Contagious bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an infectious and highly contagious respiratory disease of cattle and water buffalo, caused by the Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. It induces significant economic l...Contagious bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an infectious and highly contagious respiratory disease of cattle and water buffalo, caused by the Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. It induces significant economic losses and leads to a severe livestock production problem, negatively influencing people’s livelihoods of affected countries. In Somalia, there is no updated data on the prevalence and distribution of the disease. Hence, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to June 2023 in different villages under the Afgoye District of lower Shabelle region, Somalia. The main purpose of this study is to assess the sero-prevalence and identify the associated risk factors for the occurrence of the disease. In this study, villages, age, sex, breed, and body condition were considered as risk factors. A total of 90 blood samples were collected and tested in the laboratory using the Anti-CBPP Elisa kit test. Out of 90 serum samples from herd cattle, 32 were positive, resulting in an overall prevalence of 35.5%. In addition, we found a statistically significant variation between the prevalence of the disease and factors such as sex, age, body condition and breeds. In summary, the overall prevalence of Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in this study area is worth to be considered because there is a low quality of health care and less awareness of the Contagious bovine Pleuropneumonia effects on herds, which warrants the official authorities to act and follow appropriate preventive and control measures to reduce the incidence of the disease and generate appropriate controlling and prevention measures in all regions of Somalia.展开更多
Awdal region is the most northwesterly province of Somaliland. The region is one of the agro-pastoral livelihood zones in Somaliland, where farming and agricultural production are the predominant livelihood sources. I...Awdal region is the most northwesterly province of Somaliland. The region is one of the agro-pastoral livelihood zones in Somaliland, where farming and agricultural production are the predominant livelihood sources. IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority on Development) Sheikh Technical University of Science (ISTUS) worked to study the prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis (TB) among cattle in Awdal region of Somaliland. The aim was to inform public health and Veterinary experts on having one-health approach to infectious diseases among humans and animals. The serum that was stored at -20?C was transported to IGAD Sheikh Technical University of Science (ISTUS) for further analysis using BOVIGAM serological test (Sandwich ELISA). The results indicate that Bovine Tuberculosis is highly prevalent in the study area (10.1%). The high prevalence recorded in the current study could be due to the consumption of raw milk and lack of proper control strategies in place to control the transmission of the disease between animals, between animals and wildlife and between animals and humans. Hence, an awareness creation campaign should be created on bTB transmission and its public health significance to cattle owners, milk and meat consumers and people who are in close proximity to cattle. In addition, testing and eradication programme should be implemented where applicable.展开更多
Poultry production has important economic, social and cultural benefits and plays a significant role in family nutrition in developing countries. In most tropical countries it is based mainly on scavenging production ...Poultry production has important economic, social and cultural benefits and plays a significant role in family nutrition in developing countries. In most tropical countries it is based mainly on scavenging production systems, which makes substantial contributions to household food security throughout the developing world. All over the developing world, these low-input and low-output poultry-husbandry systems are an integral component of the livelihoods of most rural, peri-urban, and some urban households and are likely to continue to meet this role for the foreseeable future. Although the contributions of chicken farming to household food security and income as well as its potential contribution to the income of rural communities are known, chicken production is practiced very little in Somaliland. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to carry out a baseline study on the potential of chicken production (eggs and meats) in Somaliland and its existing chain gaps in order to identify whether chicken production could be a successful income source for women and boost female economic activity in the project areas of Saaxil, MaroodiJeex and Togdheer. The result from this assessment showed that rural chicken production was a women-related activity that helped them to be the sole decision-makers and also users of the benefits regarding chicken and chicken products. The main purposes for keeping chicken were egg production for income generating, home consumption and meat provision. The major constraints for rural poultry keeping were the lack of extension and veterinary services, predators, poor housing, poor breeds, and lack of financial services among others. Women in all the selected villages made remarkable contributions to the local chicken production system. The result of the assessments showed that indigenous poultry value chain consisted of producers, collectors/retaileres, shops and consumers/restaurents. However, the absence of processors along the chain means that chickens are sold live and consequently ca展开更多
Background: Anemia is one of the most prevalent complications during pregnancy. It is commonly considered a risk factor for poor pregnancy outcomes and can result in complications that threaten the life of both mother...Background: Anemia is one of the most prevalent complications during pregnancy. It is commonly considered a risk factor for poor pregnancy outcomes and can result in complications that threaten the life of both mother and fetus, such as preterm birth, and low birth weight. There is clear evidence to support prompt treatment in all patients with iron deficiency anemia because it is known that treatment improves quality of life and physical condition as well as alleviates fatigue and cognitive deficits. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the value of addition of vitamin B6 to iron in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women during the second trimester. Patients and Methods: The study was done by giving anemia pregnant women iron therapy and vitamin B6 which represent group A and iron therapy alone which represents group B. For each pregnant woman, age, parity and gestational history were taken before treatment. All pregnant women took their allocated treatment regularly for three weeks after diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia with complete blood picture and followed up after three weeks. Results: Results of the study revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of therapy according to the hemoglobin level before treatment (p-value = 0.734), statistically significant higher mean value in after treatment than before treatment (p-value = 0.048), there was a significant difference in the rate of change of hemoglobin (p-value = 0.011) and body mass index (p-value 0.001). Conclusion: Iron and vitamin B6 seems to increase hemoglobin level more than iron only. Thus, in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia iron plus vitamin B6 may be considered as a more effective alternative treatment than iron only.展开更多
Background: Although not life-saving procedures like liver or heart transplantation, renal transplantation is the preferred treatment for many patients with end-stage renal disease because it improves patients’ quali...Background: Although not life-saving procedures like liver or heart transplantation, renal transplantation is the preferred treatment for many patients with end-stage renal disease because it improves patients’ quality of life, while other forms of renal replacement therapy (RRT) such as haemodialysis (HDX) shown to regain only 10% of the patient’s renal function [1]. Transplantation releases patients from the dietary and fluid restrictions and the physical constraints imposed by other forms of (RRT), patients become able to return to their normal activities. Patient’s 5-year survival is higher post transplant. Patients and methods: This is Descriptive, retro-prospective, cross sectional analytic and multicentre study done in Ahmed Gasim Cardiac and Renal Transplant Centre including 105 patients. After meeting the Inclusion Criteria and exclusion Criteria, then cases were selected and written in constructed questionnaire. The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcome of renal transplantation in Sudan. Results: 105 cases were used with male predominate and ratio male to female ratio 3:1, the main age of presentation between 31 - 45 years, most of the patients discharge uneventful with good outcome. During one-year follow-up following renal transplantation. Patient survival 95.2 % graft survival 82.4%. Overall morbidity shows 70.5%. Conclusion: this study showed that the one-year patient survival of 95.2%. Actuarial one-year graft survival of 92.4%. Renal transplantation complications can be reduced by meticulous preoperative workup including good cardiovascular assessment, tissue mismatch and BMI good postoperative follow up for early detection of graft rejection and long-term complications and finally patient education.展开更多
Background: Nutritional knowledge and practise is an important measure to improve dietary habits and food choices. The daily food should contain balanced nutrition as needed to support optimal growth, avoid deficiency...Background: Nutritional knowledge and practise is an important measure to improve dietary habits and food choices. The daily food should contain balanced nutrition as needed to support optimal growth, avoid deficiency diseases and prevent the diseases which might interfere with the children health. Materials & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional non-interventional hospital-based study was carried out among 122 mothers and 122 children by using a non-probability convenience sampling technique in the period of 15 March to 15 April 2023, and using interviews with structural questionnaires, the data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: We found that most of the children had moderate health, while most of the mothers had moderate nutritional knowledge and practise towards their children, also we found that the relationship between mothers’ knowledge and practise and child health was significant (P Conclusion: Mothers’ knowledge and practise among children was moderate and children had moderate health. Wrong beliefs and cultural taboos play major roles in decreasing knowledge and practise.展开更多
Worldwide more than thousands of women and new born are at the danger of die from pregnancy and child delivery complications. Antenatal care (ANC)/ pregnancy care is the health care where expecting mothers and new bor...Worldwide more than thousands of women and new born are at the danger of die from pregnancy and child delivery complications. Antenatal care (ANC)/ pregnancy care is the health care where expecting mothers and new born receive medical care or medical attention. The aim of this study is to examine factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care among married women of reproductive age in Merca, lower Shebelle, Somalia. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional and qualitative study design that was carried out from June to August 2022 and this study was carried out in Merca, district lower Shabelle, Somalia. Data were collected from 325 married women of reproductive age who have at least one child and more than living in Merca district. Result: Our study found that the magnitude of antenatal care uptake was 31.1% during the examined period. Very low utilization of antenatal care in Somali women is worrying in the face of high vulnerability of maternal complications. In terms of age diverse and utilization of antenatal care, women in younger age group 15 - 30 were more to utilize antenatal care services than with women in older age group 31 years above (p-value < 0.007). Our study also identified that there is association between level of education and level of utilization among women about antenatal care services (p-value < 0.001). In terms of level of awareness about antenatal care services, it is significantly associated with the level of utilization antenatal care (p-value < 0.001). Our study identified that the number of complaining complications related previous pregnancy that have no awareness about antenatal care services was higher than number of utilized antennal care awareness about antenatal care (p-value < 0.001). Based on these results, it is recommended to improve women’s awareness about antenatal care services by using health education program.展开更多
Calpains are calcium-activated cysteine proteases. There are two main isoforms of calpain that are ubiquitously expressed in tissues, calpain μ or calpain 1, which requires micromolar Ca<sup>2+</sup> for ...Calpains are calcium-activated cysteine proteases. There are two main isoforms of calpain that are ubiquitously expressed in tissues, calpain μ or calpain 1, which requires micromolar Ca<sup>2+</sup> for activation, and calpain or 2, which requires millimolar Ca<sup>2+</sup> for activation. The presence of other calpains is tissue specific. Atherosclerosis (AS) is an important risk factor for cerebral infarction, coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. It was originally thought that AS was caused by impaired lipid metabolism. This research briefly reviewed Calpain Family, the structure and activation mechanism of calpain1, Calpains in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, NLRP3 structural characteristics and activation, ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome activation mechanism and ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis. The research showed that the Calpain-1 may play an important role in mitochondrial ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis.展开更多
Natural disasters usually involve a phenomenon with consequences that exceed the response capabilities of local communities and have a significant impact on the region’s socioeconomic development. Droughts, floods, a...Natural disasters usually involve a phenomenon with consequences that exceed the response capabilities of local communities and have a significant impact on the region’s socioeconomic development. Droughts, floods, and hurricanes are all natural disasters that jeopardize the environment and the lives of Somalis. Severe floods have devastated the south and central parts of the country multiple times, destroying infrastructure and homes and killing many vulnerable people. Droughts in the south and central parts of the country, particularly in the Middle Shebelle region, have killed a number of children and mothers. It also had a negative influence on crops and cattle. Objective of this study is to know the recurrence of Natural Disasters in Jowhar, Middle Shabelle region, Somalia: The Causes and Impacts. The Somali people are completely aware of natural disasters such as droughts and floods, and they are self-sufficient in dealing with the consequences of these disasters. Furthermore, the Somali government has not fully created environmental laws to protect and conserve the environment, and the majority of laws, rules, acts, and regulations are not used or administered effectively. We also found that the Somali government is not yet financially prepared to deal with these crises, and that there are no strategic plans in the central government or even state administrations to prevent or at least control these disasters from causing extreme harm to the community and the environment.展开更多
<b>Background and Aims:</b> Low back pain (LBP) is considered one of the most common health conditions in the world right now, and it affects many individuals throughout different stages of their lives. Ch...<b>Background and Aims:</b> Low back pain (LBP) is considered one of the most common health conditions in the world right now, and it affects many individuals throughout different stages of their lives. Chronic LBP (CLBP) was estimated to be between 5% and 10%, defined as LBP that lasts for 12 weeks. The most common causes of CLBP with radiculopathy are lumbar disc prolapse (LDP) and degenerative facet osteoarthropathy (DFO);the aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of ultrasound (US) guided, fluoroscopy (FL) guided, Caudal Epidural Steroid Injection (CESI), lumbar epidural steroid injections (LESI), and blinding lumbosacral steroid injections (LSPSI) in patients with CLBP with radiculopathy. <b>Patients and Methods:</b> This is a randomized prospective study that was conducted at the department of rheumatology at Al Azhar University Hospital in Egypt between November 2020 and August 2021. A total of 100 patients with refractory CLBP with radiculopathy were enrolled in the study. Consequently, they were divided into 2 groups: the first consisted of fifty patients with CLBP and radiculopathy caused by LDP, as determined by lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the second group consisted of fifty patients with refractory low back pain and radiculopathy caused by DFO, as determined by lumbosacral plain x-rays and lumbosacral MRI. The following procedures were performed: US-guided CESI, FL-guided CESI, FL-guided LESI, US-guided LESI, and blinding LSPSI. <b>Results:</b> In the LDP group, there is a statistically significant difference between considered spinal nerve roots as regards Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (at 2 months). Likewise, a statistically significant difference was found between blinding LSPSI and US-Guided LESI with respect to VAS (baseline) and VAS (2 months) (P-value = 0.018 and 0.003, respectively). Statistically significant differences were reported in VAS (2 months) for both FL-guided LESI and FL-guided CESI groups. Considering the VAS of studied spinal nerve roots in the DFO g展开更多
Introduction and Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has emerged as a significant global health concern. Patients who had failed previous TB treatment, relapsed after treatment, contacted known MDRTB...Introduction and Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has emerged as a significant global health concern. Patients who had failed previous TB treatment, relapsed after treatment, contacted known MDRTB patients or defaulted during previous treatment, and HIV patients are considered to be suspected and at high risk for developing drug resistant TB specially MDR-TB. However, there is little data available on the prevalence and trends of MDR tuberculosis in national level but luck of it in Mogadishu is our main concern. Methodology: This was a crosssectional, descriptive study involving all suspected MDR TB patients attended at the Mogadishu three Tb centers. Results: A total of 138 cases of suspected MDRTB patients were included in the study. Of these, 70 patients (51%) had rifampicin resistant-TB. Of the 138 study participants, 94 (68.62%) were between 21 - 40 years old that indicates the dominance of productive age group (21 - 40 years). Previous Tuberculosis treatment has been noted to be a major risk factor for development of multidrug resistance tuberculosis. MDR-TB prevalence is significantly higher in male than female patients. Conclusion and Interpretation: The prevalence of Rifampicin resistance among these high risk groups was significant. The high association of previous TB treatment to MDR-TB might be explained due to inappropriate anti-tubercular regimens, sub-optimal drugs, inadequate or irregular drug supply, unsatisfactory patient or clinician compliance, lack of supervision of treatment and absence of infection control measures in healthcare facilities. As the prevalence of MDRTB is high and yet the cases remain un-isolated in the community we recommend the MOH/NTP and funding agencies to facilitate establishment of MDRTB management centers earlier in Mogadishu in order to treat the MDRTB case otherwise it might Amplify of the incidence of this Emerging Disease.展开更多
<strong>Objectives:</strong> To estimate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in first and second degree relatives of Hemodialysis patients. <strong>Background:</strong> Early detecti...<strong>Objectives:</strong> To estimate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in first and second degree relatives of Hemodialysis patients. <strong>Background:</strong> Early detection and intervention of chronic kidney disease (CKD) may prevent or delay the progression and achieve improved patient outcomes. Family members of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are considered as a high-risk population for CKD. The aim of this work is to screen and estimate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in first and second degree relatives of hemodialysis patients. <strong>Methods:</strong> This is an observational prospective study carried out in Nephrology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Menoufia University Hospital during January 2019 to January 2020. First and second degree relatives of ESRD were included. Relatives with known CKD risk factors or relative to ESRD with known hereditary disease were excluded. Serum creatinine and estimated eGFR, albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) and abdominal ultrasound were done twice with 3 months apart to screen for CKD. <strong>Results:</strong> 321 persons from first and second degree relatives of chronic hemodialysis patients were included. CKD prevalence was 5.6% Comparison between CKD group and non CKD showed no statistically significant difference as regard age, Gender, Smoking, BMI, and degree of relatives. There were highly significant difference between the studied groups as regard serum creatinine, bloodurea, eGFR and ACR. Relatives of ESRD patients of unknown etiology showed highly significant difference to develop CKD (44.4%) compared to non CKD group 11.5% with P value < 0.0001. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Prevalence of CKD in relatives—without any CKD risk factors—to ESRD was 5.6%. Family members of ESRD should be screened for CKD, especially relatives to ESRD of unknown etiology.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Gender difference in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is not previously well studied. We aimed to analyze the effect of gender difference on the risk factors of CH...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Gender difference in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is not previously well studied. We aimed to analyze the effect of gender difference on the risk factors of CHC, disease progression, and outcome after oral direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. The study</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> conducted at Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Sohag University, Egypt, in the period between 2018 and 2020. 775 patients were evaluated for hepatitis C virus (HCV) risk factors. Laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasound and liver Shear </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">wave elastography (SWE) were done. The patients were given antiviral therap</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">y and followed up to assess the response and side effects of DAA therapy. 434</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(56%) of study patients were males and 341</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(44%) were females. Catching infection from blood transfusion and intravenous (IV) injection of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tarter emetic w</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> significantly higher in males, while catching infection from surgical operation was significantly higher in females. Hepatic fibrosis was significantly more extensive in males. Side effects were reported more in females. Sustained virological response (SVR)</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">12 was reported in 98.6%. Females had a slightly better SVR12 than males (99.4% versus 97.9%). In conclusion males were different from females in exposure to HCV risk factors. After introduction of blood screening and stoppage of </span><span style="font-family:Verd展开更多
Reproductive biology of L. mormyrus was studied using monthly samples totaling 224 fish obtained from AI-Haneah fishing site, eastern Libya Mediterranean Sea. Lengths of the examined fish ranged between 11.5 cm and 23...Reproductive biology of L. mormyrus was studied using monthly samples totaling 224 fish obtained from AI-Haneah fishing site, eastern Libya Mediterranean Sea. Lengths of the examined fish ranged between 11.5 cm and 23.4 cm. Corresponding weights were 24.5 g and 160.8 g. The minimum values of the condition factors, KF and Kc, were 1.38 and 1.21 at the average fish length of 12.4 cm. These values increased with increases in length until they reached maximum values of 1.59 and 1.41 at the length of 22.1 cm. The high values of KF and Kc, Gonado-Somatic Index and oocyte diameter maintained during May, June, July, and August and the monthly changes in gonadal condition, indicated that summer was the breeding season of L. mormyrus. The oocyte diameter ranged between 379± 25.3 μ and 1,511 ± 143.3μ （n = 76） with an average of 895 ± 111.3 μ. The sex ratio was in favor of females during all months of the study. The overall sex ratio was 1 ： 1.52. Length at first maturity, Ls0, for L. mormyrus was found to be 14.15 cm for males and 14.45 for females. Overall average of absolute fecundity was 4,342±557 egg per fish （n = 45）. The overall average of relative fecundity was 234± 181 egg per cm. Absolute fecundity increased with increasing fish length.展开更多
Background and Objective: Serum creatinine, a commonly used biomarker in determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage, is highly variable biologically and does not rise until >...Background and Objective: Serum creatinine, a commonly used biomarker in determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage, is highly variable biologically and does not rise until > 50% of renal function (RF) impairment occurs. Also, its production is not constant & is affected by many factors as muscle mass, age, inflammation. On the other hand, Cystatin C shows more stable production making it more suitable for assessment of kidney function. Also, It has been shown that the progression of CKD to renal failure, even in glomerular diseases, correlated better with the degree of tubular damage and interstitial fibrosis. So, our aim was to investigate the relation between kidney function assessed by different cystatin (Cys-C)-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in comparison to the gold standard Iohexol (Ioh) based measured (m)GFR in relation to the pathological degree of tubular damage in renal biopsy. To our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the relation of (Cys-C)-based eGFR to tubulointerstitial fibrosis in renal biopsy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 20 CKD cases who attended the Nephrology Department at Ain Shams University, where a renal biopsy was obtained, and individuals were allocated into two groups: group A (GA) with mild tubular affection (TA) and group B (GB) with moderate to severe TA. All participants were referred for measure-ment of GFR using Iohexol (Ioh) together with serum Cys-C level and eGFR was calculated using different Cys-C-based GFR estimating equations, which were further compared using Multivariate Linear Regression and Bland-Altman analyses. Results: Our results revealed a substantial statistical difference among the two studied groups regarding Hb, s creatinine, urea. GB had significantly lower levels for both eGFR and mGFR (82, 93, 115, or 115) ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, Vs. GA (200, 123, 162 or 124) ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, according to GFR_iohexol, Stevens, Grubb, and CKD_EPI_CYST equations, resp展开更多
In the present work, the corrosion behavior of base and welded API5L X-52 carbon steel coupons in synthetic ground water solution NS-4 was studied. Subsequently, the morphology and composition of the corrosion product...In the present work, the corrosion behavior of base and welded API5L X-52 carbon steel coupons in synthetic ground water solution NS-4 was studied. Subsequently, the morphology and composition of the corrosion product deposits were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on weight loss as well as Tafel’s measurements, increasing the sulfide ions content above 0.4 mM, had an inhibition effect on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel. According to EDAX analyses, increasing of sulfide concentration from 0.4 to 4 mM Na<sub>2</sub>S, the Fe/S ratio decreased from 12.02 at 0.4 mM to 2.6 at 4 mM Na<sub>2</sub>S.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Breast cancer (BC) is considered the most common women cancer worldwide. </span><span style="font-family:Verdan...<strong>Background:</strong> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Breast cancer (BC) is considered the most common women cancer worldwide. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The main clinicopathological prognostic factors are tumor size, lymph node status and estrogen/progesterone (ER/PR) receptor status</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> In addition, some factors are both prognostic and predictive as ER/PR receptors and HER2/neu overexpression. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Axillary lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor for breast cancer. Node negative breast cancer patients had the best 5-year overall survival (OS) of 82.8% compared to 73%, 45.7%, and 28.4% for patients with 1</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3, 4</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">12, and ≥13 positive nodes, respectively. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The aim of this study was</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to determine the association between different clinicopathological features and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">development</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of metastasis in a group of Egyptian women with early breast cancer</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> also, to assess patients’ Relapse-free survival (DFS) and OS and their correlation with different clinicopathological features. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Patients and Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We retrospectively reviewed the files of breast cancer patients who were treated and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">followed-u展开更多
The nutritive value of rangelands in Southern Darfur, Sudan could be improved by introduction and multiplication of nutritious forbs with the objective of increasing livestock production in the area. The present study...The nutritive value of rangelands in Southern Darfur, Sudan could be improved by introduction and multiplication of nutritious forbs with the objective of increasing livestock production in the area. The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and palatability of eleven range forbs collected at flowering stage from Gahzal Gawazat, Southern Darfur, Sudan using chemical analysis. The crude protein (CP) ranged from 6.8% in Oxygonum atriplicifolium with lowest digestible crude protein (DCP) 2.8% to 16.4% in Zornia diphylla with highest DCP 11.73%. The highest and the lowest crude fiber (CF) values were obtained in Commelina spp (56.4%) and Sesamum alatum (25.9%), respectively. NDF and DMI values were maximum and minimum for Zornia diphylla (44.9 and 2.67%) and Alysicarpus glumaceus (35.3 and 3.4%), respectively. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) ranged from 57.1% in Blepharis linariifolia to 69.3% in Tribulus terrestris with highest digestible energy (DE) in later while the lowest DE was obtained in Commelina spp (2.4%). The calculated in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was highest for the Canavalia ensiformis (50.27%) and lowest value (43.17%) for Commelina spp. Zornia diphylla, Tribulus terrestris and Sesamum alatum showed highest nutritive value, while Alysicarpus glumaceus, Oldenlandia senegalensis and Chrozophora brocchiana showed highest palatability. It is concluded that these rangeland forbs are palatable and their CP and energy contents are sufficient to support different classes of livestock in South Darfur, Sudan.展开更多
Background: Recent evidence for the effects of vitamin D and recognition of the high prevalence of its deficiency has increased the interest in it. Vitamin D-sub nutrition may contribute to the risk of a wide range of...Background: Recent evidence for the effects of vitamin D and recognition of the high prevalence of its deficiency has increased the interest in it. Vitamin D-sub nutrition may contribute to the risk of a wide range of disorders. Methods: The females in the child-bearing period attending the endocrinology and orthopedic out-patient clinics complaining of pain and/or tenderness at the groin were evaluated. Patients with chronic metabolic or skeletal illness, primary hyperparathyroidism, and patients receiving drugs that interfere with bone mineral metabolisms were excluded. One hundred accepted and consented to participation in the study. All the participants were subjected to full history taking, clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations including serum Ca, Ph, PTH, ALP, TSH, F T4, F T3, Cortisol level, and 25(OH)D level. Plain X-ray was done for the regions of bony tenderness. The subjects were divided into 2 groups based on the presence or absence of pseudo-fractures (looser zones). They were treated and followed up till normalization of the laboratory parameters and healing of the looser zones. Results: The mean age for patients was 30.45 ± 5.8, their mean 25(OH) vitamin D level was 14.7 ± 5.9 ng/ml, the mean PTH was 195.7 ± 162.6, and looser zones were evident in the X-rays of 34 patients. The serum 25(OH)D showed significant negative correlations with veiling, parity, localized hip pain, and tenderness, ALP, PTH, but, a significant positive correlation with sun exposure, dairy products consumption, vitamin D supplementation, and serum calcium levels. The independent factors associated with hypovitaminosis D were the lack of sun exposure, lack of vitamin D supplementation, and the presence of pseudo- fracture (p ≤ 0.009, 0.038, and 0.001 respectively). No surgery was required in any of our patients. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is common in our region. The main risk factors are decreased sun exposure, low dairy products consumption, and lack of vitamin D supplementation. Successful medical 展开更多
文摘Contagious bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an infectious and highly contagious respiratory disease of cattle and water buffalo, caused by the Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. It induces significant economic losses and leads to a severe livestock production problem, negatively influencing people’s livelihoods of affected countries. In Somalia, there is no updated data on the prevalence and distribution of the disease. Hence, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to June 2023 in different villages under the Afgoye District of lower Shabelle region, Somalia. The main purpose of this study is to assess the sero-prevalence and identify the associated risk factors for the occurrence of the disease. In this study, villages, age, sex, breed, and body condition were considered as risk factors. A total of 90 blood samples were collected and tested in the laboratory using the Anti-CBPP Elisa kit test. Out of 90 serum samples from herd cattle, 32 were positive, resulting in an overall prevalence of 35.5%. In addition, we found a statistically significant variation between the prevalence of the disease and factors such as sex, age, body condition and breeds. In summary, the overall prevalence of Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in this study area is worth to be considered because there is a low quality of health care and less awareness of the Contagious bovine Pleuropneumonia effects on herds, which warrants the official authorities to act and follow appropriate preventive and control measures to reduce the incidence of the disease and generate appropriate controlling and prevention measures in all regions of Somalia.
文摘Awdal region is the most northwesterly province of Somaliland. The region is one of the agro-pastoral livelihood zones in Somaliland, where farming and agricultural production are the predominant livelihood sources. IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority on Development) Sheikh Technical University of Science (ISTUS) worked to study the prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis (TB) among cattle in Awdal region of Somaliland. The aim was to inform public health and Veterinary experts on having one-health approach to infectious diseases among humans and animals. The serum that was stored at -20?C was transported to IGAD Sheikh Technical University of Science (ISTUS) for further analysis using BOVIGAM serological test (Sandwich ELISA). The results indicate that Bovine Tuberculosis is highly prevalent in the study area (10.1%). The high prevalence recorded in the current study could be due to the consumption of raw milk and lack of proper control strategies in place to control the transmission of the disease between animals, between animals and wildlife and between animals and humans. Hence, an awareness creation campaign should be created on bTB transmission and its public health significance to cattle owners, milk and meat consumers and people who are in close proximity to cattle. In addition, testing and eradication programme should be implemented where applicable.
文摘Poultry production has important economic, social and cultural benefits and plays a significant role in family nutrition in developing countries. In most tropical countries it is based mainly on scavenging production systems, which makes substantial contributions to household food security throughout the developing world. All over the developing world, these low-input and low-output poultry-husbandry systems are an integral component of the livelihoods of most rural, peri-urban, and some urban households and are likely to continue to meet this role for the foreseeable future. Although the contributions of chicken farming to household food security and income as well as its potential contribution to the income of rural communities are known, chicken production is practiced very little in Somaliland. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to carry out a baseline study on the potential of chicken production (eggs and meats) in Somaliland and its existing chain gaps in order to identify whether chicken production could be a successful income source for women and boost female economic activity in the project areas of Saaxil, MaroodiJeex and Togdheer. The result from this assessment showed that rural chicken production was a women-related activity that helped them to be the sole decision-makers and also users of the benefits regarding chicken and chicken products. The main purposes for keeping chicken were egg production for income generating, home consumption and meat provision. The major constraints for rural poultry keeping were the lack of extension and veterinary services, predators, poor housing, poor breeds, and lack of financial services among others. Women in all the selected villages made remarkable contributions to the local chicken production system. The result of the assessments showed that indigenous poultry value chain consisted of producers, collectors/retaileres, shops and consumers/restaurents. However, the absence of processors along the chain means that chickens are sold live and consequently ca
文摘Background: Anemia is one of the most prevalent complications during pregnancy. It is commonly considered a risk factor for poor pregnancy outcomes and can result in complications that threaten the life of both mother and fetus, such as preterm birth, and low birth weight. There is clear evidence to support prompt treatment in all patients with iron deficiency anemia because it is known that treatment improves quality of life and physical condition as well as alleviates fatigue and cognitive deficits. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the value of addition of vitamin B6 to iron in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women during the second trimester. Patients and Methods: The study was done by giving anemia pregnant women iron therapy and vitamin B6 which represent group A and iron therapy alone which represents group B. For each pregnant woman, age, parity and gestational history were taken before treatment. All pregnant women took their allocated treatment regularly for three weeks after diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia with complete blood picture and followed up after three weeks. Results: Results of the study revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of therapy according to the hemoglobin level before treatment (p-value = 0.734), statistically significant higher mean value in after treatment than before treatment (p-value = 0.048), there was a significant difference in the rate of change of hemoglobin (p-value = 0.011) and body mass index (p-value 0.001). Conclusion: Iron and vitamin B6 seems to increase hemoglobin level more than iron only. Thus, in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia iron plus vitamin B6 may be considered as a more effective alternative treatment than iron only.
文摘Background: Although not life-saving procedures like liver or heart transplantation, renal transplantation is the preferred treatment for many patients with end-stage renal disease because it improves patients’ quality of life, while other forms of renal replacement therapy (RRT) such as haemodialysis (HDX) shown to regain only 10% of the patient’s renal function [1]. Transplantation releases patients from the dietary and fluid restrictions and the physical constraints imposed by other forms of (RRT), patients become able to return to their normal activities. Patient’s 5-year survival is higher post transplant. Patients and methods: This is Descriptive, retro-prospective, cross sectional analytic and multicentre study done in Ahmed Gasim Cardiac and Renal Transplant Centre including 105 patients. After meeting the Inclusion Criteria and exclusion Criteria, then cases were selected and written in constructed questionnaire. The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcome of renal transplantation in Sudan. Results: 105 cases were used with male predominate and ratio male to female ratio 3:1, the main age of presentation between 31 - 45 years, most of the patients discharge uneventful with good outcome. During one-year follow-up following renal transplantation. Patient survival 95.2 % graft survival 82.4%. Overall morbidity shows 70.5%. Conclusion: this study showed that the one-year patient survival of 95.2%. Actuarial one-year graft survival of 92.4%. Renal transplantation complications can be reduced by meticulous preoperative workup including good cardiovascular assessment, tissue mismatch and BMI good postoperative follow up for early detection of graft rejection and long-term complications and finally patient education.
文摘Background: Nutritional knowledge and practise is an important measure to improve dietary habits and food choices. The daily food should contain balanced nutrition as needed to support optimal growth, avoid deficiency diseases and prevent the diseases which might interfere with the children health. Materials & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional non-interventional hospital-based study was carried out among 122 mothers and 122 children by using a non-probability convenience sampling technique in the period of 15 March to 15 April 2023, and using interviews with structural questionnaires, the data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: We found that most of the children had moderate health, while most of the mothers had moderate nutritional knowledge and practise towards their children, also we found that the relationship between mothers’ knowledge and practise and child health was significant (P Conclusion: Mothers’ knowledge and practise among children was moderate and children had moderate health. Wrong beliefs and cultural taboos play major roles in decreasing knowledge and practise.
文摘Worldwide more than thousands of women and new born are at the danger of die from pregnancy and child delivery complications. Antenatal care (ANC)/ pregnancy care is the health care where expecting mothers and new born receive medical care or medical attention. The aim of this study is to examine factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care among married women of reproductive age in Merca, lower Shebelle, Somalia. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional and qualitative study design that was carried out from June to August 2022 and this study was carried out in Merca, district lower Shabelle, Somalia. Data were collected from 325 married women of reproductive age who have at least one child and more than living in Merca district. Result: Our study found that the magnitude of antenatal care uptake was 31.1% during the examined period. Very low utilization of antenatal care in Somali women is worrying in the face of high vulnerability of maternal complications. In terms of age diverse and utilization of antenatal care, women in younger age group 15 - 30 were more to utilize antenatal care services than with women in older age group 31 years above (p-value < 0.007). Our study also identified that there is association between level of education and level of utilization among women about antenatal care services (p-value < 0.001). In terms of level of awareness about antenatal care services, it is significantly associated with the level of utilization antenatal care (p-value < 0.001). Our study identified that the number of complaining complications related previous pregnancy that have no awareness about antenatal care services was higher than number of utilized antennal care awareness about antenatal care (p-value < 0.001). Based on these results, it is recommended to improve women’s awareness about antenatal care services by using health education program.
文摘Calpains are calcium-activated cysteine proteases. There are two main isoforms of calpain that are ubiquitously expressed in tissues, calpain μ or calpain 1, which requires micromolar Ca<sup>2+</sup> for activation, and calpain or 2, which requires millimolar Ca<sup>2+</sup> for activation. The presence of other calpains is tissue specific. Atherosclerosis (AS) is an important risk factor for cerebral infarction, coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. It was originally thought that AS was caused by impaired lipid metabolism. This research briefly reviewed Calpain Family, the structure and activation mechanism of calpain1, Calpains in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, NLRP3 structural characteristics and activation, ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome activation mechanism and ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis. The research showed that the Calpain-1 may play an important role in mitochondrial ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis.
文摘Natural disasters usually involve a phenomenon with consequences that exceed the response capabilities of local communities and have a significant impact on the region’s socioeconomic development. Droughts, floods, and hurricanes are all natural disasters that jeopardize the environment and the lives of Somalis. Severe floods have devastated the south and central parts of the country multiple times, destroying infrastructure and homes and killing many vulnerable people. Droughts in the south and central parts of the country, particularly in the Middle Shebelle region, have killed a number of children and mothers. It also had a negative influence on crops and cattle. Objective of this study is to know the recurrence of Natural Disasters in Jowhar, Middle Shabelle region, Somalia: The Causes and Impacts. The Somali people are completely aware of natural disasters such as droughts and floods, and they are self-sufficient in dealing with the consequences of these disasters. Furthermore, the Somali government has not fully created environmental laws to protect and conserve the environment, and the majority of laws, rules, acts, and regulations are not used or administered effectively. We also found that the Somali government is not yet financially prepared to deal with these crises, and that there are no strategic plans in the central government or even state administrations to prevent or at least control these disasters from causing extreme harm to the community and the environment.
文摘<b>Background and Aims:</b> Low back pain (LBP) is considered one of the most common health conditions in the world right now, and it affects many individuals throughout different stages of their lives. Chronic LBP (CLBP) was estimated to be between 5% and 10%, defined as LBP that lasts for 12 weeks. The most common causes of CLBP with radiculopathy are lumbar disc prolapse (LDP) and degenerative facet osteoarthropathy (DFO);the aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of ultrasound (US) guided, fluoroscopy (FL) guided, Caudal Epidural Steroid Injection (CESI), lumbar epidural steroid injections (LESI), and blinding lumbosacral steroid injections (LSPSI) in patients with CLBP with radiculopathy. <b>Patients and Methods:</b> This is a randomized prospective study that was conducted at the department of rheumatology at Al Azhar University Hospital in Egypt between November 2020 and August 2021. A total of 100 patients with refractory CLBP with radiculopathy were enrolled in the study. Consequently, they were divided into 2 groups: the first consisted of fifty patients with CLBP and radiculopathy caused by LDP, as determined by lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the second group consisted of fifty patients with refractory low back pain and radiculopathy caused by DFO, as determined by lumbosacral plain x-rays and lumbosacral MRI. The following procedures were performed: US-guided CESI, FL-guided CESI, FL-guided LESI, US-guided LESI, and blinding LSPSI. <b>Results:</b> In the LDP group, there is a statistically significant difference between considered spinal nerve roots as regards Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (at 2 months). Likewise, a statistically significant difference was found between blinding LSPSI and US-Guided LESI with respect to VAS (baseline) and VAS (2 months) (P-value = 0.018 and 0.003, respectively). Statistically significant differences were reported in VAS (2 months) for both FL-guided LESI and FL-guided CESI groups. Considering the VAS of studied spinal nerve roots in the DFO g
文摘Introduction and Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has emerged as a significant global health concern. Patients who had failed previous TB treatment, relapsed after treatment, contacted known MDRTB patients or defaulted during previous treatment, and HIV patients are considered to be suspected and at high risk for developing drug resistant TB specially MDR-TB. However, there is little data available on the prevalence and trends of MDR tuberculosis in national level but luck of it in Mogadishu is our main concern. Methodology: This was a crosssectional, descriptive study involving all suspected MDR TB patients attended at the Mogadishu three Tb centers. Results: A total of 138 cases of suspected MDRTB patients were included in the study. Of these, 70 patients (51%) had rifampicin resistant-TB. Of the 138 study participants, 94 (68.62%) were between 21 - 40 years old that indicates the dominance of productive age group (21 - 40 years). Previous Tuberculosis treatment has been noted to be a major risk factor for development of multidrug resistance tuberculosis. MDR-TB prevalence is significantly higher in male than female patients. Conclusion and Interpretation: The prevalence of Rifampicin resistance among these high risk groups was significant. The high association of previous TB treatment to MDR-TB might be explained due to inappropriate anti-tubercular regimens, sub-optimal drugs, inadequate or irregular drug supply, unsatisfactory patient or clinician compliance, lack of supervision of treatment and absence of infection control measures in healthcare facilities. As the prevalence of MDRTB is high and yet the cases remain un-isolated in the community we recommend the MOH/NTP and funding agencies to facilitate establishment of MDRTB management centers earlier in Mogadishu in order to treat the MDRTB case otherwise it might Amplify of the incidence of this Emerging Disease.
文摘<strong>Objectives:</strong> To estimate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in first and second degree relatives of Hemodialysis patients. <strong>Background:</strong> Early detection and intervention of chronic kidney disease (CKD) may prevent or delay the progression and achieve improved patient outcomes. Family members of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are considered as a high-risk population for CKD. The aim of this work is to screen and estimate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in first and second degree relatives of hemodialysis patients. <strong>Methods:</strong> This is an observational prospective study carried out in Nephrology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Menoufia University Hospital during January 2019 to January 2020. First and second degree relatives of ESRD were included. Relatives with known CKD risk factors or relative to ESRD with known hereditary disease were excluded. Serum creatinine and estimated eGFR, albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) and abdominal ultrasound were done twice with 3 months apart to screen for CKD. <strong>Results:</strong> 321 persons from first and second degree relatives of chronic hemodialysis patients were included. CKD prevalence was 5.6% Comparison between CKD group and non CKD showed no statistically significant difference as regard age, Gender, Smoking, BMI, and degree of relatives. There were highly significant difference between the studied groups as regard serum creatinine, bloodurea, eGFR and ACR. Relatives of ESRD patients of unknown etiology showed highly significant difference to develop CKD (44.4%) compared to non CKD group 11.5% with P value < 0.0001. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Prevalence of CKD in relatives—without any CKD risk factors—to ESRD was 5.6%. Family members of ESRD should be screened for CKD, especially relatives to ESRD of unknown etiology.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Gender difference in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is not previously well studied. We aimed to analyze the effect of gender difference on the risk factors of CHC, disease progression, and outcome after oral direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. The study</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> conducted at Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Sohag University, Egypt, in the period between 2018 and 2020. 775 patients were evaluated for hepatitis C virus (HCV) risk factors. Laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasound and liver Shear </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">wave elastography (SWE) were done. The patients were given antiviral therap</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">y and followed up to assess the response and side effects of DAA therapy. 434</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(56%) of study patients were males and 341</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(44%) were females. Catching infection from blood transfusion and intravenous (IV) injection of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tarter emetic w</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> significantly higher in males, while catching infection from surgical operation was significantly higher in females. Hepatic fibrosis was significantly more extensive in males. Side effects were reported more in females. Sustained virological response (SVR)</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">12 was reported in 98.6%. Females had a slightly better SVR12 than males (99.4% versus 97.9%). In conclusion males were different from females in exposure to HCV risk factors. After introduction of blood screening and stoppage of </span><span style="font-family:Verd
文摘Reproductive biology of L. mormyrus was studied using monthly samples totaling 224 fish obtained from AI-Haneah fishing site, eastern Libya Mediterranean Sea. Lengths of the examined fish ranged between 11.5 cm and 23.4 cm. Corresponding weights were 24.5 g and 160.8 g. The minimum values of the condition factors, KF and Kc, were 1.38 and 1.21 at the average fish length of 12.4 cm. These values increased with increases in length until they reached maximum values of 1.59 and 1.41 at the length of 22.1 cm. The high values of KF and Kc, Gonado-Somatic Index and oocyte diameter maintained during May, June, July, and August and the monthly changes in gonadal condition, indicated that summer was the breeding season of L. mormyrus. The oocyte diameter ranged between 379± 25.3 μ and 1,511 ± 143.3μ （n = 76） with an average of 895 ± 111.3 μ. The sex ratio was in favor of females during all months of the study. The overall sex ratio was 1 ： 1.52. Length at first maturity, Ls0, for L. mormyrus was found to be 14.15 cm for males and 14.45 for females. Overall average of absolute fecundity was 4,342±557 egg per fish （n = 45）. The overall average of relative fecundity was 234± 181 egg per cm. Absolute fecundity increased with increasing fish length.
文摘Background and Objective: Serum creatinine, a commonly used biomarker in determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage, is highly variable biologically and does not rise until > 50% of renal function (RF) impairment occurs. Also, its production is not constant & is affected by many factors as muscle mass, age, inflammation. On the other hand, Cystatin C shows more stable production making it more suitable for assessment of kidney function. Also, It has been shown that the progression of CKD to renal failure, even in glomerular diseases, correlated better with the degree of tubular damage and interstitial fibrosis. So, our aim was to investigate the relation between kidney function assessed by different cystatin (Cys-C)-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in comparison to the gold standard Iohexol (Ioh) based measured (m)GFR in relation to the pathological degree of tubular damage in renal biopsy. To our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the relation of (Cys-C)-based eGFR to tubulointerstitial fibrosis in renal biopsy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 20 CKD cases who attended the Nephrology Department at Ain Shams University, where a renal biopsy was obtained, and individuals were allocated into two groups: group A (GA) with mild tubular affection (TA) and group B (GB) with moderate to severe TA. All participants were referred for measure-ment of GFR using Iohexol (Ioh) together with serum Cys-C level and eGFR was calculated using different Cys-C-based GFR estimating equations, which were further compared using Multivariate Linear Regression and Bland-Altman analyses. Results: Our results revealed a substantial statistical difference among the two studied groups regarding Hb, s creatinine, urea. GB had significantly lower levels for both eGFR and mGFR (82, 93, 115, or 115) ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, Vs. GA (200, 123, 162 or 124) ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, according to GFR_iohexol, Stevens, Grubb, and CKD_EPI_CYST equations, resp
文摘In the present work, the corrosion behavior of base and welded API5L X-52 carbon steel coupons in synthetic ground water solution NS-4 was studied. Subsequently, the morphology and composition of the corrosion product deposits were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on weight loss as well as Tafel’s measurements, increasing the sulfide ions content above 0.4 mM, had an inhibition effect on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel. According to EDAX analyses, increasing of sulfide concentration from 0.4 to 4 mM Na<sub>2</sub>S, the Fe/S ratio decreased from 12.02 at 0.4 mM to 2.6 at 4 mM Na<sub>2</sub>S.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Breast cancer (BC) is considered the most common women cancer worldwide. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The main clinicopathological prognostic factors are tumor size, lymph node status and estrogen/progesterone (ER/PR) receptor status</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> In addition, some factors are both prognostic and predictive as ER/PR receptors and HER2/neu overexpression. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Axillary lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor for breast cancer. Node negative breast cancer patients had the best 5-year overall survival (OS) of 82.8% compared to 73%, 45.7%, and 28.4% for patients with 1</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3, 4</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">12, and ≥13 positive nodes, respectively. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The aim of this study was</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to determine the association between different clinicopathological features and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">development</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of metastasis in a group of Egyptian women with early breast cancer</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> also, to assess patients’ Relapse-free survival (DFS) and OS and their correlation with different clinicopathological features. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Patients and Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We retrospectively reviewed the files of breast cancer patients who were treated and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">followed-u
文摘The nutritive value of rangelands in Southern Darfur, Sudan could be improved by introduction and multiplication of nutritious forbs with the objective of increasing livestock production in the area. The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and palatability of eleven range forbs collected at flowering stage from Gahzal Gawazat, Southern Darfur, Sudan using chemical analysis. The crude protein (CP) ranged from 6.8% in Oxygonum atriplicifolium with lowest digestible crude protein (DCP) 2.8% to 16.4% in Zornia diphylla with highest DCP 11.73%. The highest and the lowest crude fiber (CF) values were obtained in Commelina spp (56.4%) and Sesamum alatum (25.9%), respectively. NDF and DMI values were maximum and minimum for Zornia diphylla (44.9 and 2.67%) and Alysicarpus glumaceus (35.3 and 3.4%), respectively. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) ranged from 57.1% in Blepharis linariifolia to 69.3% in Tribulus terrestris with highest digestible energy (DE) in later while the lowest DE was obtained in Commelina spp (2.4%). The calculated in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was highest for the Canavalia ensiformis (50.27%) and lowest value (43.17%) for Commelina spp. Zornia diphylla, Tribulus terrestris and Sesamum alatum showed highest nutritive value, while Alysicarpus glumaceus, Oldenlandia senegalensis and Chrozophora brocchiana showed highest palatability. It is concluded that these rangeland forbs are palatable and their CP and energy contents are sufficient to support different classes of livestock in South Darfur, Sudan.
文摘Background: Recent evidence for the effects of vitamin D and recognition of the high prevalence of its deficiency has increased the interest in it. Vitamin D-sub nutrition may contribute to the risk of a wide range of disorders. Methods: The females in the child-bearing period attending the endocrinology and orthopedic out-patient clinics complaining of pain and/or tenderness at the groin were evaluated. Patients with chronic metabolic or skeletal illness, primary hyperparathyroidism, and patients receiving drugs that interfere with bone mineral metabolisms were excluded. One hundred accepted and consented to participation in the study. All the participants were subjected to full history taking, clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations including serum Ca, Ph, PTH, ALP, TSH, F T4, F T3, Cortisol level, and 25(OH)D level. Plain X-ray was done for the regions of bony tenderness. The subjects were divided into 2 groups based on the presence or absence of pseudo-fractures (looser zones). They were treated and followed up till normalization of the laboratory parameters and healing of the looser zones. Results: The mean age for patients was 30.45 ± 5.8, their mean 25(OH) vitamin D level was 14.7 ± 5.9 ng/ml, the mean PTH was 195.7 ± 162.6, and looser zones were evident in the X-rays of 34 patients. The serum 25(OH)D showed significant negative correlations with veiling, parity, localized hip pain, and tenderness, ALP, PTH, but, a significant positive correlation with sun exposure, dairy products consumption, vitamin D supplementation, and serum calcium levels. The independent factors associated with hypovitaminosis D were the lack of sun exposure, lack of vitamin D supplementation, and the presence of pseudo- fracture (p ≤ 0.009, 0.038, and 0.001 respectively). No surgery was required in any of our patients. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is common in our region. The main risk factors are decreased sun exposure, low dairy products consumption, and lack of vitamin D supplementation. Successful medical
