Background The World Health Organization＇s ＂Framework Convention on Tobacco Control＂ came into effect in China in 2006. Since then, a series of tobacco control measures has been undertaken, including the first step...Background The World Health Organization＇s ＂Framework Convention on Tobacco Control＂ came into effect in China in 2006. Since then, a series of tobacco control measures has been undertaken, including the first step to establish a coordinated network of stop-smoking clinics in Chinese hospitals. Training for stop-smoking specialists has been traditionally provided via printed materials. This study evaluated the outcomes of the first two intensive 3-day courses in smoking cessation in China run in collaboration with experts who provide training to UK Specialist Stop Smoking Service. Methods Eighty-four doctors from 38 cities in China responsible for stop-smoking treatment in 20 provinces and four autonomous regions participated in the training courses. Participants＇ knowledge competencies and self-efficacy were assessed before and after the authentication training. Results The training significantly improved participants＇ knowledge, skills and self-efficacy across different domains. Forty-eight participants were finally certified as ＂smoking cessation specialist＂. Conclusions The UK model of face-to-face training was acceptable and effective in China. A relatively brief intensive training program can generate significant improvements in skills, knowledge, and readiness to engage in smoking cessation activities.展开更多
Climate change is causing more frequent and severe climatic events,such as extreme heat and co-occurring drought,potentially accelerating tree mortality.Which tree species will cope better with those extreme events is...Climate change is causing more frequent and severe climatic events,such as extreme heat and co-occurring drought,potentially accelerating tree mortality.Which tree species will cope better with those extreme events is still being researched.This study focuses on heat as a physiological stress factor and interspecifi c variation of thermal tolerance and sensitivity traits in 15 temperate coniferous and broad-leaved tree species.We investigate(1)whether thermal tolerance and sensitivity traits correlate with a droughtrelated physiological trait,particularly the leaf turgor loss point(πtlp,wilting point),and(2)how thermal tolerance and sensitivity traits co-vary within diff erent tree-functional types classifi ed by morphological and physiological traits of the leaf,i.e.,leaf mass per area(LMA)and percentage loss of area(PLA).The study was carried out in the Traunstein Forest Dynamics Plot of the ForestGEO network in Germany.The temperature response of the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II(F_(v)/F_(m))on leaf discs was determined,from which various physiological leaf traits were estimated,one of which is the breaking point temperature(T_(5)),the temperature at which F_(v)/F_(m)declines by 5%.Additionally,the temperature of 50%(T_(50))and 95%(T_(95))decline in F_(v)/F_(m)was evaluated.The decline width between T_(50)and T 5(DW T_(50)−T_(5))was taken as an indicator of the species’thermal sensitivity.The breaking point temperature ranged from 35.4±3.0 to 47.9±3.9℃among the investigated tree species and T 50 ranged between 46.1±0.4 and 53.6±0.7℃.A large interspecifi c variation of thermal tolerance and sensitivity was found.European ash(Fraxinus excelsior L.)was the most heat-sensitive species,while Wild cherry(Prunus avium L.)was the least heat-sensitive species.Species with a more negativeπtlp tended to have a higher breaking point temperature than species with a less negativeπtlp.A lower thermal sensitivity characterized species with a higher LMA,and high PLA was found in species with low therma展开更多
Silver fir(Abies alba Mill.)is a flexible European tree species,mainly vegetating within the mountainous regions of Europe,but its growth responses across its latitudinal and longitudinal range have not yet been satis...Silver fir(Abies alba Mill.)is a flexible European tree species,mainly vegetating within the mountainous regions of Europe,but its growth responses across its latitudinal and longitudinal range have not yet been satisfactorily verified under changing environmental conditions.This study describes the tree-ring increment of silver fir in research plots across a latitudinal gradient from the northern range in Czechia(CZ),through Croatia(HR)to the southernmost range in Italy(IT).The research aims to analyze in detail the dynamics and cyclicity of the ringwidth index(RWI)and how it relates to climatic factors(temperature and precipitation),the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO),and total solar irradiance(TSI),including the determination of latitude.The results show that the main drivers affecting fir growth are the seasonal NAO index and TSI.Monthly temperatures affect RWI early in the vegetation season,while lack of precipitation during the summer is a limiting factor for fir growth,especially in July.Seasonal temperatures and temperatures in June and July negatively impact,while seasonal precipitation totals in the same months positively influence the RWI in all research plots across meridian.The longest growth cycles in fir RWI were recorded in the northernmost studied plots in CZ.These cyclical fluctuations recede approaching the south.The cyclic increase in RWI is related to the TSI,which decreases its effect from north to south.The TSI's effects vary,positively impacting CZ but negatively influencing HR while remaining relatively neutral in IT.On the other hand,seasonal NAO tends to negatively affect silver fir growth in HR and CZ but has a mildly positive effect in IT.In conclusion,the TSI and the influence of the seasonal NAO index are prevalent in the fir RWI and are accompanied by a greater cyclicity of RWI in Central Europe(temperature optimum)than in the Italian Mediterranean region,where this tree species is limited by climatic conditions,especially lack of precipitation.展开更多
位于自然风景区内的建筑,其形态应该从整体上服从周围环境。当然,建筑作为稳定的具有一定时间年限的具象空间,亦需要借助于周围环境,与其产生恰当而和谐的布局与比例关系,以获得完美的造型表现。本案是克尔科诺谢山环境教育中心,位于捷...位于自然风景区内的建筑,其形态应该从整体上服从周围环境。当然,建筑作为稳定的具有一定时间年限的具象空间,亦需要借助于周围环境,与其产生恰当而和谐的布局与比例关系,以获得完美的造型表现。本案是克尔科诺谢山环境教育中心,位于捷克克尔科诺谢山国家公园（Krkonose Mountains National Park）内,作为国家公园内的建筑,必须把握好两个基本点,一是与环境相融,二是绿色环保。本案正是以此为设计基准展开的,最终创造了这个有序而又充满浪漫空间理念的非凡空间。展开更多
AIM: To assess the functional status and etiology of liver cirrhosis by quantitative 31p magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).METHODS: A total of 80 patients with liver cirrhosis of different etiology and functional ...AIM: To assess the functional status and etiology of liver cirrhosis by quantitative 31p magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).METHODS: A total of 80 patients with liver cirrhosis of different etiology and functional status described by Child-Pugh score were examined and compared to 11 healthy volunteers. MR examination was performed on a 1.5 T imager using a 1H/31P surface coil by the 2D chemical shift imaging technique.Absolute concentrations of phosphomonoesters (PME),phosphodiesters (PDE), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were measured.RESULTS: MRS changes reflected the degree of liver dysfunction in all the patients as well as in individual etiological groups. The most important change was a decrease of PDE. It was possible to distinguish alcoholic,viral and cholestatic etiologies based on MR spectra.Alcoholic and viral etiology differed in PDE (alcoholic,viral, controls: 6.5±2.3, 6.5±3.1, 10.8±2.7 mmol/L,P＜0.001) and ATP (alcoholic, viral, controls: 2.9±0.8, 2.8±0.9, 3.7±1.0 mmol/L, P＜0.01) from the control group.Unlike viral etiology, patients with alcoholic etiology also differed in Pi (alcoholic, controls: 1.2±0.4, 1.6±0.6mmol/L, P＜0.05) from controls. No significant changes were found in patients with cholestatic disease and controls; nevertheless, this group differed from both alcoholic and viral groups (cholestatic, alcoholic, viral: 9.4±2.7, 6.5±2.3, 6.5±3.1 mmol/L, P＜0.005) in PDE.CONCLUSION: 31p MRS can significantly help in noninvasive separation of different etiological groups leading to liver cirrhosis. In addition, MRS changes reflect functional liver injury.展开更多
Background Remote monitoring(RM)is increasingly employed for all types of cardiac implantable devices(CIED).However,there are only limited data on the acceptance of RM by the elderly.The aim of our study was to ascert...Background Remote monitoring(RM)is increasingly employed for all types of cardiac implantable devices(CIED).However,there are only limited data on the acceptance of RM by the elderly.The aim of our study was to ascertain how octogenarians assess RM technologies compared to younger,presumably technically more literate patients,and what concerns or technical problems the system presents to both groups of patients.Methods The trial was designed as a descriptive,register-based single-center study.The study population consisted of all consecutive patients≥80 years of age(group A,n=94)and all consecutive patients aged≤40 years(group B,n=71),who had undergone implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator(ICD)between the years of 2009 and 2018 and were using a Home Monitoring?(HM,Biotronik,Berlin,Germany)system.All patients fulfilling entry criteria were approached with a request to participate in the survey.Results A total of 85(90.4%)and 65(91.5%)valid surveys were obtained for groups A and B,respectively.Ninety-two percent of patients in both groups(P=0.903)were satisfied with the limited number of planned ambulatory follow-ups(i.e.,once a year).All patients in both groups(100%)reported that they were satisfied with the HM system,and 97%and 94%of patients in Groups A and B,respectively,ranked it highly beneficial(P=0.68).A significant proportion of patients in both groups were completely unaware of any health-related benefits associated with the use of the HM system(42%in Group A vs.49%in Group B,P=0.4).Among the most frequently reported personal benefits of HM were a sense of safety and security and savings on travel expenses and time.5%and 9%of patients in Groups A and B,respectively,reported that usage of HM caused them some degree of psychological stress(P=0.27).Nearly all patients in both groups reported receiving information on HM from their doctor after ICD implantation.None of Group A reported receiving information from a nurse either before or after ICD implantation,while 14%of Group B patient展开更多
文摘Background The World Health Organization＇s ＂Framework Convention on Tobacco Control＂ came into effect in China in 2006. Since then, a series of tobacco control measures has been undertaken, including the first step to establish a coordinated network of stop-smoking clinics in Chinese hospitals. Training for stop-smoking specialists has been traditionally provided via printed materials. This study evaluated the outcomes of the first two intensive 3-day courses in smoking cessation in China run in collaboration with experts who provide training to UK Specialist Stop Smoking Service. Methods Eighty-four doctors from 38 cities in China responsible for stop-smoking treatment in 20 provinces and four autonomous regions participated in the training courses. Participants＇ knowledge competencies and self-efficacy were assessed before and after the authentication training. Results The training significantly improved participants＇ knowledge, skills and self-efficacy across different domains. Forty-eight participants were finally certified as ＂smoking cessation specialist＂. Conclusions The UK model of face-to-face training was acceptable and effective in China. A relatively brief intensive training program can generate significant improvements in skills, knowledge, and readiness to engage in smoking cessation activities.
文摘Climate change is causing more frequent and severe climatic events,such as extreme heat and co-occurring drought,potentially accelerating tree mortality.Which tree species will cope better with those extreme events is still being researched.This study focuses on heat as a physiological stress factor and interspecifi c variation of thermal tolerance and sensitivity traits in 15 temperate coniferous and broad-leaved tree species.We investigate(1)whether thermal tolerance and sensitivity traits correlate with a droughtrelated physiological trait,particularly the leaf turgor loss point(πtlp,wilting point),and(2)how thermal tolerance and sensitivity traits co-vary within diff erent tree-functional types classifi ed by morphological and physiological traits of the leaf,i.e.,leaf mass per area(LMA)and percentage loss of area(PLA).The study was carried out in the Traunstein Forest Dynamics Plot of the ForestGEO network in Germany.The temperature response of the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II(F_(v)/F_(m))on leaf discs was determined,from which various physiological leaf traits were estimated,one of which is the breaking point temperature(T_(5)),the temperature at which F_(v)/F_(m)declines by 5%.Additionally,the temperature of 50%(T_(50))and 95%(T_(95))decline in F_(v)/F_(m)was evaluated.The decline width between T_(50)and T 5(DW T_(50)−T_(5))was taken as an indicator of the species’thermal sensitivity.The breaking point temperature ranged from 35.4±3.0 to 47.9±3.9℃among the investigated tree species and T 50 ranged between 46.1±0.4 and 53.6±0.7℃.A large interspecifi c variation of thermal tolerance and sensitivity was found.European ash(Fraxinus excelsior L.)was the most heat-sensitive species,while Wild cherry(Prunus avium L.)was the least heat-sensitive species.Species with a more negativeπtlp tended to have a higher breaking point temperature than species with a less negativeπtlp.A lower thermal sensitivity characterized species with a higher LMA,and high PLA was found in species with low therma
基金supported by the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences(No.IGA A_21_26)the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic(No.QK1910292 and QK21020371).
文摘Silver fir(Abies alba Mill.)is a flexible European tree species,mainly vegetating within the mountainous regions of Europe,but its growth responses across its latitudinal and longitudinal range have not yet been satisfactorily verified under changing environmental conditions.This study describes the tree-ring increment of silver fir in research plots across a latitudinal gradient from the northern range in Czechia(CZ),through Croatia(HR)to the southernmost range in Italy(IT).The research aims to analyze in detail the dynamics and cyclicity of the ringwidth index(RWI)and how it relates to climatic factors(temperature and precipitation),the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO),and total solar irradiance(TSI),including the determination of latitude.The results show that the main drivers affecting fir growth are the seasonal NAO index and TSI.Monthly temperatures affect RWI early in the vegetation season,while lack of precipitation during the summer is a limiting factor for fir growth,especially in July.Seasonal temperatures and temperatures in June and July negatively impact,while seasonal precipitation totals in the same months positively influence the RWI in all research plots across meridian.The longest growth cycles in fir RWI were recorded in the northernmost studied plots in CZ.These cyclical fluctuations recede approaching the south.The cyclic increase in RWI is related to the TSI,which decreases its effect from north to south.The TSI's effects vary,positively impacting CZ but negatively influencing HR while remaining relatively neutral in IT.On the other hand,seasonal NAO tends to negatively affect silver fir growth in HR and CZ but has a mildly positive effect in IT.In conclusion,the TSI and the influence of the seasonal NAO index are prevalent in the fir RWI and are accompanied by a greater cyclicity of RWI in Central Europe(temperature optimum)than in the Italian Mediterranean region,where this tree species is limited by climatic conditions,especially lack of precipitation.
文摘位于自然风景区内的建筑,其形态应该从整体上服从周围环境。当然,建筑作为稳定的具有一定时间年限的具象空间,亦需要借助于周围环境,与其产生恰当而和谐的布局与比例关系,以获得完美的造型表现。本案是克尔科诺谢山环境教育中心,位于捷克克尔科诺谢山国家公园（Krkonose Mountains National Park）内,作为国家公园内的建筑,必须把握好两个基本点,一是与环境相融,二是绿色环保。本案正是以此为设计基准展开的,最终创造了这个有序而又充满浪漫空间理念的非凡空间。
基金Supported by grant from Ministry of Health IGA 7853-3, and MZO 00023001, Czech Republic
文摘AIM: To assess the functional status and etiology of liver cirrhosis by quantitative 31p magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).METHODS: A total of 80 patients with liver cirrhosis of different etiology and functional status described by Child-Pugh score were examined and compared to 11 healthy volunteers. MR examination was performed on a 1.5 T imager using a 1H/31P surface coil by the 2D chemical shift imaging technique.Absolute concentrations of phosphomonoesters (PME),phosphodiesters (PDE), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were measured.RESULTS: MRS changes reflected the degree of liver dysfunction in all the patients as well as in individual etiological groups. The most important change was a decrease of PDE. It was possible to distinguish alcoholic,viral and cholestatic etiologies based on MR spectra.Alcoholic and viral etiology differed in PDE (alcoholic,viral, controls: 6.5±2.3, 6.5±3.1, 10.8±2.7 mmol/L,P＜0.001) and ATP (alcoholic, viral, controls: 2.9±0.8, 2.8±0.9, 3.7±1.0 mmol/L, P＜0.01) from the control group.Unlike viral etiology, patients with alcoholic etiology also differed in Pi (alcoholic, controls: 1.2±0.4, 1.6±0.6mmol/L, P＜0.05) from controls. No significant changes were found in patients with cholestatic disease and controls; nevertheless, this group differed from both alcoholic and viral groups (cholestatic, alcoholic, viral: 9.4±2.7, 6.5±2.3, 6.5±3.1 mmol/L, P＜0.005) in PDE.CONCLUSION: 31p MRS can significantly help in noninvasive separation of different etiological groups leading to liver cirrhosis. In addition, MRS changes reflect functional liver injury.
基金the Grant Agency of the University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice(project registration No.GAJU 079/2019/S)the Foundation Cardiac Center Ceske Budejovice for their financial support covering article processing and publication charges。
文摘Background Remote monitoring(RM)is increasingly employed for all types of cardiac implantable devices(CIED).However,there are only limited data on the acceptance of RM by the elderly.The aim of our study was to ascertain how octogenarians assess RM technologies compared to younger,presumably technically more literate patients,and what concerns or technical problems the system presents to both groups of patients.Methods The trial was designed as a descriptive,register-based single-center study.The study population consisted of all consecutive patients≥80 years of age(group A,n=94)and all consecutive patients aged≤40 years(group B,n=71),who had undergone implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator(ICD)between the years of 2009 and 2018 and were using a Home Monitoring?(HM,Biotronik,Berlin,Germany)system.All patients fulfilling entry criteria were approached with a request to participate in the survey.Results A total of 85(90.4%)and 65(91.5%)valid surveys were obtained for groups A and B,respectively.Ninety-two percent of patients in both groups(P=0.903)were satisfied with the limited number of planned ambulatory follow-ups(i.e.,once a year).All patients in both groups(100%)reported that they were satisfied with the HM system,and 97%and 94%of patients in Groups A and B,respectively,ranked it highly beneficial(P=0.68).A significant proportion of patients in both groups were completely unaware of any health-related benefits associated with the use of the HM system(42%in Group A vs.49%in Group B,P=0.4).Among the most frequently reported personal benefits of HM were a sense of safety and security and savings on travel expenses and time.5%and 9%of patients in Groups A and B,respectively,reported that usage of HM caused them some degree of psychological stress(P=0.27).Nearly all patients in both groups reported receiving information on HM from their doctor after ICD implantation.None of Group A reported receiving information from a nurse either before or after ICD implantation,while 14%of Group B patient
