cancer cases,and 3,210,000 and 640,000 cancer deaths in China and the USA,respectively.The most common cancers are lung cancer in China and breast cancer in the USA,and lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both.Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer and colorectal cancer in the USA have decreased significantly recently,but rates of liver cancer have increased slightly.Rates of stomach,liver,and esophageal cancer decreased gradually in China,but rates have increased for colorectal cancer in the whole population,prostate cancer in men,and other seven cancer types in women.Increases in adult population size and population aging were major determinants for incremental cancer deaths,and case-fatality rates contributed to reduced cancer deaths in both countries.Conclusions:The decreasing cancer burden in liver,stomach,and esophagus,and increasing burden in lung,colorectum,breast,and prostate,mean that cancer profiles in China and the USA are converging.Population aging is a growing determinant of incremental cancer burden.Progre
基金This work was supported by the project of Yunnan Innovation Team Project, the Hundreds Oversea Talents Program of Yunnan Province, the Top Talents Program of Yunnan Province （Grant 20080A009）, the Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province （201401 PC00397）, National Science Foundation of China （U0936603）, Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province （2008CC016）, Frontier Grant of Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS （672705232515）, Top Talents Program of Yunnan Province （20080A009）, and Hundreds Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） （to L.G.）.
文摘Tea is the world＇s oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich （80.9%）, 3.02-Gb genome of the cultivated tea tree Camellia sinensis. We show that an extraordinarily large genome size of tea tree is resulted from the slow, steady, and long-term amplification of a few LTR retrotransposon families. In addition to a recent whole-genome duplication event, lineage-specific expansions of genes associated with flavonoid metabolic biosynthesis were discovered, which enhance catechin production, terpene enzyme activation, and stress tolerance, important features for tea flavor and adaptation. We demonstrate an independent and rapid evolution of the tea caffeine synthesis pathway relative to cacao and coffee. A comparative study among 25 Camellia species revealed that higher expression levels of most flavonoid- and caffeinebut not theanine-related genes contribute to the increased production of catechins and caffeine and thus enhance tea-processing suitability and tea quality. These novel findings pave the way for further metabolomic and functional genomic refinement of characteristic biosynthesis pathways and will help develop a more diversified set of tea flavors that would eventually satisfy and attract more tea drinkers worldwide.
基金Supported by Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. KZCX3-SW-153, KZCX2-YW-116-1)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40604004)National Basic Technology R & D Program (GrantNo. 2006BAC01B02-01-02)
文摘Dozens of >M5, hundreds of >M4, and much more >M3 aftershocks occurred after the 2008/05/12 Wenchuan earthquake, which were well recorded by permanent and portable seismic stations. After relocated with P arrival, the >M3 aftershocks show two trends of distribution, with most of the aftershocks located along the north-east strike consistent with Longmenshan fault system, yet there is a north-west trend around the epicenter. It seems that substantially more aftershocks occur in regions with crystalline bedrocks. Then we collected waveform data from National Digital Seismograph Network and regional seismograph network of China, and employed 'Cut and Paste' method to obtain focal mechanisms and depths of the big aftershocks (M≥5.6). While most of those aftershocks show thrust mechanism, there are some strike slip earthquakes in the northern-most end of the rupture. Focal mechanisms show that the events located on the southern part of central Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault (BY) are mainly thrust earthquakes, which is consistent with initial mechanism of the main shock rupture. In the north part the aftershocks along the BY are also dominated by thrust slip, which is quite different from the right slip rupture of the main shock. Around Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault, the focal mechanisms are dominated by right-slip rupture with large depths (~18 km). So we suspected that in the north part the main shock might rupture on two faults: Beichuan Fault and Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault. The complex pattern of aftershock mechanisms argues for presence of a complicated fault system in the Longmenshan area.
文摘It is estimated that 20000 to 30000 new patients are diagnosed with osteonecrosis annually accounting for approximately 10% of the 250000 total hip arthroplasties done annually in the United States. Thelack of level 1 evidence in the literature makes it difficult to identify optimal treatment protocols to manage patients with pre-collapse avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and early intervention prior to collapse is critical to successful outcomes in joint preserving procedures. There have been a variety of traumatic and atraumatic factors that have been identified as risk factors for osteonecrosis, but the etiology and pathogenesis still remains unclear. Current osteonecrosis diagnosis is dependent upon plain anteroposterior and frog-leg lateral radiographs of the hip, followed by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). Generally, the first radiographic changes seen by radiograph will be cystic and sclerotic changes in the femoral head. Although the diagnosis may be made by radiograph, plain radiographs are generally insufficient for early diagnosis, therefore MRI is considered the most accurate benchmark. Treatment options include pharmacologic agents such as bisphosphonates and statins, biophysical treatments, as well as joint-preserving and joint-replacing surgeries. the surgical treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head can be divided into two major branches: femoral head sparing procedures(FHSP) and femoral head replacement procedures(FHRP). In general, FHSP are indicated at pre-collapse stages with minimal symptoms whereas FHRP are preferred at post-collapse symptomatic stages. It is difficult to know whether any treatment modality changes the natural history of core decompression since the true natural history of core decompression has not been delineated.
文摘Background DI-3-n-butylphthalide （NBP）, first isolated from the seeds of celery, showed efficacy in animal models of stroke. This study was a clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of NBP with a continuous dose regimen among patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial enrolled 573 patients within 48 hours of onset of ischemic stroke in China. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a 14-day infusion of NBP followed by an NBP capsule, a 14- day infusion of NBP followed by aspirin, or a 14-day infusion of ozagrel followed by aspirin. The efficacy measures were Barthel index score and the modified Rankin scale （mRS） at day 90. Differences among the three groups on mRS were compared using X2 test of proportions （with two-sided e=0.05） and Logistic regression analysis was conducted to take the baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale （NIHSS） score into consideration. Results Among the 535 subjects included in the efficacy analysis, 90-day treatment with NBP was associated with a significantly favorable outcome than 14-day treatment with ozagrel as measured by mRS （P 〈0.001）. No significant difference was found among the three groups on Barthel index at day 90. The rate of adverse events was similar among the three groups. Conclusions The 90-day treatment with NBP could improve outcomes at the third month after stroke. The NBP treatment （both intravenous and oral） is safe （ChiCTR-TRC-09000483）.
基金This work was supported by the Outstanding Young Scientist Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 39925024).
文摘Field survey and greenhouse experiments were carried out to identify and characterize zinc (Zn) uptake and accumulation by a new Zn hyperaccumulating plant species (Sedum alfredii Hance) native to China. Zinc concentration in the shoots of Sedum alfredii Hance grown on an ancient mined area ranged from 4134 to 5000 mg/kg, with a mean of 4515 mg/kg. It suggests that Sedum alfredii could not only grow on heavily Pb/Zn contaminated soils, but also could accumulate extraordinarily high concentration of Zn. Under nutrient solution culture conditions, Sedum alfredii Hance grew healthy at Zn supplying levels from 0.006 to 240 mg · L-1. Zinc concentration in the shoots increased with external Zn levels increasing. The Zn concentration and accumulation in the shoots reached the highest at Zn supply level of SO mg/L, with 19.67 g/kg and 19.83 nig/plant, respectively. All the results showed that Sedum alfredii Hance is a new Zn hyperaccumulating plant. This provides a new plant material to explore mechanism of
文摘Graphene has many unique properties that make it an ideal material for fundamental studies as well as for potential applications.Here we review recent results on the Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene.We show that Raman spectroscopy and imaging can be used as a quick and unambiguous method to determine the number of graphene layers.The strong Raman signal of single layer graphene compared to graphite is explained by an interference enhancement model.We have also studied the effect of substrates,the top layer deposition,the annealing process,as well as folding(stacking order)on the physical and electronic properties of graphene.Finally,Raman spectroscopy of epitaxial graphene grown on a SiC substrate is presented and strong compressive strain on epitaxial graphene is observed.The results presented here are highly relevant to the application of graphene in nano-electronic devices and help in developing a better understanding of the physical and electronic properties of graphene.
基金supported by National Outstanding Young Scientists Funds of China (Grand No.50825902)
文摘The pressure fluctuation in the flow passage of both impeller and casing is addressed on design condition. The initial conditions for the unsteady turbulent simulation are resulted from the steady calculations, and the three dimensional unsteady turbulent simulation concerning the rotor-stator interaction is executed by a Navier-Stoke solver embedded with k -ε turbulence model and with appropriate moving interface boundary conditions. Detecting points are distributed in the flow passage in different radial and circumferential positions to capture the static pressure fluctuation character for one cycle of the impeller. The time-domain spectrums show that the static pressure curves are periodic and have five peaks and five valleys. With the radius increasing, the pressure fluctuation peak-to-peak values in the impeller are increasing, and reach the maximum value on the interface. In the casing flow passage, those values are about 7% of local static pressure except some ones near the tongue. The values become decreasingly in the diffuser pipe. The frequency spectrums transformed by fast Fourier transform （FFT） show that the dominant frequency is approximate with the blade passing frequency, and the pressure fluctuations in impeller passage have high frequency content while those in casing ones have no such information.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.39770861,No.30171097Beijing University Center For Human Disease Genomics Research Foundation,No.2000-A-1JANSSEN Science Research Foundation
文摘AIM: To examine the effect of ganoderma lucidumpolysaccharide (GLP) on the immune liver injuryinduced by BCG infection, and investigate therelationship between degrees of hepatic damage andNO production in mice.METHODS: Immune hepatic injury was markedlyinduced by BCG-pretreatment (125 mg.kg-1, 2-week, iv)or by BCG-pretreatment plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS,125 μg.kg-1, 12-hour, iv) in mice in vivo.Hepatocellulardamage induced by BCG-pretreated plus inflammatorycytokines mixture (CM), which was included TNF-α, IL1β, IFN-γ and LPS in culture medium in vitro.Administration of GLP was performed by oral orincubating with culture medium at immune stimulisimultaneity. Liver damage was determined by activityof alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum and inhepatocytes cultured supernatant, by liver weightchanges and histopathological examination. NOproduction in the cultured supematant was determinedby the Griess reaction. Moreover, inducible nitric oxidesynthase (iNOS) protein expression was alsoexaminated by immunohistochemi1cal method.RESULTS: Immune hepatic injury was markedly inducedby BCG or BCG plus inflammatory cytokines in BALB/cmice in vivoand in vitro. Under BCG-stimulated condition,augment of the liver weight and increase of the serum/supernatant ALT level were observed, as well asgranuloma forming and inflammatory cells soakage wereobserved by microscopic analysis within liver tissues.Moreover, NO production was also increased by BCG or/and CH stimuli in the culture supernatant, and a lot ofiNOS positive staining was observed in BCG-prestimulated hepatic sections. Application of GLPsignificantly mitigated hepatic tumefaction, decreasedALT enzyme release and NO production in serum/supernatant, improved the pathological changes ofchronic and acute inflammation induced by BCG-stimuliin mice. Moreover, the immunohistochemical resultshowed that GLP inhibited iNOS protein expression inBCG-immune hepatic damage model.CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that NOparticipates in immune liver injury induced byMyc
文摘Objective： Annual cancer incidence and mortality in 2008 were provided by National Central Cancer Registry in China, which data were collected from population‐based cancer registries in 2011. Methods： There were 56 registries submitted their data in 2008. After checking and evaluating the data quality, total 41 registries＇ data were accepted and pooled for analysis. Incidence and mortality rates by area （urban or rural areas） were assessed, as well as the age‐ and sex‐specific rates, age‐standardized rates, proportions and cumulative rate. Results： The coverage population of the 41 registries was 66,138,784 with 52,158,495 in urban areas and 13,980,289 in rural areas. There were 197,833 new cancer cases and 122,136 deaths in cancer with mortality to incidence ratio of 0.62. The morphological verified rate was 69.33%, and 2.23% of cases were identified by death certificate only. The crude cancer incidence rate in all areas was 299.12/100,000 （330.16/100,000 in male and 267.56/100,000 in female） and the age‐standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASIRC） and world standard population （ASIRW） were 148.75/100,000 and 194.99/100,000, respectively. The cumulative incidence rate （0-74 years old） was of 22.27%. The crude incidence rate in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas. However, after adjusted by age, the incidence rate in urban was lower than that in rural. The crude cancer mortality was 184.67/100,000 （228.14/100,000 in male and 140.48/100,000 in female）, and the age‐standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population （ASMRC） and by world population were 84.36/100,000 and 114.32/100,000, respectively. The cumulative mortality rate （0-74 years old） was of 12.89%. Age‐adjusted mortality rates in urban areas were lower than that in rural areas. The most common cancer sites were lung, stomach, colon‐rectum, liver, esophagus, pancreas, brain, lymphoma, breast and cervix which accounted for 75% of all cancer incidence. Lung c
基金Under the auspices of European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme(No.PIOF-GA-2010-274027)Key Laboratory of Ecology and Energy-saving of Dense Habitat(Tongji University),Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
文摘This is an empirical paper that measures and interprets the position of Chinese cities in the world city network in 2010. Building on a specification of the world city network as a′interlocking network′in which business services firms play the crucial role in city network formation, information is gathered about the presence of global service firms in cities. This information is converted into data to provide the′service value′of a city for a firm′s provision of corporate services in a 526(cities)×175(firms) matrix. These data are then used as the input to the interlocking network model in order to measure cities′connectivity and its predominant geographical orientation. Here we focus on the position of some key Chinese cities in this regard, and discuss and interpret results in the context of the urban dimensions of the′opening up′of the Chinese economy.
基金supported by the National Crop Breeding Fund (2016YFD0101804)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471785, 31670371)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303022)
文摘Dear Editor,The CRISPR/Cas9（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9）system is revolutionizing genome editing due to its high efficiency,low cost,design simplicity and versatility.However,introduction of a point mutation at a desired position remains a great challenge in plant genome engineering.
基金partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0600104)supported by donations made by Delos Living LLC,and the Cyrus Tang Foundation+2 种基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41471419)Beijing Institute of Urban Planningsupported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(CCNU19TD002).
文摘Land use reflects human activities on land.Urban land use is the highest level human alteration on Earth,and it is rapidly changing due to population increase and urbanization.Urban areas have widespread effects on local hydrology,climate,biodiversity,and food production[1,2].However,maps,that contain knowledge on the distribution,pattern and composition of various land use types in urban areas,are limited to city level.The mapping standard on data sources,methods,land use classification schemes varies from city to city,due to differences in financial input and skills of mapping personnel.To address various national and global environmental challenges caused by urbanization,it is important to have urban land uses at the national and global scales that are derived from the same or consistent data sources with the same or compatible classification systems and mapping methods.This is because,only with urban land use maps produced with similar criteria,consistent environmental policies can be made,and action efforts can be compared and assessed for large scale environmental administration.However,despite of the fact that a number of urban-extent maps exist at global scales[3,4],more detailed urban land use maps do not exist at the same scale.Even at big country or regional levels such as for the United States,China and European Union,consistent land use mapping efforts are rare[5,6](e.g.,https://sdi4apps.eu/open_land_use/).
文摘Background： A large proportion of the patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma are young women. Therefore, minimally invasive endoscopic thyroidectomy with central neck dissection （CND） emerged and showed well-accepted results with improved cosmetic outcome, accelerated healing, and comforting the patients. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of robotic total thyroidectomy with CND via bilateral axillo-breast approach （BABA）, compared with conventional open procedure in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Methods： One-hundred patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma from March 2014 to January 2015 in Jinan Military General Hospital of People＇s Liberation Army （PLA） were randomly assigned to robotic group or conventional open approach group （17 = 50 in each group）. The total operative time, estimated intraoperative blood loss, numbers of lymph node removed, visual analog scale （VAS）, postoperative hospital stay time, complications, and numerical scoring system （NSS, used to assess cosmetic effect） were analyzed. Results： The robotic total thyroidectomy with CND via BABA was successfully performed in robotic group. There were no conversion from the robotic surgeries to open or endoscopic surgery. The subclinical central lymph node metastasis rate was 35%. The mean operative time of the robotic group was longer than that of the conventional open approach group （118.8± 16.5 min vs. 90.7± 10.3 min, P 〈 0.05）. The study showed significant differences between the two groups in terms of the VASs （2.1 ± 1.0 vs. 3.8 ±~ 1.2, P 〈 0.05） and NSS （8.9 ± 0.8 vs. 4.8 ± 1.7, P 〈 0.05）. The differences between the two groups in the estimated intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay time, numbers of lymph node removed, postoperative thyroglobulin levels, and complications were not statistically significant （all P 〉 0.05）. Neither iatrogenic implantation nor metastasis occurred in punctured porous channel or chest wall in both
文摘Background： Patients on hemodialysis have a high-mortality risk. Tiffs study analyzed factors associated with death in patients on maintenance hemodialysis （MHD）. While some studies used baseline data of MHD patients, this study used the most recent data obtained from patients just prior to either a primary endpoint or the end of the study period to iliad the characteristics of patients preceding death.Methods： Participants were selected from 16 blood purification centers in China from January 2012 to December 2014, Patients＇ data were collected retrospectively. Based on survival status, the participants were divided into two groups： survival group and the death group. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine/＇actors associated with all-cause mortality.
基金Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Prof. Wei Ji from Renmin University for his kindness in sharing with us the unpublished results on the electronic structure calculations of black phosphorus, Prof. Pingheng Tan for his guidance on early Raman characterization, and Dr. Shuo Ding on her assistance with obtaining the optical image used in TOC. This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 51222202, 11104026, and 61376104）, the National Basic Research Program of China （No. 2014CB932500） and the Program for Innovative Research Teams in Universities of the Ministry of Education of China （No. IRT13037） and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities （No. 2014XZZX003-07）.
文摘There have been continuous efforts to seek novel functional two-dimensional semiconductors with high performance for future applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. In this work, we introduce a successful experimental approach to fabricate monolayer phosphorene by mechanical cleavage and a subsequent Ar＊ plasma thinning process. The thickness of phosphorene is unambiguously determined by optical contrast spectra combined with atomic force microscopy （AFM）. Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the pristine and plasma-treated samples. The Raman frequency of the A2g mode stiffens, and the intensity ratio of A2g to Alg modes shows a monotonic discrete increase with the decrease of phosphorene thickness down to a monolayer. All those phenomena can be used to identify the thickness of this novel two-dimensional semiconductor. This work on monolayer phosphorene fabrication and thickness determination will facilitate future research on phosphorene.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.51675503,61475149,51405464,61675190 and 51605463)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(no.WK2480000002)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(no.2016M590578 and 2016M602027)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Instrument Project(YZ201566)the‘Chinese Thousand Young Talents Program’.
文摘Optical vortices,a type of structured beam with helical phase wavefronts and‘doughnut’-shaped intensity distributions,have been used to fabricate chiral structures in metals and spiral patterns in anisotropic polarization-dependent azobenzene polymers.However,in isotropic polymers,the fabricated microstructures are typically confined to non-chiral cylindrical geometry due to the two-dimensional‘doughnut’-shaped intensity profile of the optical vortices.Here we develop a powerful strategy to realize chiral microstructures in isotropic material by coaxial interference of a vortex beam and a plane wave,which produces threedimensional(3D)spiral optical fields.These coaxial interference beams are generated by designing contrivable holograms consisting of an azimuthal phase and an equiphase loaded on a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator.In isotropic polymers,3D chiral microstructures are achieved under illumination using coaxial interference femtosecond laser beams with their chirality controlled by the topological charge.Our further investigation reveals that the spiral lobes and chirality are caused by interfering patterns and helical phase wavefronts,respectively.This technique is simple,stable and easy to perform,and it offers broad applications in optical tweezers,optical communications and fast metamaterial fabrication.
