Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA) occurs commonly among the elderly and almost invariably in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) are produced via the amy-loidogenic processing of β-...Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA) occurs commonly among the elderly and almost invariably in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) are produced via the amy-loidogenic processing of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) by β-secretase-1 (BACE1) and γ- secretase. Vascular endothelial cells are lately shown to possess the molecular machinery of Aβ production, which might participate in the development of CAA. Hypercholesterolemia is considered a risk factor for AD, whereas less is known if cholesterol may modulate endothelial Aβ production. In the present study we verified the amyloidogenic capability of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) in vitro and explored the effect of cholesterol exposure on their amy-loidogenic potential. Cholesterol treatments at 12.5 and 25 mg/dL significantly elevated APP, BACE1 and APP β-CTF protein levels and β-site APP cleavage activity in cell lysates, and Aβ40 levels in culture medium. However, coincubation with cholesterol at 50 and 100 mg/dL attenuated the viability of the cultured cells and diminished their amyloidogenic capability. These findings suggest that high cholesterol exposure is stressful to vascular endothelial cells, and at a certain dosage range can promote an amyloidogenic response in these cells.展开更多
Under some local superquadratic conditions on <em>W</em> (<em>t</em>, <em>u</em>) with respect to <em>u</em>, the existence of infinitely many solutions is obtained for ...Under some local superquadratic conditions on <em>W</em> (<em>t</em>, <em>u</em>) with respect to <em>u</em>, the existence of infinitely many solutions is obtained for the nonperiodic fractional Hamiltonian systems<img src="Edit_b2a2ac0a-6dde-474f-8c75-e9f5fc7b9918.bmp" alt="" />, where <em>L</em> (<em>t</em>) is unnecessarily coercive.展开更多
文摘Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA) occurs commonly among the elderly and almost invariably in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) are produced via the amy-loidogenic processing of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) by β-secretase-1 (BACE1) and γ- secretase. Vascular endothelial cells are lately shown to possess the molecular machinery of Aβ production, which might participate in the development of CAA. Hypercholesterolemia is considered a risk factor for AD, whereas less is known if cholesterol may modulate endothelial Aβ production. In the present study we verified the amyloidogenic capability of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) in vitro and explored the effect of cholesterol exposure on their amy-loidogenic potential. Cholesterol treatments at 12.5 and 25 mg/dL significantly elevated APP, BACE1 and APP β-CTF protein levels and β-site APP cleavage activity in cell lysates, and Aβ40 levels in culture medium. However, coincubation with cholesterol at 50 and 100 mg/dL attenuated the viability of the cultured cells and diminished their amyloidogenic capability. These findings suggest that high cholesterol exposure is stressful to vascular endothelial cells, and at a certain dosage range can promote an amyloidogenic response in these cells.
文摘Under some local superquadratic conditions on <em>W</em> (<em>t</em>, <em>u</em>) with respect to <em>u</em>, the existence of infinitely many solutions is obtained for the nonperiodic fractional Hamiltonian systems<img src="Edit_b2a2ac0a-6dde-474f-8c75-e9f5fc7b9918.bmp" alt="" />, where <em>L</em> (<em>t</em>) is unnecessarily coercive.
