This study focuses on the synthesis of new liquid aromatic bismaleimide monomers in order to improve self-curing on demand(SCOD)systems previously based on aliphatic bismaleimides.These SCOD systems are based on Diels...This study focuses on the synthesis of new liquid aromatic bismaleimide monomers in order to improve self-curing on demand(SCOD)systems previously based on aliphatic bismaleimides.These SCOD systems are based on Diels-Alder(DA)/retro-DA reactions.The syntheses of new different aromatic bismaleimides with ester and amide bonds are presented.These maleimides have been protected using DA reaction and characterized by 1H NMR analysis to determine protection rate and diastereomer ratios.The retro-DA reactions of both aromatic and aliphatic DA adducts in presence of thiol molecules were studied.Kinetic analysis was monitored by 1H NMR and compared to model study.Finally,both aromatic and aliphatic bismaleimides-based polymers were synthesized with 2-mercaptoethyl ether and thermal properties of polymers were compared.The glass transition temperature values ranged from–20°C to 14°C and very good thermal stabilities were observed(up to 300°C).展开更多
针对智能交通领域多车协同驾驶中存在的通信信息乱序、丢包问题,研究网联式自主驾驶车辆协同控制技术,建立基于零阶保持(Zero Order Hold,ZOH)信息处理机制的自主驾驶车队控制模型,通过非线性系统状态估计算法进行延迟补偿,使得车队控...针对智能交通领域多车协同驾驶中存在的通信信息乱序、丢包问题,研究网联式自主驾驶车辆协同控制技术,建立基于零阶保持(Zero Order Hold,ZOH)信息处理机制的自主驾驶车队控制模型,通过非线性系统状态估计算法进行延迟补偿,使得车队控制模型在复杂汽车行驶环境下保持有效。通过构建由多辆实车组成的网联式自主驾驶车队,在封闭道路环境下进行协同驾驶编队测试,结合网络传输及传感器数据进行模型仿真,验证了模型在实车编队环境下的稳定性、有效性和实用性。展开更多
Pet owner compliance is essential for the success of veterinary healthcare strategies. As some parasites are zoonotic, consistent parasite control is an integral part of the One-Health strategy. Highly palatable formu...Pet owner compliance is essential for the success of veterinary healthcare strategies. As some parasites are zoonotic, consistent parasite control is an integral part of the One-Health strategy. Highly palatable formulations help ensure compliance, as they offer a positive experience for the dog and the owner. This study was conducted to ascertain if dogs exhibited a preference between two commercially available oral formulations of broad-spectrum endectoparasiticides, NexGard Spectra (afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime) and Simparica Trio (sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel). For four consecutive days, 100 healthy dogs were offered both products and consumption was recorded. If one product was more consumed than the other, it was defined as the preferred product. No adverse event was recorded throughout the study. A total of 358 chewable tablets were consumed over four study days;78.5% of dogs voluntarily consumed NexGard Spectra (281 chews), while 21.5% of dogs voluntarily consumed Simparica Trio (77 chews, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Among 75 dogs which demonstrated a preference for a product, significantly more dogs preferred NexGard Spectra (94.7%) compared to Simparica Trio (5.3%) (<i>p</i> < 2.2 × 10<sup>-16</sup>), resulting in a preference ratio of 17.75 to 1 for NexGard Spectra.展开更多
This work concerns the 10? North, 20? North African band. Area renowned for having some of the poorest countries in the world. It is also home to the Sahelian strip and part of the Sahara. The countries in this zone h...This work concerns the 10? North, 20? North African band. Area renowned for having some of the poorest countries in the world. It is also home to the Sahelian strip and part of the Sahara. The countries in this zone have a relatively low electrification rate compared to the enlightened country. To solve this problem, these countries want to turn to renewable energies such as photovoltaics (renewable energy obtained through solar radiation). Therefore, understanding the behavior of irradiation and cloudiness in the 10 - 20 band becomes necessary. The application of the empirical orthogonal functions to the different cloud layers and to the irradiation reveals a seasonality of the latter, in particular compared to the first modes of the empirical orthogonal functions (EOF1). Indeed, by filtering in time and space to isolate solar radiation and cloudiness, the EOF1 expresses respectively 94.3% of the variation of descending solar radiation in clear sky in the 10 - 20 band. Note 65.7% for global radiation, 54.4% for cloudiness at 450 hPa, 69.6% for cloudiness between 800 hPa and 450 hPa, 76.6% for low cloudiness, 61.4% for total cloudiness. These results allow us to say that we have generally good sunshine over several months, with little cloud cover in this band. However, since this zone is considered to be part of the main aerosol emission source zones, it is important in their temporal consideration of the optical depth. By doing the wavelet analysis on the optical depth data from Dakar and Banizoumbou, we note that the average dust presence spectrum over the entire period from 1997 to 2019 in the two stations with a slight shift compared to the peaks and the maximum observed value. A sign that there is a strong presence of dust in this area and that it should be taken into account for any photovoltaic installation in this area.展开更多
A green synthesis process of silver nanoparticles in an eco-conceptual approach to sustainable development is reported. This eco-friendly process is based on the valorization of a food waste, the peanut shell carrying...A green synthesis process of silver nanoparticles in an eco-conceptual approach to sustainable development is reported. This eco-friendly process is based on the valorization of a food waste, the peanut shell carrying natural chemical compounds able to reduce silver ions. The physicochemical characterizations performed to allow for validation of the success of this green chemistry approach: ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopies validate the formation of silver nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction ensures the good crystallinity of these biogenic nanoparticles, while transmission electron microscopy allows highlighting of the morphology of these biosourced colloids. The results of the study of photocatalytic degradation of a model molecule by these biosynthesized nanoparticles demonstrate that they can be part of a completely sustainable process of depollution from its starting point, i.e., the design of the nanoparticle, to the application of pollution remediation.展开更多
目的为更新1999年法国共识"麻醉中肌肉松弛药与逆转剂的应用"特召集16名专家成立共识委员会。编写开始时宣布庄重的利益声明与分歧监督原则,并在编写过程中予以执行,本指南编写全过程不依赖任何商业资助。所有作者均需遵循推...目的为更新1999年法国共识"麻醉中肌肉松弛药与逆转剂的应用"特召集16名专家成立共识委员会。编写开始时宣布庄重的利益声明与分歧监督原则,并在编写过程中予以执行,本指南编写全过程不依赖任何商业资助。所有作者均需遵循推荐分级的评价、制定与评估系统的原则(Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluation,GRADE?),以评估这些推荐意见的证据质量,规避基于低质量证据做出强推荐的可能性。故有少数推荐意见仍未分等级。方法专家组的讨论主要集中在以下8个问题:(1)在无面罩通气困难标准的情况下,是否有必要在注射肌肉松弛药前检查面罩通气的可行性?面罩通气是否有必要使用肌肉松弛药?(2)为便于气管插管是否有必要使用肌肉松弛药?(3)是否有必要使用肌肉松弛药以便于声门上气道装置的置入及管理相关并发症?(4)是否有必要应用神经肌肉阻滞监测来进行气道管理?(5)是否有必要应用肌肉松弛药以利于手术的进行?如有必要,是哪种手术?(6)术中是否有必要监测神经肌肉阻滞程度?(7)防治肌肉松弛药残留阻滞作用的策略是什么?(8)在特殊人群中(如电休克治疗、肥胖、儿童、神经肌肉疾病、肝/肾功能衰竭、老年患者)使用肌肉松弛药和逆转剂的适应证及注意事项是什么?所有问题都采用研究对象、干预、对照和预后(Population,Intervention,Comparison and Outcome,PICO)模型中的临床问题予以阐明,并生成证据档案,最后采用GRADE?系统评估文献分析的结果并进行推荐。结果SFAR指南专家组提出了31项关于麻醉中应用肌肉松弛药与逆转剂的推荐意见。在这些推荐意见中,有11项是属于强推荐(GRADE 1±),有20项是属于弱推荐(GRADE 2±),有5项应用GRADE?系统无法给出推荐意见,其中2个问题生成了专家意见。经过2轮讨论和1次修订后,所有指南和方案都获得了专家组的一致�展开更多
In this work, we study the influence of the annealing treatment on the behaviour of titanium dioxide nanotube layers. The heat treatment protocol is actually the key parameter to induce stable oxide layers and needs t...In this work, we study the influence of the annealing treatment on the behaviour of titanium dioxide nanotube layers. The heat treatment protocol is actually the key parameter to induce stable oxide layers and needs to be better understood. Nanotube layers were prepared by electrochemical anodization of Ti foil in 0.4 wt% hydrofluoric acid solution during 20 minutes and then annealed in air atmosphere. In-situ X-ray diffraction analysis, coupled with thermogravimetry, gives us an inside on the oxidation behaviour of titanium dioxide nanotube layers compared to bulk reference samples. Structural studies were performed at 700°C for 12 h in order to follow the time consequences on the oxidation of the material, in sufficient stability conditions. In-situ XRD brought to light that the amorphous oxide layer induced by anodization is responsible for the simultaneous growths of anatase and rutile phase during the first 30 minutes of annealing while the bulk sample oxidation leads to the nucleation of a small amount of anatase TiO<sub>2</sub>. The initial amorphous oxide layer created by anodization is also responsible for the delay in crystallization compared to the bulk sample. Thermogravimetric analysis exhibits parabolic shape of the mass gain for both anodized and bulk sample;this kinetics is caused by the formation of a rutile external protective layer, as depicted by the associated in-situ XRD diffractograms. We recorded that titanium dioxide nanotube layers exhibit a lower mean mass gain than the bulk, because of the presence of an initial amorphous oxide layer on anodized samples. In-situ XRD results also provide accurate information concerning the sub-layers behavior during the annealing treatment for the bulk and nanostructured layer. Anatase crystallites are mainly localized at the interface oxide layer-metal and the rutile is at the external interface. Sample surface topography was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a probe of the photoactivity of the annealed TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotub展开更多
Knowledge of thermodynamic properties as well as parameters such as energy density and power flow isimportant for modeling thermal plasmas of fluoroalkylamine-air mixtures. In this paper, these thermodynamic prop...Knowledge of thermodynamic properties as well as parameters such as energy density and power flow isimportant for modeling thermal plasmas of fluoroalkylamine-air mixtures. In this paper, these thermodynamic properties of fluoroalkylamine-air mixture plasmas are calculated in a temperature range of 500 K to 20,000 K at atmospheric pressure and local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The Gibbs free energy minimization method is used to determine the chemical equilibrium compositions of the plasmas that are needed to calculate the thermodynamic properties. These thermodynamic properties are then used to calculate the energy density and power flow of these plasmas. The variation of the energy density is related to the variations of the density and mass enthalpy. We notice that, this energy density increases with the percentage of air in the mixture for temperatures higher than 7000 K. The power flow, which depends also on density, enthalpy mass and sound speed, increases with the percentage of air in the same temperature range. Energy density and power flow results show that increasing air percentage in the mixture can be more interesting for damaging gaseous chemical species such as CF<sub>2</sub>, CO, HCN, and HF appearing at low temperatures with high concentrations.展开更多
Due to the demand from society for the consumption of ecological polymeric materials, one of the polymers that have satisfied this request is the poly (lacti</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"...Due to the demand from society for the consumption of ecological polymeric materials, one of the polymers that have satisfied this request is the poly (lacti</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">c acid) (PLA). This polymer is derived from renewable resources, it is recyclable and biodegradable. It presents a good understanding between the promising properties and the cost. However, a route to increase the mechanical</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> properties and reduce the cost of PLA is the elaboration of PLA based biocomposites by using fillers from natural waste. In this work, The effect of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Typha</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> content on the morphological, rheological, thermal and mechanical properties of PLA matrix was studied. Four formulations were produced with different mass concentrations. The results showed an increase in the viscoelastic properties, as a function of the <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Typha</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> stem powder concentration. The DSC analysis showed an increase in the crystallinity rate of the various composites confirming the nucleating effect provided by the filler. TGA analysis indicated a decrease in the decomposition temperature of the composites. Mechanical tensile tests have shown a significant improvement in the mechanical properties mainly for the samples containing 45% (w/w) of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Typha</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> powder.展开更多
A sensitivity study on the measurement of the CKM angle γ from B_(s)^(0)→D^(+)^(0)Ф decays is conducted us-ing the D-meson reconstructed in the quasi flavour-specific modes Kπ,K3π,and Kππ^(0),as well as CP-eige...A sensitivity study on the measurement of the CKM angle γ from B_(s)^(0)→D^(+)^(0)Ф decays is conducted us-ing the D-meson reconstructed in the quasi flavour-specific modes Kπ,K3π,and Kππ^(0),as well as CP-eigenstate modes KK and m,where the notation DO corresponds toa D0 or D0 meson.The LHCb experiment is presented as a use case.A statistical uncertainty of approximately 8°-19°can be achieved with the pp collision data collcted in the LHCb experiment from 2011 to 2018.The sensitivity to r should be of the order 3°-8°after accumulating 23 fb^(-1) of pp collision data by 2025,whereas it is expected to improve further by 300 fb^(-1) by the second half of the 2030 decade.The accuracy is dependent on the strong parameters r and og,which together with ydescribe the interfer-ence between the leading ampliudes of the B_(s)^(0)→D^(+)^(0)Ф decays.展开更多
The three measurement periods: the TOMS Nimbus-7 TOMSN7L3 v008 from 1978 to 1993, the TOMS EP TOMSEPL3 v008 from 1996 to 2005 and the OMI OMTO3d v003 from 2004 to 2008 have allowed the presence of dust to be observed ...The three measurement periods: the TOMS Nimbus-7 TOMSN7L3 v008 from 1978 to 1993, the TOMS EP TOMSEPL3 v008 from 1996 to 2005 and the OMI OMTO3d v003 from 2004 to 2008 have allowed the presence of dust to be observed in the 10°North to 20°North latitudinal band (10 - 20 band) of Africa. The 10 - 20 band has a permanent dust presence. The AERONET data show AOD peaks exceeding 2 in Senegal and Niger (on an AOD scale). The statistical study reveals intra-annual relationships in deposition. In Senegal, a significant deposition is observed.展开更多
This study explores the diversity and structure of prokaryotic communities (Archaea and Bacteria) of 2 tropical volcanic lakes (Nyos and Monoun) in Cameroon, using 16SrRNA sequences. Metagenomics analysis of sequences...This study explores the diversity and structure of prokaryotic communities (Archaea and Bacteria) of 2 tropical volcanic lakes (Nyos and Monoun) in Cameroon, using 16SrRNA sequences. Metagenomics analysis of sequences showed that most OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) were associated with 26 phyla (23 for Bacteria and 3 for Archaea) in Nyos and 36 phyla (33 for Bacteria and 3 for Archaea) in Monoun. In both lakes, Proteobacteria for Bacteria and Crenarchaea for Archaea were predominant and present at all depths but in different proportions. Bacterial community compositions were generally dominated by members of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Bacteroidetes covering about 98% of the sequences. Crenarchaea, Thaumarchaea and Euryarchaea were the three main phyla of Archaea common to both lakes. The amount of virus and total bacteria was determined by flow cytometry technic and the evaluated ratio ranged from 0.2 to 1.2 at Nyos and from 0.6 to 2.6 at Monoun. For both lakes, the correlation was very significant between viruses and total bacteria. The depth-dependent variability is discussed with chemical and physical environmental parameters. These could significantly influence virus-mediated bacterial lysis and abundance and vertical stratification of the prokaryotic community.展开更多
In a context of climate change characterized by rising temperatures, increased greenhouse gases and frequent droughts, the Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate chang...In a context of climate change characterized by rising temperatures, increased greenhouse gases and frequent droughts, the Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The objective of this study is to assess the above-ground biomass and carbon stock of three Sahelian species: <em>Acacia raddiana</em> tortilis (Forsk.) hayne ssp. raddiana (savi) Brenan, <em>Acacia senegal</em> (L.) Willd and <em>Balanites aegyptiaca</em> (L.). The study was carried out in northern Senegal commonly known as Ferlo. Biomasses of the populations of the three target species were first assessed by harvesting the entire epigenetic part of the species and then modelled by correlation using dendrometric parameters measured on each individual of the sample. Two models, mono-specific and multi-species, were used. The results obtained showed that the diameter at breast height (<em>x</em>) and the parameter best correlated to the epigeal biomass (<em>y</em>). The dry biomass of woody plants was 31.4 ± 15.2 kg/tree for <em>B. aegyptiaca</em>, 30.6 ± 13.2 kg/tree for <em>A. senegal</em> and 26.2 ± 11.1 kg/tree for <em>A. raddiana</em>;<em>i.e</em>. carbon equivalents of 14.75 - 14.38 - 12.31 kg/tree respectively. The amount of carbon contained in the above-ground woody biomass is estimated at 4.48 t/ha. The carbon equivalent, atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> is estimated at 16.44 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>/ha and based on the actual density of Ferlo (108.08 ± 49.79 ind/ha) the sequestered carbon of the area is estimated at 1777.008 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>. The comparison between the models developed in this study and the multispecific or mono-specific models from the literature showed substantial differences. This study contributes to a better understanding of the contribution of Sahelian woody species to carbon sequestration and the results could be used in the framework of adaptation to climate chan展开更多
Fleas and ticks are major ectoparasites of dogs globally. Their control is based on regular treatments with ectoparasiticides, which represent the most im<span>portant part of veterinary drugs </span><s...Fleas and ticks are major ectoparasites of dogs globally. Their control is based on regular treatments with ectoparasiticides, which represent the most im<span>portant part of veterinary drugs </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">worth</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> around 3 billion Euros per year. In </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">many <span>parts of the world, dogs are also at risk of infection by endoparasites like</span> <span>heartworm, eyeworm, and lungworm. In these areas, endectoparasiticide</span> formulations are used to prevent the risk of ecto- and endoparasite infections. <span>Since 2014, oral formulations of insecticidal-acaricidal drugs have been</span> launched, followed by endectoparasiticide formulation</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">. These oral formulations facilitate the treatment by the owners and are now </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">market leader</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">. Intense work has been done during their development to enhance their palatability through their consistence (hard to soft) and their flavors. Palatable oral formulations facilitate the dog-owner relationship and help ensur</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">ing</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> compli<span>ance. The most </span><span>recent palatable formulations include isoxazoline as the ecto</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">parasiticide mole</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">cule. They also include anthelmintics (milbemycin oxime or moxidectin +</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> pyrantel) to provide control of parasitic nematodes. Being very similar in term</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> of spectrum of ac<span>tivity, any differences in palatability may be a key differentiating factor for the</span> owners. The present展开更多
今天,政治人物的合法性和公众对公共决策和管理的信心越来越依赖于对其伦理规范的评价方式(Kolthoff et al.,2013)。当代社会的"道德多元性和文化多样性"(Boisvert,2008)使公共伦理成为一种新的理论框架,需要从它对各种各样...今天,政治人物的合法性和公众对公共决策和管理的信心越来越依赖于对其伦理规范的评价方式(Kolthoff et al.,2013)。当代社会的"道德多元性和文化多样性"(Boisvert,2008)使公共伦理成为一种新的理论框架,需要从它对各种各样的、往往是相互冲突的价值观之间作出妥协的角度来探讨。然而,在实践中,这种妥协似乎将公共伦理的价值观仅限于围绕行为准则或管理程序而确立的善治原则上(Rochet,2011)。我们研究的问题始于就这些价值观的多样性提出疑问;研究目标是通过补充新公共价值观的概念框架(Moore,1995;Nabatchi,2011)对公共伦理的价值观进行分类,特别是界定文献中尚未阐明的交往伦理的价值观。展开更多
基金The authors thank the Hutchinson Company for its financial support,Biobased Polymer Company for reactants supply.
文摘This study focuses on the synthesis of new liquid aromatic bismaleimide monomers in order to improve self-curing on demand(SCOD)systems previously based on aliphatic bismaleimides.These SCOD systems are based on Diels-Alder(DA)/retro-DA reactions.The syntheses of new different aromatic bismaleimides with ester and amide bonds are presented.These maleimides have been protected using DA reaction and characterized by 1H NMR analysis to determine protection rate and diastereomer ratios.The retro-DA reactions of both aromatic and aliphatic DA adducts in presence of thiol molecules were studied.Kinetic analysis was monitored by 1H NMR and compared to model study.Finally,both aromatic and aliphatic bismaleimides-based polymers were synthesized with 2-mercaptoethyl ether and thermal properties of polymers were compared.The glass transition temperature values ranged from–20°C to 14°C and very good thermal stabilities were observed(up to 300°C).
文摘针对智能交通领域多车协同驾驶中存在的通信信息乱序、丢包问题,研究网联式自主驾驶车辆协同控制技术,建立基于零阶保持(Zero Order Hold,ZOH)信息处理机制的自主驾驶车队控制模型,通过非线性系统状态估计算法进行延迟补偿,使得车队控制模型在复杂汽车行驶环境下保持有效。通过构建由多辆实车组成的网联式自主驾驶车队,在封闭道路环境下进行协同驾驶编队测试,结合网络传输及传感器数据进行模型仿真,验证了模型在实车编队环境下的稳定性、有效性和实用性。
文摘Pet owner compliance is essential for the success of veterinary healthcare strategies. As some parasites are zoonotic, consistent parasite control is an integral part of the One-Health strategy. Highly palatable formulations help ensure compliance, as they offer a positive experience for the dog and the owner. This study was conducted to ascertain if dogs exhibited a preference between two commercially available oral formulations of broad-spectrum endectoparasiticides, NexGard Spectra (afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime) and Simparica Trio (sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel). For four consecutive days, 100 healthy dogs were offered both products and consumption was recorded. If one product was more consumed than the other, it was defined as the preferred product. No adverse event was recorded throughout the study. A total of 358 chewable tablets were consumed over four study days;78.5% of dogs voluntarily consumed NexGard Spectra (281 chews), while 21.5% of dogs voluntarily consumed Simparica Trio (77 chews, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Among 75 dogs which demonstrated a preference for a product, significantly more dogs preferred NexGard Spectra (94.7%) compared to Simparica Trio (5.3%) (<i>p</i> < 2.2 × 10<sup>-16</sup>), resulting in a preference ratio of 17.75 to 1 for NexGard Spectra.
文摘This work concerns the 10? North, 20? North African band. Area renowned for having some of the poorest countries in the world. It is also home to the Sahelian strip and part of the Sahara. The countries in this zone have a relatively low electrification rate compared to the enlightened country. To solve this problem, these countries want to turn to renewable energies such as photovoltaics (renewable energy obtained through solar radiation). Therefore, understanding the behavior of irradiation and cloudiness in the 10 - 20 band becomes necessary. The application of the empirical orthogonal functions to the different cloud layers and to the irradiation reveals a seasonality of the latter, in particular compared to the first modes of the empirical orthogonal functions (EOF1). Indeed, by filtering in time and space to isolate solar radiation and cloudiness, the EOF1 expresses respectively 94.3% of the variation of descending solar radiation in clear sky in the 10 - 20 band. Note 65.7% for global radiation, 54.4% for cloudiness at 450 hPa, 69.6% for cloudiness between 800 hPa and 450 hPa, 76.6% for low cloudiness, 61.4% for total cloudiness. These results allow us to say that we have generally good sunshine over several months, with little cloud cover in this band. However, since this zone is considered to be part of the main aerosol emission source zones, it is important in their temporal consideration of the optical depth. By doing the wavelet analysis on the optical depth data from Dakar and Banizoumbou, we note that the average dust presence spectrum over the entire period from 1997 to 2019 in the two stations with a slight shift compared to the peaks and the maximum observed value. A sign that there is a strong presence of dust in this area and that it should be taken into account for any photovoltaic installation in this area.
文摘A green synthesis process of silver nanoparticles in an eco-conceptual approach to sustainable development is reported. This eco-friendly process is based on the valorization of a food waste, the peanut shell carrying natural chemical compounds able to reduce silver ions. The physicochemical characterizations performed to allow for validation of the success of this green chemistry approach: ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopies validate the formation of silver nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction ensures the good crystallinity of these biogenic nanoparticles, while transmission electron microscopy allows highlighting of the morphology of these biosourced colloids. The results of the study of photocatalytic degradation of a model molecule by these biosynthesized nanoparticles demonstrate that they can be part of a completely sustainable process of depollution from its starting point, i.e., the design of the nanoparticle, to the application of pollution remediation.
文摘目的为更新1999年法国共识"麻醉中肌肉松弛药与逆转剂的应用"特召集16名专家成立共识委员会。编写开始时宣布庄重的利益声明与分歧监督原则,并在编写过程中予以执行,本指南编写全过程不依赖任何商业资助。所有作者均需遵循推荐分级的评价、制定与评估系统的原则(Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluation,GRADE?),以评估这些推荐意见的证据质量,规避基于低质量证据做出强推荐的可能性。故有少数推荐意见仍未分等级。方法专家组的讨论主要集中在以下8个问题:(1)在无面罩通气困难标准的情况下,是否有必要在注射肌肉松弛药前检查面罩通气的可行性?面罩通气是否有必要使用肌肉松弛药?(2)为便于气管插管是否有必要使用肌肉松弛药?(3)是否有必要使用肌肉松弛药以便于声门上气道装置的置入及管理相关并发症?(4)是否有必要应用神经肌肉阻滞监测来进行气道管理?(5)是否有必要应用肌肉松弛药以利于手术的进行?如有必要,是哪种手术?(6)术中是否有必要监测神经肌肉阻滞程度?(7)防治肌肉松弛药残留阻滞作用的策略是什么?(8)在特殊人群中(如电休克治疗、肥胖、儿童、神经肌肉疾病、肝/肾功能衰竭、老年患者)使用肌肉松弛药和逆转剂的适应证及注意事项是什么?所有问题都采用研究对象、干预、对照和预后(Population,Intervention,Comparison and Outcome,PICO)模型中的临床问题予以阐明,并生成证据档案,最后采用GRADE?系统评估文献分析的结果并进行推荐。结果SFAR指南专家组提出了31项关于麻醉中应用肌肉松弛药与逆转剂的推荐意见。在这些推荐意见中,有11项是属于强推荐(GRADE 1±),有20项是属于弱推荐(GRADE 2±),有5项应用GRADE?系统无法给出推荐意见,其中2个问题生成了专家意见。经过2轮讨论和1次修订后,所有指南和方案都获得了专家组的一致�
文摘In this work, we study the influence of the annealing treatment on the behaviour of titanium dioxide nanotube layers. The heat treatment protocol is actually the key parameter to induce stable oxide layers and needs to be better understood. Nanotube layers were prepared by electrochemical anodization of Ti foil in 0.4 wt% hydrofluoric acid solution during 20 minutes and then annealed in air atmosphere. In-situ X-ray diffraction analysis, coupled with thermogravimetry, gives us an inside on the oxidation behaviour of titanium dioxide nanotube layers compared to bulk reference samples. Structural studies were performed at 700°C for 12 h in order to follow the time consequences on the oxidation of the material, in sufficient stability conditions. In-situ XRD brought to light that the amorphous oxide layer induced by anodization is responsible for the simultaneous growths of anatase and rutile phase during the first 30 minutes of annealing while the bulk sample oxidation leads to the nucleation of a small amount of anatase TiO<sub>2</sub>. The initial amorphous oxide layer created by anodization is also responsible for the delay in crystallization compared to the bulk sample. Thermogravimetric analysis exhibits parabolic shape of the mass gain for both anodized and bulk sample;this kinetics is caused by the formation of a rutile external protective layer, as depicted by the associated in-situ XRD diffractograms. We recorded that titanium dioxide nanotube layers exhibit a lower mean mass gain than the bulk, because of the presence of an initial amorphous oxide layer on anodized samples. In-situ XRD results also provide accurate information concerning the sub-layers behavior during the annealing treatment for the bulk and nanostructured layer. Anatase crystallites are mainly localized at the interface oxide layer-metal and the rutile is at the external interface. Sample surface topography was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a probe of the photoactivity of the annealed TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotub
文摘Knowledge of thermodynamic properties as well as parameters such as energy density and power flow isimportant for modeling thermal plasmas of fluoroalkylamine-air mixtures. In this paper, these thermodynamic properties of fluoroalkylamine-air mixture plasmas are calculated in a temperature range of 500 K to 20,000 K at atmospheric pressure and local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The Gibbs free energy minimization method is used to determine the chemical equilibrium compositions of the plasmas that are needed to calculate the thermodynamic properties. These thermodynamic properties are then used to calculate the energy density and power flow of these plasmas. The variation of the energy density is related to the variations of the density and mass enthalpy. We notice that, this energy density increases with the percentage of air in the mixture for temperatures higher than 7000 K. The power flow, which depends also on density, enthalpy mass and sound speed, increases with the percentage of air in the same temperature range. Energy density and power flow results show that increasing air percentage in the mixture can be more interesting for damaging gaseous chemical species such as CF<sub>2</sub>, CO, HCN, and HF appearing at low temperatures with high concentrations.
文摘Due to the demand from society for the consumption of ecological polymeric materials, one of the polymers that have satisfied this request is the poly (lacti</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">c acid) (PLA). This polymer is derived from renewable resources, it is recyclable and biodegradable. It presents a good understanding between the promising properties and the cost. However, a route to increase the mechanical</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> properties and reduce the cost of PLA is the elaboration of PLA based biocomposites by using fillers from natural waste. In this work, The effect of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Typha</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> content on the morphological, rheological, thermal and mechanical properties of PLA matrix was studied. Four formulations were produced with different mass concentrations. The results showed an increase in the viscoelastic properties, as a function of the <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Typha</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> stem powder concentration. The DSC analysis showed an increase in the crystallinity rate of the various composites confirming the nucleating effect provided by the filler. TGA analysis indicated a decrease in the decomposition temperature of the composites. Mechanical tensile tests have shown a significant improvement in the mechanical properties mainly for the samples containing 45% (w/w) of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Typha</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> powder.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation o f China(NSFC)(11925504,11975015)the 65^(th) batch of China Postdoctoral Fundthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CNRS/IN2P3(France),and STFC(United Kingdom)national agencies.Part of this work was supported through exchanges between Annecy,Beijing,and Clermont-Ferrand,by the France China Particle Physics Laboratory(i.e.FCPPL)。
文摘A sensitivity study on the measurement of the CKM angle γ from B_(s)^(0)→D^(+)^(0)Ф decays is conducted us-ing the D-meson reconstructed in the quasi flavour-specific modes Kπ,K3π,and Kππ^(0),as well as CP-eigenstate modes KK and m,where the notation DO corresponds toa D0 or D0 meson.The LHCb experiment is presented as a use case.A statistical uncertainty of approximately 8°-19°can be achieved with the pp collision data collcted in the LHCb experiment from 2011 to 2018.The sensitivity to r should be of the order 3°-8°after accumulating 23 fb^(-1) of pp collision data by 2025,whereas it is expected to improve further by 300 fb^(-1) by the second half of the 2030 decade.The accuracy is dependent on the strong parameters r and og,which together with ydescribe the interfer-ence between the leading ampliudes of the B_(s)^(0)→D^(+)^(0)Ф decays.
文摘The three measurement periods: the TOMS Nimbus-7 TOMSN7L3 v008 from 1978 to 1993, the TOMS EP TOMSEPL3 v008 from 1996 to 2005 and the OMI OMTO3d v003 from 2004 to 2008 have allowed the presence of dust to be observed in the 10°North to 20°North latitudinal band (10 - 20 band) of Africa. The 10 - 20 band has a permanent dust presence. The AERONET data show AOD peaks exceeding 2 in Senegal and Niger (on an AOD scale). The statistical study reveals intra-annual relationships in deposition. In Senegal, a significant deposition is observed.
文摘This study explores the diversity and structure of prokaryotic communities (Archaea and Bacteria) of 2 tropical volcanic lakes (Nyos and Monoun) in Cameroon, using 16SrRNA sequences. Metagenomics analysis of sequences showed that most OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) were associated with 26 phyla (23 for Bacteria and 3 for Archaea) in Nyos and 36 phyla (33 for Bacteria and 3 for Archaea) in Monoun. In both lakes, Proteobacteria for Bacteria and Crenarchaea for Archaea were predominant and present at all depths but in different proportions. Bacterial community compositions were generally dominated by members of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Bacteroidetes covering about 98% of the sequences. Crenarchaea, Thaumarchaea and Euryarchaea were the three main phyla of Archaea common to both lakes. The amount of virus and total bacteria was determined by flow cytometry technic and the evaluated ratio ranged from 0.2 to 1.2 at Nyos and from 0.6 to 2.6 at Monoun. For both lakes, the correlation was very significant between viruses and total bacteria. The depth-dependent variability is discussed with chemical and physical environmental parameters. These could significantly influence virus-mediated bacterial lysis and abundance and vertical stratification of the prokaryotic community.
文摘In a context of climate change characterized by rising temperatures, increased greenhouse gases and frequent droughts, the Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The objective of this study is to assess the above-ground biomass and carbon stock of three Sahelian species: <em>Acacia raddiana</em> tortilis (Forsk.) hayne ssp. raddiana (savi) Brenan, <em>Acacia senegal</em> (L.) Willd and <em>Balanites aegyptiaca</em> (L.). The study was carried out in northern Senegal commonly known as Ferlo. Biomasses of the populations of the three target species were first assessed by harvesting the entire epigenetic part of the species and then modelled by correlation using dendrometric parameters measured on each individual of the sample. Two models, mono-specific and multi-species, were used. The results obtained showed that the diameter at breast height (<em>x</em>) and the parameter best correlated to the epigeal biomass (<em>y</em>). The dry biomass of woody plants was 31.4 ± 15.2 kg/tree for <em>B. aegyptiaca</em>, 30.6 ± 13.2 kg/tree for <em>A. senegal</em> and 26.2 ± 11.1 kg/tree for <em>A. raddiana</em>;<em>i.e</em>. carbon equivalents of 14.75 - 14.38 - 12.31 kg/tree respectively. The amount of carbon contained in the above-ground woody biomass is estimated at 4.48 t/ha. The carbon equivalent, atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> is estimated at 16.44 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>/ha and based on the actual density of Ferlo (108.08 ± 49.79 ind/ha) the sequestered carbon of the area is estimated at 1777.008 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>. The comparison between the models developed in this study and the multispecific or mono-specific models from the literature showed substantial differences. This study contributes to a better understanding of the contribution of Sahelian woody species to carbon sequestration and the results could be used in the framework of adaptation to climate chan
文摘Fleas and ticks are major ectoparasites of dogs globally. Their control is based on regular treatments with ectoparasiticides, which represent the most im<span>portant part of veterinary drugs </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">worth</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> around 3 billion Euros per year. In </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">many <span>parts of the world, dogs are also at risk of infection by endoparasites like</span> <span>heartworm, eyeworm, and lungworm. In these areas, endectoparasiticide</span> formulations are used to prevent the risk of ecto- and endoparasite infections. <span>Since 2014, oral formulations of insecticidal-acaricidal drugs have been</span> launched, followed by endectoparasiticide formulation</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">. These oral formulations facilitate the treatment by the owners and are now </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "="">market leader</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">. Intense work has been done during their development to enhance their palatability through their consistence (hard to soft) and their flavors. Palatable oral formulations facilitate the dog-owner relationship and help ensur</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">ing</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> compli<span>ance. The most </span><span>recent palatable formulations include isoxazoline as the ecto</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">parasiticide mole</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">cule. They also include anthelmintics (milbemycin oxime or moxidectin +</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> pyrantel) to provide control of parasitic nematodes. Being very similar in term</span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> of spectrum of ac<span>tivity, any differences in palatability may be a key differentiating factor for the</span> owners. The present
文摘今天,政治人物的合法性和公众对公共决策和管理的信心越来越依赖于对其伦理规范的评价方式(Kolthoff et al.,2013)。当代社会的"道德多元性和文化多样性"(Boisvert,2008)使公共伦理成为一种新的理论框架,需要从它对各种各样的、往往是相互冲突的价值观之间作出妥协的角度来探讨。然而,在实践中,这种妥协似乎将公共伦理的价值观仅限于围绕行为准则或管理程序而确立的善治原则上(Rochet,2011)。我们研究的问题始于就这些价值观的多样性提出疑问;研究目标是通过补充新公共价值观的概念框架(Moore,1995;Nabatchi,2011)对公共伦理的价值观进行分类,特别是界定文献中尚未阐明的交往伦理的价值观。
