High-speed rotor rotation under the low-density condition creates a special low-Reynolds compressible flow around the rotor blade airfoil where the compressibility effect on the laminar separated shear layer occurs. H...High-speed rotor rotation under the low-density condition creates a special low-Reynolds compressible flow around the rotor blade airfoil where the compressibility effect on the laminar separated shear layer occurs. However, the compressibility effect and shock wave generation associated with the increase in the Mach number (M) and the trend change due to their interference have not been clarified. The purpose is to clear the compressibility effect and its impact of shock wave generation on the flow field and aerodynamics. Therefore, we perform a two-dimensional unsteady calculation by Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using the CLF5605 airfoil used in the Mars helicopter Ingenuity, which succeeded in its first flight on Mars. The calculation conditions are set to the Reynolds number (Re) at 75% rotor span in hovering (Re = 15,400), and the Mach number was varied from incompressible (M = 0.2) to transonic (M = 1.2). The compressible fluid dynamics solver FaSTAR developed by the Japan aerospace exploration agency (JAXA) is used, and calculations are performed under multiple conditions in which the Mach number and angle of attack (α) are swept. The results show that a flow field is similar to that in the Earth’s atmosphere above M = 1.0, such as bow shock at the leading edge, whereas multiple λ-type shock waves are observed over the separated shear layer above α = 3° at M = 0.80. However, no significant difference is found in the C<sub>p</sub> distribution around the airfoil between M = 0.6 and M = 0.8. From the results, it is found that multiple λ-type shock waves have no significant effect on the airfoil surface pressure distribution, the separated shear layer effect is dominant in the surface pressure change and aerodynamic characteristics.展开更多
In this study, we apply the optical flow method to the time-series shadowgraph images of impinging jets using a high-speed video camera with high spatial and temporal resolution. This image analysis provides quantitat...In this study, we apply the optical flow method to the time-series shadowgraph images of impinging jets using a high-speed video camera with high spatial and temporal resolution. This image analysis provides quantitative velocity vector fields in the object space without tracer particles. The analysis results clearly capture the details of the coherent vortex structure and its advection from the shear layer of the free jet. Although the results still leave challenges for the quantitative validation, the results show that this analysis method is effective for understanding the details of the physical phenomenon based on the quantitative values extracted from the shadowgraph images.展开更多
In this study, we experimentally investigate the effects of mainstream turbulence intensity (<em>T<sub>i</sub></em>) on a leading-edge separation bubble under low-Reynolds number (<em>Re&...In this study, we experimentally investigate the effects of mainstream turbulence intensity (<em>T<sub>i</sub></em>) on a leading-edge separation bubble under low-Reynolds number (<em>Re<sub>c</sub></em>) conditions range of 2.0 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 6.0 × 10<sup>4</sup>. We used a flat plate to fix a separation point at the leading edge. Also, we visualized the behavior of the leading-edge separation bubble using the smoke wire technique and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurement. Furthermore, we measured the effect of <em style="white-space:normal;">T<sub>i</sub></em> on the turbulent transition process in the separated shear layer using a hot-wire anemometer. The results indicate that the bypass transition for large <em style="white-space:normal;">T<sub>i</sub></em> causes the turbulent transition, and so accelerates the reattachment of the separated shear layer. The results show that the bypass transition promotes the reattachment of the separated shear layer to maintain the leading-edge separation bubble on the upper surface even at high angles of attack, increasing the stall angle.展开更多
文摘High-speed rotor rotation under the low-density condition creates a special low-Reynolds compressible flow around the rotor blade airfoil where the compressibility effect on the laminar separated shear layer occurs. However, the compressibility effect and shock wave generation associated with the increase in the Mach number (M) and the trend change due to their interference have not been clarified. The purpose is to clear the compressibility effect and its impact of shock wave generation on the flow field and aerodynamics. Therefore, we perform a two-dimensional unsteady calculation by Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using the CLF5605 airfoil used in the Mars helicopter Ingenuity, which succeeded in its first flight on Mars. The calculation conditions are set to the Reynolds number (Re) at 75% rotor span in hovering (Re = 15,400), and the Mach number was varied from incompressible (M = 0.2) to transonic (M = 1.2). The compressible fluid dynamics solver FaSTAR developed by the Japan aerospace exploration agency (JAXA) is used, and calculations are performed under multiple conditions in which the Mach number and angle of attack (α) are swept. The results show that a flow field is similar to that in the Earth’s atmosphere above M = 1.0, such as bow shock at the leading edge, whereas multiple λ-type shock waves are observed over the separated shear layer above α = 3° at M = 0.80. However, no significant difference is found in the C<sub>p</sub> distribution around the airfoil between M = 0.6 and M = 0.8. From the results, it is found that multiple λ-type shock waves have no significant effect on the airfoil surface pressure distribution, the separated shear layer effect is dominant in the surface pressure change and aerodynamic characteristics.
文摘In this study, we apply the optical flow method to the time-series shadowgraph images of impinging jets using a high-speed video camera with high spatial and temporal resolution. This image analysis provides quantitative velocity vector fields in the object space without tracer particles. The analysis results clearly capture the details of the coherent vortex structure and its advection from the shear layer of the free jet. Although the results still leave challenges for the quantitative validation, the results show that this analysis method is effective for understanding the details of the physical phenomenon based on the quantitative values extracted from the shadowgraph images.
文摘In this study, we experimentally investigate the effects of mainstream turbulence intensity (<em>T<sub>i</sub></em>) on a leading-edge separation bubble under low-Reynolds number (<em>Re<sub>c</sub></em>) conditions range of 2.0 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 6.0 × 10<sup>4</sup>. We used a flat plate to fix a separation point at the leading edge. Also, we visualized the behavior of the leading-edge separation bubble using the smoke wire technique and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurement. Furthermore, we measured the effect of <em style="white-space:normal;">T<sub>i</sub></em> on the turbulent transition process in the separated shear layer using a hot-wire anemometer. The results indicate that the bypass transition for large <em style="white-space:normal;">T<sub>i</sub></em> causes the turbulent transition, and so accelerates the reattachment of the separated shear layer. The results show that the bypass transition promotes the reattachment of the separated shear layer to maintain the leading-edge separation bubble on the upper surface even at high angles of attack, increasing the stall angle.
