Generally, wounds are of two categories, such as chronic and acute. Chronic wounds takes time to heal when compared to the acute wounds. Chronic wounds include vasculitis, non healing ulcer, pyoderma gangrenosum, and ...Generally, wounds are of two categories, such as chronic and acute. Chronic wounds takes time to heal when compared to the acute wounds. Chronic wounds include vasculitis, non healing ulcer, pyoderma gangrenosum, and diseases that cause ischemia. Chronic wounds are rapidly increasing among the elderly population with dysfunctional valves in their lower extremity deep veins, ulcer, neuropathic foot and pressure ulcers. The process of the healing of wounds has several steps with the involvement of immune cells and several other cell types. There are many evidences supporting the hypothesis that apoptosis of immune cells is involved in the wound healing process by ending inflammatory condition. It is also involved in the resolution of various phases of tissue repair. During final steps of wound healing most of the endothelial cells, macrophagesand myofibroblasts undergo apoptosis or exit from the wound, leaving a mass that contains few cells and consists mostly of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins to provide strength to the healing tissue. This review discusses the various phases of wound healing both in the chronic and acute wounds especially during diabetes mellitus and thus support the hypothesis that the oxidative stress, apoptosis, connexins and other molecules involved in the regulation of chronic wound healing in diabetes mellitus and gives proper understanding of the mechanisms controlling apoptosis and tissue repair during diabetes and may eventually develop therapeutic modalities to fasten the healing process in diabetic patients.展开更多
Background:Palatal rugae are asymmetrical elevations present on hard palate and are significant due to their uniqueness,stability and thus,aid in forensic identification.Objective:The objective is to determine palatal...Background:Palatal rugae are asymmetrical elevations present on hard palate and are significant due to their uniqueness,stability and thus,aid in forensic identification.Objective:The objective is to determine palatal rugae morphology between parents and their offsprings and to determine their genetic inheritance.Materials and Methods:This randomized controlled cross-sectional single-blinded study was conducted on 50 families(randomly selected)who visited Vyas Dental College and Hospital.A total of 150 maxillary study models were examined and rugae were delineated and shape,size,and pattern of rugae were recorded.Results:Weak but significant correlation was seen in the nonspecific and angular type of palatal rugae between child and mother and child and father as P<0.05.Matching with either or both of their parent was seen for curved,wavy,divergent,straight,horseshoe,angular,and nonspecific type of rugae with the higher%of wavy pattern matching(52%with mother and 54%with father).A considerable number of samples showed high heritability of primary and secondary rugae from both parents,but more predominantly to their mothers(branched,nonspecific,and straight).Conclusion:Both environmental and genetic factors can influence the rugae pattern.Further,studies should be conducted on a larger sample size to get more significant results.展开更多
Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)originate from many sources,including the bone marrow and adipose tissue,and differentiate into various cell types,such as osteoblasts and adipocytes.Recent studies on MSCs have revealed th...Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)originate from many sources,including the bone marrow and adipose tissue,and differentiate into various cell types,such as osteoblasts and adipocytes.Recent studies on MSCs have revealed that many transcription factors and signaling pathways control osteogenic development.Osteogenesis is the process by which new bones are formed;it also aids in bone remodeling.Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenetic protein(BMP)signaling pathways are involved in many cellular processes and considered to be essential for life.Wnt/β-catenin and BMPs are important for bone formation in mammalian development and various regulatory activities in the body.Recent studies have indicated that these two signaling pathways contribute to osteogenic differen-tiation.Active Wnt signaling pathway promotes osteogenesis by activating the downstream targets of the BMP signaling pathway.Here,we briefly review the molecular processes underlying the crosstalk between these two pathways and explain their participation in osteogenic differentiation,emphasizing the canonical pathways.This review also discusses the crosstalk mechanisms of Wnt/BMP signaling with Notch-and extracellular-regulated kinases in osteogenic differentiation and bone development.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antidiabetic potential of methanolic extract of Albizia odoratissima Benth.bark in alloxan induced diabetic mice.Methods:Group-Ⅰ(normal control) mice received only basal diet without any tre...Objective:To evaluate the antidiabetic potential of methanolic extract of Albizia odoratissima Benth.bark in alloxan induced diabetic mice.Methods:Group-Ⅰ(normal control) mice received only basal diet without any treatment.In Group-Ⅱ(Diabetic control) mice,diabetes was induced by alloxan(150 mg/kg i.p.) and received only Tween 80.5%v/v in normal saline. Group-Ⅲand Group-Ⅳmice received metformin(10 mg/kg) and gliclazide(10 mg/kg) as standard drugs.Group-ⅤandⅥmice received methanolic bark extract of Albizia odoratissima at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight p.o.,respectively.Results:The results of the study indicates that Albizia odoratissima bark extract significantly(P【0.01) reduced the blood sugar level.The bark extract also significantly reduced the levels of serum cholesterol,triglycerides, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase,serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase,alkaline phosphatase and decreases level of total proteins in alloxan induced diabetic mice.Conclusions: Methanolic extract of Albizia odoratissima has protective effects on the protection of vital tissues(pancreas,kidney,liver,heart and spleen),thereby reducing the causation of diabetes in experimental animals.展开更多
Pathogens generate and secrete effector proteins to the host plant cells during pathogenesis to promote virulence and colonization.If the plant carries resistance(R)proteins that recognize pathogen effectors,effector-...Pathogens generate and secrete effector proteins to the host plant cells during pathogenesis to promote virulence and colonization.If the plant carries resistance(R)proteins that recognize pathogen effectors,effector-triggered immunity(ETI)is activated,resulting in a robust immune response and hypersensitive response(HR).The bipartite effector AvrRps4 from Pseudomonas syringae pv.pisi has been well studied in terms of avirulence function.In planta,AvrRps4 is processed into two parts.The Cterminal fragment of AvrRps4(AvrRps4^(C))induces HR in turnip and is recognized by the paired resistance proteins AtRRS1/AtRPS4 in Arabidopsis.Here,we show that AvrRps4^(C)targets a group of Arabidopsis WRKY,including WRKY46,WRKY53,WRKY54,and WRKY70,to induce its virulence function.Indeed,AvrRps4^(C)suppresses the general binding and transcriptional activities of immune-positive regulator WRKY54 and WRKY54-mediated resistance.AvrRps4^(C)interferes with WRKY54's binding activity to target gene SARD1 in vitro,suggesting WRKY54 is sequestered from the SARD1 promoter by AvrRps4^(C).Through the interaction of Avr Rps4^(C)with four WRKYs,AvrRps4 enhances the formation of homo-/heterotypic complexes of four WRKYs and sequesters them in the cytoplasm,thus inhibiting their function in plant immunity.Together,our results provide a detailed virulence mechanism of AvrRps4 through its C-terminus.展开更多
Extensive vascular network and proximity to the gastrointestinal tract make the liver susceptible to abscess formation.While pyogenic liver abscesses account for the majority of liver abscesses in the Western world,am...Extensive vascular network and proximity to the gastrointestinal tract make the liver susceptible to abscess formation.While pyogenic liver abscesses account for the majority of liver abscesses in the Western world,amebic liver abscesses are more prevalent in tropical and developing nations.Most liver abscesses heal without complications.However,various vascular complications can occur in these patients,including compression of the inferior vena cava,thrombosis of the portal vein and/or hepatic veins,hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm,direct rupture into major vessels or the pericardium,and biliovascular fistula.These compli-cations can present significant clinical challenges due to the potential for hae-morrhage,ischemia,and systemic embolism,thereby increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality.Mechanical compression,flow stasis,inflammation,endothelial injury,and direct invasion are some of the proposed mechanisms that can cause vascular complications in the setting of a liver abscess.For the diag-nosis,thorough assessment,and therapeutic planning of vascular complications,more sophisticated imaging techniques such as multidetector computed tomo-graphy angiography or magnetic resonance angiography may be necessary.Although most vascular complications resolve with abscess treatment alone,additional interventions may be required based on the nature,severity,and course of the complications.This article aims to provide a systematic update on the spectrum of vascular complications of liver abscesses,offering insights into their pathogenesis,diagnosis,and management strategies.展开更多
We examined habitat preferences and nesting requirements of sympatric populations of Middle Spotted Woodpecker(Dendrocoptes medius) and Syrian Woodpecker(Dendrocopos syriacus).We carried out our study in 2015–2018 in...We examined habitat preferences and nesting requirements of sympatric populations of Middle Spotted Woodpecker(Dendrocoptes medius) and Syrian Woodpecker(Dendrocopos syriacus).We carried out our study in 2015–2018 in natural mountain forests of Southwest Iran.We compared selected features of nesting,territory,and outside territory tree stands of the studied woodpeckers.The Middle Spotted Woodpecker occupied only oak forests,but the Syrian Woodpecker inhabited heterogenic forests that included the preferred tree of this species,the Mount Atlas Mastic.We recorded that in the breeding territories of the Middle Spotted Woodpecker,a greater area covered by tree crowns,as well as a larger number of trees,and a larger trunk basal area were observed in comparison to the territories occupied by the more plastic Syrian Woodpecker.Different habitat preferences demonstrated by both species could be a result of the selection of tree stands that provide the necessary food resources for each woodpecker species.Adaptation of Syrian Woodpecker to use heterogenic forest stands including tree species that produce fruits and as Mount Atlas Mastic trees,which likely allowed this species to colonise in Asia and Europe non-forest tree stands as orchards or gardens.Our results showed that poor tree condition and large tree trunk dimensions had a positive impact on the selection of nesting sites by both species.The presence of trees with large trunk dimensions was associated with multiple years of use of woodpecker breeding sites in the studied forests.Maintaining habitats in suitable condition for both studied woodpeckers can be achieved by preserving natural forests in the mountain regions of Iran.展开更多
Objective： To identify the main character- istics of victims of motorcycle accidents in Fars Province, Iran. Methods： This cross-sectional study was conducted in Fars Province which has the fourth largest populatio...Objective： To identify the main character- istics of victims of motorcycle accidents in Fars Province, Iran. Methods： This cross-sectional study was conducted in Fars Province which has the fourth largest population of all 31 provinces in Iran from March 2009 to June 2010. We included data from all 542 recorded cases of fatalities due to motor vehicle accidents. Data were recorded from the foren- sic medicine registry consisting of demographic and acci- dent-related information. Demographic information con- sisted of name, age, sex, status of fatal victim （motorcycle driver vs passenger） and educational level. Results： Of the 2 345 autopsy records from the foren- sic medicine archives, 542 （23.1%） gave the cause of death as motor vehicle accidents. Mean age of these victims was （31.4±16.5） years, and the male to female ratio was 28. Head injury was the most common cause of death in these victims, and overall they tended to have a low level of education. Motorcycle accidents frequently involved younger age groups （15-35 years）, and head trauma related with non-use of a helmet was the most common cause of death. Conclusions： Head injury is frequent among victims in the province we studied. This situation may be related to the victims＇ low socioeconomic status and little education regarding traffic laws leading to speeding and disregard of these laws along with their weak enforcement.展开更多
Callose,aβ-1,3-glucan plant cell wall polymer,regulates symplasmic channel size at plasmodesmata(PD)and plays a crucial role in a variety of plant processes.However,elucidating the molecular mechanism of PD callose h...Callose,aβ-1,3-glucan plant cell wall polymer,regulates symplasmic channel size at plasmodesmata(PD)and plays a crucial role in a variety of plant processes.However,elucidating the molecular mechanism of PD callose homeostasis is limited.We screened and identified an Arabidopsis mutant plant with excessive callose deposition at PD and found that the mutated gene wasα1-COP,a member of the coat protein I(COPI)coatomer complex.We report that loss of function ofα1-COP elevates the callose accumulation at PD by affecting subcellular protein localization of callose degradation enzyme Pd BG2.This process is linked to the functions of ERH1,an inositol phosphoryl ceramide synthase,and glucosylceramide synthase through physical interactions with theα1-COP protein.Additionally,the loss of function ofα1-COP alters the subcellular localization of ERH1 and GCS proteins,resulting in a reduction of Glc Cers and Glc HCers molecules,which are key sphingolipid(SL)species for lipid raft formation.Our findings suggest thatα1-COP protein,together with SL modifiers controlling lipid raft compositions,regulates the subcellular localization of GPI-anchored PDBG2 proteins,and hence the callose turnover at PD and symplasmic movement of biomolecules.Our findings provide the first key clue to link the COPI-mediated intracellular trafficking pathway to the callose-mediated intercellular signaling pathway through PD.展开更多
The yield potential of rice is seriously affected by heat stress due to climate change. Since rice is a staple food globally, it is imperative to develop heat-resistant rice varieties. Thus, a thorough understanding o...The yield potential of rice is seriously affected by heat stress due to climate change. Since rice is a staple food globally, it is imperative to develop heat-resistant rice varieties. Thus, a thorough understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying heat tolerance and the impact of high temperatures on various critical stages of the crop is needed. Adoption of both conventional and innovative breeding strategies offers a long-term advantage over other methods, such as agronomic practices, to counter heat stress. In this review, we summarize the effects of heat stress, regulatory pathways for heat tolerance, phenotyping strategies, and various breeding methods available for developing heat-tolerant rice. We offer perspectives and knowledge to guide future research endeavors aimed at enhancing the ability of rice to withstand heat stress and ultimately benefit humanity.展开更多
Wastewater contamination by heavy metals and synthetic dyes presents a significant environmental challenge,necessitating effective and sustainable separation techniques.This review article provides a detailed examinat...Wastewater contamination by heavy metals and synthetic dyes presents a significant environmental challenge,necessitating effective and sustainable separation techniques.This review article provides a detailed examination of magnesium oxide(MgO)nanoparticles as an innovative nanoadsorbent for wastewater treatment,with a specific focus on heavy metal and dye removal.The review comprehensively explores various aspects of MgO nanoparticles,including their structural characteristics and synthesis techniques.The article delves into the morphology and crystallographic arrangement of MgO nanoparticles,offering insights into their structural attributes.Given the complexity of adsorption processes,the review identifies and analyzes parameters influencing the adsorption efficiency of MgO nanoparticles,such as temperature,pH,contact time,initial concentration,and co-existing ions.The interplay between these parameters and the adsorption capability of MgO nanoparticles emphasizes the importance of optimizing operational conditions.Furthermore,the review assesses various synthesis methods for MgO nanoparticles,including sol-gel,hydrothermal,precipitation,green synthesis,solvothermal,and template-assisted techniques.It discusses the advantages,limitations,and resulting nanoparticle characteristics of each method,enabling readers to grasp the implications of synthesis processes on adsorption efficiency.This comprehensive review consolidates current insights into the effectiveness of MgO nanoparticles as a potent nanoadsorbent for removing heavy metals and dyes from wastewater covering a wide spectrum of aspects related to MgO nanoparticles.Moreover,there is a need to investigate the use of MgO in the treatment of actual wastewater or river water,in order to leverage its cost-effectiveness and high efficiency for practical water treatment applications in real-time.展开更多
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)is proven to be safe in treating various neurological conditions in children and adolescents.It is also an effective method in the treatment of OCD in adults.AIM...BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)is proven to be safe in treating various neurological conditions in children and adolescents.It is also an effective method in the treatment of OCD in adults.AIM To assess the safety and efficacy of tDCS as an add-on therapy in drug-naive adolescents with OCD.METHODS We studied drug-naïve adolescents with OCD,using a Children’s Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale(CY-BOCS)scale to assess their condition.Both active and sham groups were given fluoxetine,and we applied cathode and anode over the supplementary motor area and deltoid for 20 min in 10 sessions.Reassessment occurred at 2,6,and 12 wk using CY-BOCS.RESULTS Eighteen adolescents completed the study(10-active,8-sham group).CY-BOCS scores from baseline to 12 wk reduced significantly in both groups but change at baseline to 2 wk was significant in the active group only.The mean change at 2 wk was more in the active group(11.8±7.77 vs 5.25±2.22,P=0.056).Adverse effects between the groups were comparable.CONCLUSION tDCS is safe and well tolerated for the treatment of OCD in adolescents.However,there is a need for further studies with a larger sample population to confirm the effectiveness of tDCS as early augmentation in OCD in this population.展开更多
Code converters are essential in digital nano communication;therefore,a low-complexity optimal QCA layout for a BCD to Excess-3 code converter has been proposed in this paper.A QCA clockphase-based design technique wa...Code converters are essential in digital nano communication;therefore,a low-complexity optimal QCA layout for a BCD to Excess-3 code converter has been proposed in this paper.A QCA clockphase-based design technique was adopted to investigate integration with other complicated circuits.Using a unique XOR gate,the recommended circuit’s cell complexity has been decreased.The findings produced using the QCADesigner-2.0.3,a reliable simulation tool,prove the effectiveness of the current structure over earlier designs by considering the number of cells deployed,the area occupied,and the latency as design metrics.In addition,the popular tool QCAPro was used to estimate the energy dissipation of the proposed design.The proposed technique reduces the occupied space by∼40%,improves cell complexity by∼20%,and reduces energy dissipation by∼1.8 times(atγ=1.5EK)compared to the current scalable designs.This paper also studied the suggested structure’s energy dissipation and compared it to existing works for a better performance evaluation.展开更多
Organic-inorganic hybrids are next-generation materials for use in high-performance optoelectronic devices owing to their adaptabilities in terms of design and properties.This article reviews the application of hybrid...Organic-inorganic hybrids are next-generation materials for use in high-performance optoelectronic devices owing to their adaptabilities in terms of design and properties.This article reviews the application of hybrid materials and layers in several widely used optoelectronic devices,i.e.,light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation(LASER),solar cells,and light-emitting diodes(LEDs).The effects of the incorporation of inorganic particles on photostability and optical gain are analyzed in the first section with reference to dye and perovskite lasers.Second,the strategies used in blending inorganic nanostructures into organic solar cells and bulk heterojunctions are analyzed.The use of various organic layers as electron-and hole-transport materials in Si heterojunction solar cells is reviewed in detail.Finally,the benefits of the presence of organic components in quantum-dot-and perovskite-based LEDs are derived from the analysis.The integration of organic and inorganic components with optimal interfaces and morphologies is a challenge in developing hybrid materials with improved efficiencies.展开更多
The uncertainties associated with multi-area power systems comprising both thermal and distributed renewable generation(DRG)sources such as solar and wind necessitate the use of an efficient load frequency control(LFC...The uncertainties associated with multi-area power systems comprising both thermal and distributed renewable generation(DRG)sources such as solar and wind necessitate the use of an efficient load frequency control(LFC)technique.Therefore,a hybrid version of two metaheuristic algorithms(arithmetic optimization and African vulture’s optimization algorithm)is developed.It is called the‘arithmetic optimized African vulture’s optimization algorithm(AOAVOA)’.This algorithm is used to tune a novel type-2 fuzzy-based proportional–derivative branched with dual degree-of-freedom proportional–integral–derivative controller for the LFC of a three-area hybrid deregulated power system.Thermal,electric vehicle(EV),and DRG sources(including a solar panel and a wind turbine system)are con-nected in area-1.Area-2 involves thermal and gas-generating units(GUs),while thermal and geothermal units are linked in area-3.Practical restrictions such as thermo-boiler dynamics,thermal-governor dead-band,and genera-tion rate constraints are also considered.The proposed LFC method is compared to other controllers and optimizers to demonstrate its superiority in rejecting step and random load disturbances.By functioning as energy storage ele-ments,EVs and DRG units can enhance dynamic responses during peak demand.As a result,the effect of the afore-mentioned units on dynamic reactions is also investigated.To validate its effectiveness,the closed-loop system is subjected to robust stability analysis and is compared to various existing control schemes from the literature.It is determined that the suggested AOAVOA improves fitness by 40.20%over the arithmetic optimizer(AO),while fre-quency regulation is improved by 4.55%over an AO-tuned type-2 fuzzy-based branched controller.展开更多
Purpose： Both cannulated cancellous screw （CCS） and sliding hip screw （SHS） are used in femoral neck fracture fixations, hut which is superior is yet to be determined. This study was aimed to compare the clinicor...Purpose： Both cannulated cancellous screw （CCS） and sliding hip screw （SHS） are used in femoral neck fracture fixations, hut which is superior is yet to be determined. This study was aimed to compare the clinicoradiological outcome of femoral neck fracture treated with SHS or CCS in young adults. Methods： Adults （16-60 years） with femoral neck fracture were divided into Group I fixed with SHS and Group 2 fixed with three CCS after closed reduction. Pain relief, functional recovery and postoperative radiographs at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and then yearly for upto 4 years were analyzed. Results： Group 1 （n = 40） achieved radiological union at mean of Z6 months, with the union rate of 8Z5% （n = 35）, avascular necrosis （AVN） rate of 7.5% （n - 3） and mean Harris Hip Score （HHS） of 86.15 at the end of 4 years. In Group 2 （n = 45） these parameters were union at Z1 months, union rate of 82.22% （n = 37）, AVN rate of 6.67% （n = 3） and HHS of 88.65. Comparative results were statistically insignificant. Conclusion： There is no significant difference in clinicoradiological outcome between the two implants.展开更多
BACKGROUND The lymphatic system is crucial in maintaining the body fluid homeostasis.A dysfunctional lymphatic system may contribute to the refractoriness of ascites and edema in cirrhosis patients.Therefore,assessmen...BACKGROUND The lymphatic system is crucial in maintaining the body fluid homeostasis.A dysfunctional lymphatic system may contribute to the refractoriness of ascites and edema in cirrhosis patients.Therefore,assessment of lymphatic dysfunction in cirrhosis patients with refractory ascites(RA)can be crucial as it would call for using different strategies for fluid mobilization.AIM To assessing the magnitude,spectrum,and clinical associations of lymphatic dysfunction in liver cirrhosis patients with RA.METHODS This observational study included 155 consecutive cirrhosis patients with RA.The presence of clinical signs of lymphedema,such as peau d’orange appearance and positive Stemmer sign,intestinal lymphangiectasia(IL)on duodenal biopsy seen as dilated vessels in the lamina propria with strong D2-40 immunohistochemistry,and chylous ascites were used to diagnose the overt lymphatic dysfunctions.RESULTS A total of 69(44.5%)patients out of 155 had evidence of lymphatic dysfunction.Peripheral lymphedema,found in 52(33.5%)patients,was the most common manifestation,followed by IL in 42(27.0%)patients,and chylous ascites in 2(1.9%)patients.Compared to patients without lymphedema,those with lymphedema had higher mean age,median model for end-stage liver disease scores,mean body mass index,mean ascitic fluid triglyceride levels,and proportion of patients with hypoproteinemia(serum total protein<5 g/dL)and lymphocytopenia(<15%of total leukocyte count).Patients with IL also had a higher prevalence of lymphocytopenia and hypoproteinemia(28.6%vs.9.1%,P=0.004).Seven(13%)patients with lymphedema had lower limb cellulitis compared to none in those without it.On multivariate regression analysis,factors independently associated with lymphatic dysfunction included obesity[odds ratio(OR):4.2,95%confidence intervals(95%CI):1.1–15.2,P=0.027],lymphocytopenia[OR:6.2,95%CI:2.9–13.2,P<0.001],and hypoproteinemia[OR:3.7,95%CI:1.5–8.82,P=0.003].CONCLUSION Lymphatic dysfunction is common in cirrhosis patients with RA.Significant indicat展开更多
Objective： To determine the epidemio logical characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents in Fats Province of Iran. Methods： This crosssectional study was conducted in Fats Province of Iran during a 29month period...Objective： To determine the epidemio logical characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents in Fats Province of Iran. Methods： This crosssectional study was conducted in Fats Province of Iran during a 29month period from March 2009 to July 2011. The data were from the Fats Forensic Medi cine Registry, In 4 923 recorded road traffic accident fatalities, 971 deaths were due to pedestrian accidents. The demographic and accidentrelated information were analyzed by SPSS ver sion 11.5. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results： The mean age of decedents was （47.2±26.2） years, ranging from 6 months to 103 years old. Males ac counted for 69.8% of all deaths. Fatal accidents were mostcommon in September; 56.1% of the fatal injuries occurred on intracity roads and 33.1% on extracity roads. Fatal head injuries were present in 60.54% of cases. Evaluation of the injury site and the cause of death found that they were significantly associated with age, interval between injury and death. Besides, the type of roads played an important role in mortality. Conclusion： Although the clinical management of trauma patients has been improved in our country in the recent decade, decreasing the burden of injuries needs co ordination among trauma system organizations.展开更多
Recent advancements in perovskites’ application as a solar energy harvester have been astonishing. The power conversion efficiency(PCE) of perovskite solar cells(PSCs) is currently reaching parity(>25 percent), an...Recent advancements in perovskites’ application as a solar energy harvester have been astonishing. The power conversion efficiency(PCE) of perovskite solar cells(PSCs) is currently reaching parity(>25 percent), an accomplishment attained over past decades. PSCs are seen as perovskites sandwiched between an electron transporting material(ETM) and a hole transporting material(HTM). As a primary component of PSCs, HTM has been shown to have a considerable effect on solar energy harvesting, carrier extraction and transport, crystallization of perovskite, stability, and price. In PSCs, it is still necessary to use a HTM.While perovskites are capable of conducting holes, they are present in trace amounts, necessitating the use of an HTM layer for efficient charge extraction. In this review, we provide an understanding of the significant forms of HTM accessible(inorganic, polymeric and small molecule-based HTMs), to motivate further research and development of such materials. The identification of additional criteria suggests a significant challenge to high stability and affordability in PSC.展开更多
文摘Generally, wounds are of two categories, such as chronic and acute. Chronic wounds takes time to heal when compared to the acute wounds. Chronic wounds include vasculitis, non healing ulcer, pyoderma gangrenosum, and diseases that cause ischemia. Chronic wounds are rapidly increasing among the elderly population with dysfunctional valves in their lower extremity deep veins, ulcer, neuropathic foot and pressure ulcers. The process of the healing of wounds has several steps with the involvement of immune cells and several other cell types. There are many evidences supporting the hypothesis that apoptosis of immune cells is involved in the wound healing process by ending inflammatory condition. It is also involved in the resolution of various phases of tissue repair. During final steps of wound healing most of the endothelial cells, macrophagesand myofibroblasts undergo apoptosis or exit from the wound, leaving a mass that contains few cells and consists mostly of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins to provide strength to the healing tissue. This review discusses the various phases of wound healing both in the chronic and acute wounds especially during diabetes mellitus and thus support the hypothesis that the oxidative stress, apoptosis, connexins and other molecules involved in the regulation of chronic wound healing in diabetes mellitus and gives proper understanding of the mechanisms controlling apoptosis and tissue repair during diabetes and may eventually develop therapeutic modalities to fasten the healing process in diabetic patients.
文摘Background:Palatal rugae are asymmetrical elevations present on hard palate and are significant due to their uniqueness,stability and thus,aid in forensic identification.Objective:The objective is to determine palatal rugae morphology between parents and their offsprings and to determine their genetic inheritance.Materials and Methods:This randomized controlled cross-sectional single-blinded study was conducted on 50 families(randomly selected)who visited Vyas Dental College and Hospital.A total of 150 maxillary study models were examined and rugae were delineated and shape,size,and pattern of rugae were recorded.Results:Weak but significant correlation was seen in the nonspecific and angular type of palatal rugae between child and mother and child and father as P<0.05.Matching with either or both of their parent was seen for curved,wavy,divergent,straight,horseshoe,angular,and nonspecific type of rugae with the higher%of wavy pattern matching(52%with mother and 54%with father).A considerable number of samples showed high heritability of primary and secondary rugae from both parents,but more predominantly to their mothers(branched,nonspecific,and straight).Conclusion:Both environmental and genetic factors can influence the rugae pattern.Further,studies should be conducted on a larger sample size to get more significant results.
基金Indian Council of Medical Research,2020-0282/SCR/ADHOC-BMSDepartment of Science and Technology,India,DST/INSPIRE Fellowship:2021/IF210073.
文摘Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)originate from many sources,including the bone marrow and adipose tissue,and differentiate into various cell types,such as osteoblasts and adipocytes.Recent studies on MSCs have revealed that many transcription factors and signaling pathways control osteogenic development.Osteogenesis is the process by which new bones are formed;it also aids in bone remodeling.Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenetic protein(BMP)signaling pathways are involved in many cellular processes and considered to be essential for life.Wnt/β-catenin and BMPs are important for bone formation in mammalian development and various regulatory activities in the body.Recent studies have indicated that these two signaling pathways contribute to osteogenic differen-tiation.Active Wnt signaling pathway promotes osteogenesis by activating the downstream targets of the BMP signaling pathway.Here,we briefly review the molecular processes underlying the crosstalk between these two pathways and explain their participation in osteogenic differentiation,emphasizing the canonical pathways.This review also discusses the crosstalk mechanisms of Wnt/BMP signaling with Notch-and extracellular-regulated kinases in osteogenic differentiation and bone development.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antidiabetic potential of methanolic extract of Albizia odoratissima Benth.bark in alloxan induced diabetic mice.Methods:Group-Ⅰ(normal control) mice received only basal diet without any treatment.In Group-Ⅱ(Diabetic control) mice,diabetes was induced by alloxan(150 mg/kg i.p.) and received only Tween 80.5%v/v in normal saline. Group-Ⅲand Group-Ⅳmice received metformin(10 mg/kg) and gliclazide(10 mg/kg) as standard drugs.Group-ⅤandⅥmice received methanolic bark extract of Albizia odoratissima at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight p.o.,respectively.Results:The results of the study indicates that Albizia odoratissima bark extract significantly(P【0.01) reduced the blood sugar level.The bark extract also significantly reduced the levels of serum cholesterol,triglycerides, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase,serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase,alkaline phosphatase and decreases level of total proteins in alloxan induced diabetic mice.Conclusions: Methanolic extract of Albizia odoratissima has protective effects on the protection of vital tissues(pancreas,kidney,liver,heart and spleen),thereby reducing the causation of diabetes in experimental animals.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program and LAMP Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(No.2021R1I1A3054417,2022R1I1A1A01063394,RS-2023-00301974)the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2021M3A9I5023695,2022R1A5A1031361)grants from the New Breeding Technologies Development Program(RS-2024-00322125),Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea。
文摘Pathogens generate and secrete effector proteins to the host plant cells during pathogenesis to promote virulence and colonization.If the plant carries resistance(R)proteins that recognize pathogen effectors,effector-triggered immunity(ETI)is activated,resulting in a robust immune response and hypersensitive response(HR).The bipartite effector AvrRps4 from Pseudomonas syringae pv.pisi has been well studied in terms of avirulence function.In planta,AvrRps4 is processed into two parts.The Cterminal fragment of AvrRps4(AvrRps4^(C))induces HR in turnip and is recognized by the paired resistance proteins AtRRS1/AtRPS4 in Arabidopsis.Here,we show that AvrRps4^(C)targets a group of Arabidopsis WRKY,including WRKY46,WRKY53,WRKY54,and WRKY70,to induce its virulence function.Indeed,AvrRps4^(C)suppresses the general binding and transcriptional activities of immune-positive regulator WRKY54 and WRKY54-mediated resistance.AvrRps4^(C)interferes with WRKY54's binding activity to target gene SARD1 in vitro,suggesting WRKY54 is sequestered from the SARD1 promoter by AvrRps4^(C).Through the interaction of Avr Rps4^(C)with four WRKYs,AvrRps4 enhances the formation of homo-/heterotypic complexes of four WRKYs and sequesters them in the cytoplasm,thus inhibiting their function in plant immunity.Together,our results provide a detailed virulence mechanism of AvrRps4 through its C-terminus.
文摘Extensive vascular network and proximity to the gastrointestinal tract make the liver susceptible to abscess formation.While pyogenic liver abscesses account for the majority of liver abscesses in the Western world,amebic liver abscesses are more prevalent in tropical and developing nations.Most liver abscesses heal without complications.However,various vascular complications can occur in these patients,including compression of the inferior vena cava,thrombosis of the portal vein and/or hepatic veins,hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm,direct rupture into major vessels or the pericardium,and biliovascular fistula.These compli-cations can present significant clinical challenges due to the potential for hae-morrhage,ischemia,and systemic embolism,thereby increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality.Mechanical compression,flow stasis,inflammation,endothelial injury,and direct invasion are some of the proposed mechanisms that can cause vascular complications in the setting of a liver abscess.For the diag-nosis,thorough assessment,and therapeutic planning of vascular complications,more sophisticated imaging techniques such as multidetector computed tomo-graphy angiography or magnetic resonance angiography may be necessary.Although most vascular complications resolve with abscess treatment alone,additional interventions may be required based on the nature,severity,and course of the complications.This article aims to provide a systematic update on the spectrum of vascular complications of liver abscesses,offering insights into their pathogenesis,diagnosis,and management strategies.
文摘We examined habitat preferences and nesting requirements of sympatric populations of Middle Spotted Woodpecker(Dendrocoptes medius) and Syrian Woodpecker(Dendrocopos syriacus).We carried out our study in 2015–2018 in natural mountain forests of Southwest Iran.We compared selected features of nesting,territory,and outside territory tree stands of the studied woodpeckers.The Middle Spotted Woodpecker occupied only oak forests,but the Syrian Woodpecker inhabited heterogenic forests that included the preferred tree of this species,the Mount Atlas Mastic.We recorded that in the breeding territories of the Middle Spotted Woodpecker,a greater area covered by tree crowns,as well as a larger number of trees,and a larger trunk basal area were observed in comparison to the territories occupied by the more plastic Syrian Woodpecker.Different habitat preferences demonstrated by both species could be a result of the selection of tree stands that provide the necessary food resources for each woodpecker species.Adaptation of Syrian Woodpecker to use heterogenic forest stands including tree species that produce fruits and as Mount Atlas Mastic trees,which likely allowed this species to colonise in Asia and Europe non-forest tree stands as orchards or gardens.Our results showed that poor tree condition and large tree trunk dimensions had a positive impact on the selection of nesting sites by both species.The presence of trees with large trunk dimensions was associated with multiple years of use of woodpecker breeding sites in the studied forests.Maintaining habitats in suitable condition for both studied woodpeckers can be achieved by preserving natural forests in the mountain regions of Iran.
文摘Objective： To identify the main character- istics of victims of motorcycle accidents in Fars Province, Iran. Methods： This cross-sectional study was conducted in Fars Province which has the fourth largest population of all 31 provinces in Iran from March 2009 to June 2010. We included data from all 542 recorded cases of fatalities due to motor vehicle accidents. Data were recorded from the foren- sic medicine registry consisting of demographic and acci- dent-related information. Demographic information con- sisted of name, age, sex, status of fatal victim （motorcycle driver vs passenger） and educational level. Results： Of the 2 345 autopsy records from the foren- sic medicine archives, 542 （23.1%） gave the cause of death as motor vehicle accidents. Mean age of these victims was （31.4±16.5） years, and the male to female ratio was 28. Head injury was the most common cause of death in these victims, and overall they tended to have a low level of education. Motorcycle accidents frequently involved younger age groups （15-35 years）, and head trauma related with non-use of a helmet was the most common cause of death. Conclusions： Head injury is frequent among victims in the province we studied. This situation may be related to the victims＇ low socioeconomic status and little education regarding traffic laws leading to speeding and disregard of these laws along with their weak enforcement.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea Government(MSIT)(Grant Nos.NRF 2018R1A2A1A05077295,2020M3A9I4038352,2022R1A2C3010331,2020R1A6A1A03044344,and 2022R1A 5A1031361)a grant from the New Breeding Technologies Development Program(Grant No.PJ01653202),Rural Development Administration(RDA),Republic of Korea。
文摘Callose,aβ-1,3-glucan plant cell wall polymer,regulates symplasmic channel size at plasmodesmata(PD)and plays a crucial role in a variety of plant processes.However,elucidating the molecular mechanism of PD callose homeostasis is limited.We screened and identified an Arabidopsis mutant plant with excessive callose deposition at PD and found that the mutated gene wasα1-COP,a member of the coat protein I(COPI)coatomer complex.We report that loss of function ofα1-COP elevates the callose accumulation at PD by affecting subcellular protein localization of callose degradation enzyme Pd BG2.This process is linked to the functions of ERH1,an inositol phosphoryl ceramide synthase,and glucosylceramide synthase through physical interactions with theα1-COP protein.Additionally,the loss of function ofα1-COP alters the subcellular localization of ERH1 and GCS proteins,resulting in a reduction of Glc Cers and Glc HCers molecules,which are key sphingolipid(SL)species for lipid raft formation.Our findings suggest thatα1-COP protein,together with SL modifiers controlling lipid raft compositions,regulates the subcellular localization of GPI-anchored PDBG2 proteins,and hence the callose turnover at PD and symplasmic movement of biomolecules.Our findings provide the first key clue to link the COPI-mediated intracellular trafficking pathway to the callose-mediated intercellular signaling pathway through PD.
文摘The yield potential of rice is seriously affected by heat stress due to climate change. Since rice is a staple food globally, it is imperative to develop heat-resistant rice varieties. Thus, a thorough understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying heat tolerance and the impact of high temperatures on various critical stages of the crop is needed. Adoption of both conventional and innovative breeding strategies offers a long-term advantage over other methods, such as agronomic practices, to counter heat stress. In this review, we summarize the effects of heat stress, regulatory pathways for heat tolerance, phenotyping strategies, and various breeding methods available for developing heat-tolerant rice. We offer perspectives and knowledge to guide future research endeavors aimed at enhancing the ability of rice to withstand heat stress and ultimately benefit humanity.
基金the support of the Khalifa University internal funding CIRA-2021-071(8474000416),Khalifa University,UAEthe financial support from the Science batch of 1976-1980 of the University of Peradeniya,Sri Lanka。
文摘Wastewater contamination by heavy metals and synthetic dyes presents a significant environmental challenge,necessitating effective and sustainable separation techniques.This review article provides a detailed examination of magnesium oxide(MgO)nanoparticles as an innovative nanoadsorbent for wastewater treatment,with a specific focus on heavy metal and dye removal.The review comprehensively explores various aspects of MgO nanoparticles,including their structural characteristics and synthesis techniques.The article delves into the morphology and crystallographic arrangement of MgO nanoparticles,offering insights into their structural attributes.Given the complexity of adsorption processes,the review identifies and analyzes parameters influencing the adsorption efficiency of MgO nanoparticles,such as temperature,pH,contact time,initial concentration,and co-existing ions.The interplay between these parameters and the adsorption capability of MgO nanoparticles emphasizes the importance of optimizing operational conditions.Furthermore,the review assesses various synthesis methods for MgO nanoparticles,including sol-gel,hydrothermal,precipitation,green synthesis,solvothermal,and template-assisted techniques.It discusses the advantages,limitations,and resulting nanoparticle characteristics of each method,enabling readers to grasp the implications of synthesis processes on adsorption efficiency.This comprehensive review consolidates current insights into the effectiveness of MgO nanoparticles as a potent nanoadsorbent for removing heavy metals and dyes from wastewater covering a wide spectrum of aspects related to MgO nanoparticles.Moreover,there is a need to investigate the use of MgO in the treatment of actual wastewater or river water,in order to leverage its cost-effectiveness and high efficiency for practical water treatment applications in real-time.
文摘BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)is proven to be safe in treating various neurological conditions in children and adolescents.It is also an effective method in the treatment of OCD in adults.AIM To assess the safety and efficacy of tDCS as an add-on therapy in drug-naive adolescents with OCD.METHODS We studied drug-naïve adolescents with OCD,using a Children’s Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale(CY-BOCS)scale to assess their condition.Both active and sham groups were given fluoxetine,and we applied cathode and anode over the supplementary motor area and deltoid for 20 min in 10 sessions.Reassessment occurred at 2,6,and 12 wk using CY-BOCS.RESULTS Eighteen adolescents completed the study(10-active,8-sham group).CY-BOCS scores from baseline to 12 wk reduced significantly in both groups but change at baseline to 2 wk was significant in the active group only.The mean change at 2 wk was more in the active group(11.8±7.77 vs 5.25±2.22,P=0.056).Adverse effects between the groups were comparable.CONCLUSION tDCS is safe and well tolerated for the treatment of OCD in adolescents.However,there is a need for further studies with a larger sample population to confirm the effectiveness of tDCS as early augmentation in OCD in this population.
文摘Code converters are essential in digital nano communication;therefore,a low-complexity optimal QCA layout for a BCD to Excess-3 code converter has been proposed in this paper.A QCA clockphase-based design technique was adopted to investigate integration with other complicated circuits.Using a unique XOR gate,the recommended circuit’s cell complexity has been decreased.The findings produced using the QCADesigner-2.0.3,a reliable simulation tool,prove the effectiveness of the current structure over earlier designs by considering the number of cells deployed,the area occupied,and the latency as design metrics.In addition,the popular tool QCAPro was used to estimate the energy dissipation of the proposed design.The proposed technique reduces the occupied space by∼40%,improves cell complexity by∼20%,and reduces energy dissipation by∼1.8 times(atγ=1.5EK)compared to the current scalable designs.This paper also studied the suggested structure’s energy dissipation and compared it to existing works for a better performance evaluation.
基金M.Arya thanks the Kerala State Council for Science,Technology,and Environment,Government of Kerala,India,for providing a research fellowship(Ref.317)S.Heera thanks the Department of Science and Technology,Government of India(IF200250)for providing a research fellowship via the Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research scheme.Funding from the University Grants Commission(UGC),Government of India,via a UGC-BSR start-up grant(F.30–596/2021(BSR))is also gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Organic-inorganic hybrids are next-generation materials for use in high-performance optoelectronic devices owing to their adaptabilities in terms of design and properties.This article reviews the application of hybrid materials and layers in several widely used optoelectronic devices,i.e.,light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation(LASER),solar cells,and light-emitting diodes(LEDs).The effects of the incorporation of inorganic particles on photostability and optical gain are analyzed in the first section with reference to dye and perovskite lasers.Second,the strategies used in blending inorganic nanostructures into organic solar cells and bulk heterojunctions are analyzed.The use of various organic layers as electron-and hole-transport materials in Si heterojunction solar cells is reviewed in detail.Finally,the benefits of the presence of organic components in quantum-dot-and perovskite-based LEDs are derived from the analysis.The integration of organic and inorganic components with optimal interfaces and morphologies is a challenge in developing hybrid materials with improved efficiencies.
文摘The uncertainties associated with multi-area power systems comprising both thermal and distributed renewable generation(DRG)sources such as solar and wind necessitate the use of an efficient load frequency control(LFC)technique.Therefore,a hybrid version of two metaheuristic algorithms(arithmetic optimization and African vulture’s optimization algorithm)is developed.It is called the‘arithmetic optimized African vulture’s optimization algorithm(AOAVOA)’.This algorithm is used to tune a novel type-2 fuzzy-based proportional–derivative branched with dual degree-of-freedom proportional–integral–derivative controller for the LFC of a three-area hybrid deregulated power system.Thermal,electric vehicle(EV),and DRG sources(including a solar panel and a wind turbine system)are con-nected in area-1.Area-2 involves thermal and gas-generating units(GUs),while thermal and geothermal units are linked in area-3.Practical restrictions such as thermo-boiler dynamics,thermal-governor dead-band,and genera-tion rate constraints are also considered.The proposed LFC method is compared to other controllers and optimizers to demonstrate its superiority in rejecting step and random load disturbances.By functioning as energy storage ele-ments,EVs and DRG units can enhance dynamic responses during peak demand.As a result,the effect of the afore-mentioned units on dynamic reactions is also investigated.To validate its effectiveness,the closed-loop system is subjected to robust stability analysis and is compared to various existing control schemes from the literature.It is determined that the suggested AOAVOA improves fitness by 40.20%over the arithmetic optimizer(AO),while fre-quency regulation is improved by 4.55%over an AO-tuned type-2 fuzzy-based branched controller.
文摘Purpose： Both cannulated cancellous screw （CCS） and sliding hip screw （SHS） are used in femoral neck fracture fixations, hut which is superior is yet to be determined. This study was aimed to compare the clinicoradiological outcome of femoral neck fracture treated with SHS or CCS in young adults. Methods： Adults （16-60 years） with femoral neck fracture were divided into Group I fixed with SHS and Group 2 fixed with three CCS after closed reduction. Pain relief, functional recovery and postoperative radiographs at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and then yearly for upto 4 years were analyzed. Results： Group 1 （n = 40） achieved radiological union at mean of Z6 months, with the union rate of 8Z5% （n = 35）, avascular necrosis （AVN） rate of 7.5% （n - 3） and mean Harris Hip Score （HHS） of 86.15 at the end of 4 years. In Group 2 （n = 45） these parameters were union at Z1 months, union rate of 82.22% （n = 37）, AVN rate of 6.67% （n = 3） and HHS of 88.65. Comparative results were statistically insignificant. Conclusion： There is no significant difference in clinicoradiological outcome between the two implants.
文摘BACKGROUND The lymphatic system is crucial in maintaining the body fluid homeostasis.A dysfunctional lymphatic system may contribute to the refractoriness of ascites and edema in cirrhosis patients.Therefore,assessment of lymphatic dysfunction in cirrhosis patients with refractory ascites(RA)can be crucial as it would call for using different strategies for fluid mobilization.AIM To assessing the magnitude,spectrum,and clinical associations of lymphatic dysfunction in liver cirrhosis patients with RA.METHODS This observational study included 155 consecutive cirrhosis patients with RA.The presence of clinical signs of lymphedema,such as peau d’orange appearance and positive Stemmer sign,intestinal lymphangiectasia(IL)on duodenal biopsy seen as dilated vessels in the lamina propria with strong D2-40 immunohistochemistry,and chylous ascites were used to diagnose the overt lymphatic dysfunctions.RESULTS A total of 69(44.5%)patients out of 155 had evidence of lymphatic dysfunction.Peripheral lymphedema,found in 52(33.5%)patients,was the most common manifestation,followed by IL in 42(27.0%)patients,and chylous ascites in 2(1.9%)patients.Compared to patients without lymphedema,those with lymphedema had higher mean age,median model for end-stage liver disease scores,mean body mass index,mean ascitic fluid triglyceride levels,and proportion of patients with hypoproteinemia(serum total protein<5 g/dL)and lymphocytopenia(<15%of total leukocyte count).Patients with IL also had a higher prevalence of lymphocytopenia and hypoproteinemia(28.6%vs.9.1%,P=0.004).Seven(13%)patients with lymphedema had lower limb cellulitis compared to none in those without it.On multivariate regression analysis,factors independently associated with lymphatic dysfunction included obesity[odds ratio(OR):4.2,95%confidence intervals(95%CI):1.1–15.2,P=0.027],lymphocytopenia[OR:6.2,95%CI:2.9–13.2,P<0.001],and hypoproteinemia[OR:3.7,95%CI:1.5–8.82,P=0.003].CONCLUSION Lymphatic dysfunction is common in cirrhosis patients with RA.Significant indicat
文摘Objective： To determine the epidemio logical characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents in Fats Province of Iran. Methods： This crosssectional study was conducted in Fats Province of Iran during a 29month period from March 2009 to July 2011. The data were from the Fats Forensic Medi cine Registry, In 4 923 recorded road traffic accident fatalities, 971 deaths were due to pedestrian accidents. The demographic and accidentrelated information were analyzed by SPSS ver sion 11.5. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results： The mean age of decedents was （47.2±26.2） years, ranging from 6 months to 103 years old. Males ac counted for 69.8% of all deaths. Fatal accidents were mostcommon in September; 56.1% of the fatal injuries occurred on intracity roads and 33.1% on extracity roads. Fatal head injuries were present in 60.54% of cases. Evaluation of the injury site and the cause of death found that they were significantly associated with age, interval between injury and death. Besides, the type of roads played an important role in mortality. Conclusion： Although the clinical management of trauma patients has been improved in our country in the recent decade, decreasing the burden of injuries needs co ordination among trauma system organizations.
文摘Recent advancements in perovskites’ application as a solar energy harvester have been astonishing. The power conversion efficiency(PCE) of perovskite solar cells(PSCs) is currently reaching parity(>25 percent), an accomplishment attained over past decades. PSCs are seen as perovskites sandwiched between an electron transporting material(ETM) and a hole transporting material(HTM). As a primary component of PSCs, HTM has been shown to have a considerable effect on solar energy harvesting, carrier extraction and transport, crystallization of perovskite, stability, and price. In PSCs, it is still necessary to use a HTM.While perovskites are capable of conducting holes, they are present in trace amounts, necessitating the use of an HTM layer for efficient charge extraction. In this review, we provide an understanding of the significant forms of HTM accessible(inorganic, polymeric and small molecule-based HTMs), to motivate further research and development of such materials. The identification of additional criteria suggests a significant challenge to high stability and affordability in PSC.
