MAPK families play an important role in complex cellular programs like proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation, and apoptosis. At least three MAPI(families have been characterized: extracellular si...MAPK families play an important role in complex cellular programs like proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation, and apoptosis. At least three MAPI(families have been characterized: extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun kinase (JNK/SAPK) and p38 MAPK. The above effects are fulfilled by regulation of cell cycle engine and other cell proliferation related proteins. In this paper we discussed their functions and cooperation with other signal pathways in regulation of cell proliferation.展开更多
Distant hybridization makes it possible to transfer the genome of one species to another, which results in changes in phenotypes and genotypes of the progenies. This study shows that distant hybridization or the combi...Distant hybridization makes it possible to transfer the genome of one species to another, which results in changes in phenotypes and genotypes of the progenies. This study shows that distant hybridization or the combination of this method with gynogenesis or androgenesis lead to different ploidy fishes with genetic variation, including fertile tetraploid hybrids, sterile triploid hybrids, fertile diploid hybrids, fertile diploid gynogenetic fish, and their derived progenies. The formations of the different ploidy fishes depend on the genetic relationship between the parents. In this study, several types of distant hybridization, including red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var.) (2n=100, abbreviated as RCC) (♀)×common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) (2n=100, abbreviated as CC) (♂), and RCC (2n=100) (♀)×blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) (2n=48, abbreviated as BSB) (♂) are described. In the distant hybridization of RCC (♀)×CC (♂), bisexual fertile F3–F18 allotetraploid hybrids (4n=200, abbreviated as 4nAT) were formed. The diploid hybrid eggs and diploid sperm generated by the females and males of 4nAT developed into diploid gynogenetic hybrids and diploid androgenetic hybrids, respectively, by gynogenesis and androgenesis, without treatment for doubling the chromosome. Improved tetraploid hybrids and improved diploid fishes with genetic variation were derived from the gynogenetic hybrid line. The improved diploid fishes included the high-body RCC and high-body goldfish. The formation of the tetraploid hybrids was related to the occurrence of unreduced gametes generated from the diploid hybrids, which involved in premeiotic endoreduplication, endomitosis, or fusion of germ cells. The sterile triploid hybrids (3n=150) were produced on a large scale by crossing the males of tetraploid hybrids with females of diploid fish (2n=100). In another distant hybridization of RCC (♀)×BSB (♂), different ploidy fishes were obtained, including diploid bisexual fertile natural gynogenetic fish (2n=1展开更多
The microbial community composition in wheat rhizosphere was analyzed by detecting colony forming units （CFUs） in agar plates. The total CFUs in rhizosphere were 1.04×10^9/g soil with 9.0×10^8/g bacteria, ...The microbial community composition in wheat rhizosphere was analyzed by detecting colony forming units （CFUs） in agar plates. The total CFUs in rhizosphere were 1.04×10^9/g soil with 9.0×10^8/g bacteria, 1.37×10^8/g actinomyces and 3.6×10^6/g fungi. The 10 dominant bacteria were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and were grouped into genus Bacillus according to their full length 16S rRNA gene sequences. Although belonging to the same genus, the isolated strains exhibited different sensitivities to oxytetracycline. When a series of the rhizosphere soil was exposed under various concentrations of oxytetracycline, the microbial community structure was highly affected with significant decline of CFUs of bacteria and actinomyces （22.2% and 31.7% at 10 mg/kg antibiotic, respectively）. This inhibition was clearly enhanced with the increase exposure dosage of antibiotic and could not be eliminated during 30 d incubation. There was no obvious influence of this treatment on fungi population. Among the four soil enzymes （alkaline phosphatase, acidic phosphatase, dehydrogenase and urease）, only alkaline phospbatase was sensitive to oxytetracycline exposure with 41.3% decline of the enzyme activity at 10 mg/kg antibiotic and further decrease of 64.3%-80.8% when the dosage over 30 mg/kg.展开更多
A total of 973 isolates of endophytic fungi were recovered from 1144 tissue fragments of the six me-dicinal plant species belonging to 4 families collected in the Beijing Botanical Garden. Of these isolates 778 sporul...A total of 973 isolates of endophytic fungi were recovered from 1144 tissue fragments of the six me-dicinal plant species belonging to 4 families collected in the Beijing Botanical Garden. Of these isolates 778 sporulated and were identified into 21 taxa by morphological characteristics. Among the taxa 11 belonged to Coelomycetes, 6 to Ascomycetes, and 4 to Hyphomycetes. Various numbers of endophytic fungi (5―8 taxa) were obtained from each plant. Alternaria alternata was the dominant species in the 6 plants, and Microsphaeropsis conielloides was also dominant in Eucommia ulmoides. There were high colonization rates (47.9%―63.1%) and isolation rates (0.7―0.93) of endophytic fungi, and they were conspicuously higher in twigs than those in leaves in the 6 plants examined. The colonization and isolation rates of endophytic fungi increased with the twig age. The results based on the analyses of cluster and Sorenson's similarity coefficients indicated that some endophytic fungi showed a certain degree of host and tissue preference.展开更多
Gene and viral therapies for cancer have shown some therapeutic effects, but there has been a lack of real breakthrough. To achieve the goal of complete elimination of tumor xenograft in animal models, we have develop...Gene and viral therapies for cancer have shown some therapeutic effects, but there has been a lack of real breakthrough. To achieve the goal of complete elimination of tumor xenograft in animal models, we have developed a new strategy called Targeting Gene-Virotherapy of Cancer, which aims to combine the advantages of both gene therapy and virotherapy. This new strategy has produced stronger anti-tumor effects than either gene or viral therapy alone. A tumorspecific replicative adenovirus vector, designated as ZD55, was constructed by deletion of the 55kDa E1B region of adenovirus. The resulting viral construct not only retains a similar function to ONYX-015 by specifically targeting p53 negative tumors, but also allows for the insertion of various therapeutic genes to form appropriate ZD55 derivatives due to the newly introduced cloning site, a task not feasible with the original ONYX-015 virus. We showed that the anti-tumor effect of one such derivative, ZD55-IL-24, is at least 100 times more potent than that of either ZD55 virotherapy or Ad-IL-24 gene therapy. Nevertheless, complete elimination of tumor mass by the use of ZD55-1L-24 was only observed in some but not all mice, indicating that one therapeutic gene was not sufficient to ＂cure＂ these mice. When genes with complementary or synergetic effects were separately cloned into the ZD55 vector and used in combination （designated as the Dual Gene Therapy strategy）, much better results were obtained; and it was possible to achieve complete elimination of all the xenograft tumor masses in all mice if two suitable genes were chosen. More comprehensive studies based on this new strategy will likely lead to a protocol for clinical trial. Finally, the concept of Double Controlled Targeting Virus-Dual Gene Therapy for cancer treatment, and the implication of the recent progress in cancer stem cells are also discussed.展开更多
Epidermal bioassay demonstrated that benzylamine, a membrane-permeable weak base, can mimick hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce stomatal closure, and butyric acid, a membrane-permeable weak acid, can partly abolish th...Epidermal bioassay demonstrated that benzylamine, a membrane-permeable weak base, can mimick hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce stomatal closure, and butyric acid, a membrane-permeable weak acid, can partly abolish the H2O2-induced stomatal closure. Confocal pH mapping with the probe 5-(and-6)- carboxy seminaphthorhodafluor- 1 - acetoxymethylester (SNARF-1-AM) revealed that H2O2 leads to rapid changes in cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH in guard cells of Viola faba L, i. e. alkalinization of cytoplasmic areas occur red in parallel with a decrease of the vacuolar pH, and that butyric acid pretreatment can abolish alkalinization of cytoplasmic areas and acidification of vacuolar areas of guard cells challenged with H2O2. These results imply that the alkalinization of cytoplasm via efflux of cytosol protons into the vacuole in guard cells challenged with H2O2 is important at an early stage in the signal cascade leading to stomatal closure.展开更多
To understand the development of rice leaf blades,we identified a new rolled-leaf mutant,w32,from indica cultivar IR64 through EMS mutagenesis. The mutant showed a stable rolled-leaf phenotype throughout the life cycl...To understand the development of rice leaf blades,we identified a new rolled-leaf mutant,w32,from indica cultivar IR64 through EMS mutagenesis. The mutant showed a stable rolled-leaf phenotype throughout the life cycle. Two F2 populations were developed by crossing w32 to cultivar IR24 and PA64. Genetic analysis showed that the rolled-leaf phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. To determine the location of the gene,bulked segregant analysis was carried out using mutant and wild-type DNA pools and 1846 mutant-type F2 individuals derived from the cross w32/PA64 were genotyped to locate the gene on the short arm of chromosome 7. The rolled-leaf gene,tentatively named rl11(t),is likely a new gene as no other rolled-leaf genes have been identified near the region. By developing new SSR and InDel markers,the gene was delimited to a 52 kb region near the end of the short chromosome arm. Further fine mapping and cloning of the gene are currently underway.展开更多
To apply the fundamental principles of genome shuffling in breeding of taxol-producing fungi, Nodulisporium sylviform was used as starting strain in this work. The procedures of protoplast fusion and genome shuffling ...To apply the fundamental principles of genome shuffling in breeding of taxol-producing fungi, Nodulisporium sylviform was used as starting strain in this work. The procedures of protoplast fusion and genome shuffling were studied. Three hereditarily stable strains with high taxol production were obtained by four cycles of genome shuffling. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of taxol produced was confirmed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-MS. A high taxol producing fungus, Nodulisporium sylviform F4-26, was obtained, which produced 516.37 μg/L taxol. This value is 64.41% higher than that of the starting strain NCEU-1 and 31.52%―44.72% higher than that of the parent strains.展开更多
Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim., a perennial semi-shrub, is widely found in semi-arid areas in northwestern China and can survive severe desiccation of its vegetative organs. In order to study the protective mecha...Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim., a perennial semi-shrub, is widely found in semi-arid areas in northwestern China and can survive severe desiccation of its vegetative organs. In order to study the protective mechanism of desiccation tolerance in R. soongorica, diurnal patterns of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), water use efficiency (WUE) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Photosystem II (PSII), and sugar content in the source leaf and stem were investigated in 6-year-old plants during progressive soil drought imposed by the cessation of watering. The results showed that R. soongorica was char-acterized by very low leaf water potential, high WUE, photosynthesis and high accumulation of sucrose in the stem and leaf abscission under desiccation. The maximum Pn increased at first and then de-clined during drought, but intrinsic WUE increased remarkably in the morning with increasing drought stress. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and the quantum efficiency of noncyclic electric transport of PSII(ΦPSII) decreased significantly under water stress and exhibited an obvious phenomenon of photoinhibition at noon. Drought stressed plants maintained a higher capacity of dis-sipation of the excitation energy (measured as NPQ) with the increasing intensity of stress. Conditions of progressive drought promoted sucrose and starch accumulation in the stems but not in the leaves. However, when leaf water potential was less than –21.3 MPa, the plant leaves died and then abscised. But the stem photosynthesis remained and, afterward the plants entered the dormant state. Upon re-watering, the shoots reactivated and the plants developed new leaves. Therefore, R. soongorica has the ability to reduce water loss through leaf abscission and maintain the vigor of the stem cells to survive desiccation.展开更多
A dual-vector system was explored for the delivery of the coagulation factor VIII gene,using intein-mediated protein trans-splicing as a means to produce intact functional factor VIII post-translationally.A pair of eu...A dual-vector system was explored for the delivery of the coagulation factor VIII gene,using intein-mediated protein trans-splicing as a means to produce intact functional factor VIII post-translationally.A pair of eukaryotic expression vectors,expressing Ssp DnaB intein-fused heavy and light chain genes of B-domain deleted factor VIII (BDD-FVIII),was constructed.With transient co-transfection of the two vectors into 293 and COS-7 cells,the culture supernatants contained (137±23) and (109±22) ng mL–1 spliced BDD-FVIII antigen with an activity of (1.05±0.16) and (0.79±0.23) IU mL–1 for 293 and COS-7 cells,respectively.The spliced BDD-FVIII was also detected in supernatants from a mixture of cells transfected with inteinfused heavy and light chain genes.The spliced BDD-FVIII protein bands from cell lysates were visualized by Western blotting.The data demonstrated that intein could be used to transfer the split factor VIII gene and provided valuable information on factor VIII gene delivery by dual-adeno-associated virus in hemophilia A gene therapy.展开更多
The c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene encodes a 185kDa protein p!85, which belongs to epidermal growth factor receptor family. Amplification of this gene has been shown to correlate with poor clinical prognosis for certain canc...The c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene encodes a 185kDa protein p!85, which belongs to epidermal growth factor receptor family. Amplification of this gene has been shown to correlate with poor clinical prognosis for certain cancer patients. The monoclonal antibody A21 which directed against p185 specifically inhibits proliferation of tumor cells overexpressing p185, hence allows it to be a candidate for targeted therapy. In order to overcome several drawbacks of murine MAb, we cloned its VH and VL genes and constructed the single-chain Fv (scFv) through a peptide linker. The recombinant scFvA21 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by the affinity column. Subsequently it was characterized by ELISA, Western blot, cell immunohistochemistry and FACS. All these assays showed the binding activity to extracellular domain (ECD) of p!85. Based on those properties of scFvA21, we further constructed the scFv-Fc fusion molecule with a homodimer form and the recombinant product was expressed in mammalian cells. In a series of subsequent analysis this fusion protein showed identical antigen binding site and activity with the parent antibody. These anti-p185 engineered antibodies have promised to be further modified as a tumor targeting drugs, with a view of application in the diagnosis and treatment of human breast cancer.展开更多
The sequence of the rice genome holds fundamental information for its biology, including physiology, genetics, development, and evolution, as well as information on many beneficial phenotypes of economic significance....The sequence of the rice genome holds fundamental information for its biology, including physiology, genetics, development, and evolution, as well as information on many beneficial phenotypes of economic significance. Using a "whole genome shotgun" approach, we have pro-duced a draft rice genome sequence of Oryza sativa ssp. in-dica, the major crop rice subspecies in China and many other regions of Asia. The draft genome sequence is constructed from over 4.3 million successful sequencing traces with an accumulative total length of 2214.9 Mb. The initial assembly of the non-redundant sequences reached 409.76 Mb in length, based on 3.30 million successful sequencing traces with a total length of 1797.4 Mb from an indica variant cultivar 93-11, giving an estimated coverage of 95.29% of the rice genome with an average base accuracy of higher than 99%. The coverage of the draft sequence, the randomness of the sequence distribution, and the consistency of BIG-ASSEM-BLER, a custom-designed software package展开更多
Mapping of low or single-copy sequences on plant chromosomes has proven difficult because of very low frequency of signal detection. Rice BAC library is being used widely in rice genome research due to its distinctive...Mapping of low or single-copy sequences on plant chromosomes has proven difficult because of very low frequency of signal detection. Rice BAC library is being used widely in rice genome research due to its distinctive advantages over other library systems. In this study, two biotin-labeled rice BAC clones closely linked to a rice blast resistance, green leafhopper resistance and tungro spherical virus resistance gene,Pi-5(t), Glh, RTSV, werein situ hybridized to rice chromosomes. They were located on the long arm and short arm of chromosome 4 with FL value of 40%and 100%respectively. The frequency of signal detection reached 46.8%and 59.2%. The signal location were consistent with the selective marker on rice saturated molecular map. The results demonstrated the advantages to locate BAC clones to chromosomes byin situ hybridization and will facilitate the rice low or single-copy gene location by using the BAC library.展开更多
Phytoplankton species composition and species succession were determined in 1998-1999 based on 2 nestle investigation cruises in the Bohai Sea and two monthly monitoring stations at Penglai and Changdao for 15 months...Phytoplankton species composition and species succession were determined in 1998-1999 based on 2 nestle investigation cruises in the Bohai Sea and two monthly monitoring stations at Penglai and Changdao for 15 months. The seasonal succession and pathway of phytoplankton community in the Bohai Sea were discussed complementarily with history data. The main process of Phytoplankton community development in the Bohai Sea was controlled by temperature and nutrient replenishes. There were two cell abundance peaks in an annual variation, the main peak in April and the secondary peak in September. In winter, the cell abundance was low due to the low temperature, the phytoplankton community was mainly made up of small-celled diataoms. In spring, the phytoplankton community was developed very quickly by small-celled diatom in suitable conditions of temperature and nutrients. In summer, the cell abundance decreased and big-celled diatoms became predominated. In autumn, because of the replenish of nutrient, big-celled diatoms and dinoflagellates formed another cell abundance peak. during the annual variation of phytoplankton community in the Bohai Sea, species succession was the main process of community development, the species sequence just occur at special areas and special periods. The evolution of phytoplankton community in the Bohai Sea accords with the hypothesis of Margalef's phytoplankton community of four stages. But the size feature is contrary to the hypothesis, which may be caused by nutrient replenish in autumn in Bohai Sea and the top to down control.展开更多
There is increasing evidence for considerable interlinking between the responses to heat stress and oxidative stress, and recent researches suggest heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) play an important role in lin...There is increasing evidence for considerable interlinking between the responses to heat stress and oxidative stress, and recent researches suggest heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) play an important role in linking heat shock with oxidative stress signals. In this paper, we present evidence that AtHsfA2 modulated expression of stress responsive genes and enhanced tolerance to heat and oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. Using Northern blot and quantitative RT-PCR analysis, we demonstrated that the expression of AtHsfA2 was induced by not only HS but also oxidative stress. By functional analysis of AtHsfA2 knockout mutants and AtHsfA2 overexpressing transgenic plants, we also demonstrated that the mutants displayed reduced the basal and acquired thermotolerance as well as oxidative stress tolerance but the overexpression lines displayed increased tolerance to these stress. The phenotypes correlated with the expres-sion of some Hsps and APX1, ion leakage, H2O2 level and degree of oxidative injuries. These results showed that, by modulated expression of stress responsive genes, AtHsfA2 enhanced tolerance to heat and oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. So we suggest that AtHsfA2 plays an im-portant role in linking heat shock with oxidative stress signals.展开更多
The properties of water and their changes under the action of a magnetic field were gathered by the spectrum techniques of infrared, Raman, visible, ultraviolet and X-ray lights, which may give an insight into molecul...The properties of water and their changes under the action of a magnetic field were gathered by the spectrum techniques of infrared, Raman, visible, ultraviolet and X-ray lights, which may give an insight into molecular and atomic structures of water. It was found that some properties of water were changed, and a lot of new and strange phenomena were discovered after magnetization. Magnetized water really has magnetism, which has been verified by a peak shift of X-ray diffraction of magnetized water + Fe3O4 hybrid relative to that of pure water + Fe3O4 hybrid, that is a saturation and memory effect. The properties of infrared and ultraviolet absorptions, Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction of magnetized water were greatly changed relative to those of pure water; their strengths of peaks were all increased, the frequencies of some peaks did also shift, and some new peaks, for example, at 5198, 8050 and 9340 cm?1, occurred at 25°C after water was magnetized. In the meanwhile, the magnetized effects of water are related to the magnetized time, the intensity of an externally applied magnetic field, and the temperature of water, but they are not a linear relationship. The study also showed a lot of new and unusual properties of magnetized water, for example, the six peaks in 3000–3800 cm?1 in infrared absorption, the exponential increase of ultraviolet absorption of wave with the decreasing wavelength of light of 200–300 nm, the frequency-shifts of peaks, a strange irreversible effect in the increasing and decreasing processes, as well as a stronger peak of absorption occurring at 50°C, 70°C and 80°C, the existence of many models of motion from 85°C to 95°C in 8000–10000 cm?1, and so on. These results show that the molecular structure of water is very complicated, which needs further study. Furthermore, the macroscopic feature of mechanics, for instance, surface tension force of magnetized water, was also measured. Experiments discovered that the size in contact angles of magnetized water on the surface展开更多
Objective To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of glycyrrhizin(GL) on vascular dementia(VaD) in vivo and Glutamate-induced damage in vitro.Methods Male Wistar rats were subjected to permanent occlusion of the bilat...Objective To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of glycyrrhizin(GL) on vascular dementia(VaD) in vivo and Glutamate-induced damage in vitro.Methods Male Wistar rats were subjected to permanent occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries.On d 15 postsurgery,rat cognition was assessed using the Morris water maze.The activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of malondialdehyde of brains were also measured.Brain damage was evaluated histologically using HE staining.In vitro cell viability was examined in PC12 cells exposed to Glutamate,and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 and Bax were assessed.Results GL(20 mg/kg for 12 d) improved the performance of learning and memory of VaD rats,decreased the level of lipid peroxidation,and attenuated the pathological alterations in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas.Moreover,GL(0.6 mmol/L) could protect PC12 cell lines from injury induced by Glutamate(10 mmol/L) and inhibit apoptosis of neuronal cells.Conclusion The present findings suggest that GL may have therapeutic potential in treating VaD.展开更多
This study investigated the gynogenetic cytobiological behavior of the third gynogenetic generation (G3), which was generated from the diploid eggs produced by the second gynogenetic generation (G2) of red crucian car...This study investigated the gynogenetic cytobiological behavior of the third gynogenetic generation (G3), which was generated from the diploid eggs produced by the second gynogenetic generation (G2) of red crucian carp × common carp, and determined the chromosomal numbers of G3, G2×scatter scale carp and G2×allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp × common carp. The results showed that the diploid eggs of G2 with 100 chromosomes, activated by UV-irradiated sperm from scatter scale carp and without the treatment for doubling the chromosomes, could develop into G3 with 100 chromosomes. Similar to the first and second gynogenetic generations (G1 and G2), G3 was also diploid (2n=100) and presented the hybrid traits. The triploids (3n=150) and tetraploids (4n=200) were produced by crossing G2 with scatter scale carp and crossing G2 with allotetraploids, respectively. The extrusion of the second polar body in the eggs of G2 ruled out the possibility that the retention of the second polar body led to the formation of the diploid eggs. In addition, we discussed the mechanism of the formation of the diploid eggs generated by G2. The establishment of the diploid gynogenesis clonal line (G1, G2 and G3) provided the evidence that the diploid eggs were able to develop into a new diploid hybrid clonal line by gynogenesis. By producing the diploid eggs as a unique reproductive way, the diploid gyno- genetic progeny of allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp × common carp had important signifi- cances in both biological evolution and production application.展开更多
AIM: JNK cascade plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. However, the exact function of JNK cascade for apoptosis induction remains largely unknown. In this study, the role of JNK...AIM: JNK cascade plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. However, the exact function of JNK cascade for apoptosis induction remains largely unknown. In this study, the role of JNK activation stimulated by TPA in the process of apoptosis induction and its signaling transduction pathway in gastric cancer cells were investigated and determined.METHODS: Expressions of mRNA and protein were detected by Northern blot and Western blot. Transcription activity was measured by transient transfection and CAT assay. Apoptotic cells were displayed through staining the nucleus with DAPI and were observed under fluorescence microscope. The apoptotic index was determined by counting 1000 cells randomly.RESULTS: JNK protein was stimulated rapidly by TPA, and reached its highest peak within 3 hr, then decreased in a time-dependent manner, but the expression level of JNK protein induced by TPA was always keeping higher than that in untreated cells. Similar pattern was seen in c-jun mRNA level induced by TPA. TPA significantly activated the transcriptional activity of activator protein-1 with a TPA-closedependent manner. Furthermore, activation of JNK was mediated through PKC pathway. Treatment of cells with PKC specific inhibitor, Wortmannin, led to repression of JNK even in the presence of TPA. More importantly, all these effects were associated with induction of apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. TPA inducted apoptosis obviously in gastric cancer cells. The apoptotic cells became smaller and rounded, and their nuclei became condensation and fragmentation with brightly stained chromatin. However, suppression of JNK by PKC specific inhibitor, Wortmannin, resulted in the decrease of apoptosis induced by TPA in a time-dependent manner, apoptotic index dramatically decreased from 32.56 % to 8.71%.CONCLUSION: TPA stimulates JNK cascade, including upregulation of JNK protein expression level and c-jun mRNA expression level, and activation of activator protein-1 transcriptional activity. Activation o展开更多
基金supported by the Major StateBasic Research Project (Grant No. G1999053901).
文摘MAPK families play an important role in complex cellular programs like proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation, and apoptosis. At least three MAPI(families have been characterized: extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun kinase (JNK/SAPK) and p38 MAPK. The above effects are fulfilled by regulation of cell cycle engine and other cell proliferation related proteins. In this paper we discussed their functions and cooperation with other signal pathways in regulation of cell proliferation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fund for Distin-guished Young Scholars (Grant No. 30725028)the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China (Grant No. 30930071)+1 种基金the State Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB109200)the Specially-appointed Professor for Lotus Scholars Program of Hunan Province (Grant No. 080648)
文摘Distant hybridization makes it possible to transfer the genome of one species to another, which results in changes in phenotypes and genotypes of the progenies. This study shows that distant hybridization or the combination of this method with gynogenesis or androgenesis lead to different ploidy fishes with genetic variation, including fertile tetraploid hybrids, sterile triploid hybrids, fertile diploid hybrids, fertile diploid gynogenetic fish, and their derived progenies. The formations of the different ploidy fishes depend on the genetic relationship between the parents. In this study, several types of distant hybridization, including red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var.) (2n=100, abbreviated as RCC) (♀)×common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) (2n=100, abbreviated as CC) (♂), and RCC (2n=100) (♀)×blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) (2n=48, abbreviated as BSB) (♂) are described. In the distant hybridization of RCC (♀)×CC (♂), bisexual fertile F3–F18 allotetraploid hybrids (4n=200, abbreviated as 4nAT) were formed. The diploid hybrid eggs and diploid sperm generated by the females and males of 4nAT developed into diploid gynogenetic hybrids and diploid androgenetic hybrids, respectively, by gynogenesis and androgenesis, without treatment for doubling the chromosome. Improved tetraploid hybrids and improved diploid fishes with genetic variation were derived from the gynogenetic hybrid line. The improved diploid fishes included the high-body RCC and high-body goldfish. The formation of the tetraploid hybrids was related to the occurrence of unreduced gametes generated from the diploid hybrids, which involved in premeiotic endoreduplication, endomitosis, or fusion of germ cells. The sterile triploid hybrids (3n=150) were produced on a large scale by crossing the males of tetraploid hybrids with females of diploid fish (2n=100). In another distant hybridization of RCC (♀)×BSB (♂), different ploidy fishes were obtained, including diploid bisexual fertile natural gynogenetic fish (2n=1
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20677014)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2006CB403306)
文摘The microbial community composition in wheat rhizosphere was analyzed by detecting colony forming units （CFUs） in agar plates. The total CFUs in rhizosphere were 1.04×10^9/g soil with 9.0×10^8/g bacteria, 1.37×10^8/g actinomyces and 3.6×10^6/g fungi. The 10 dominant bacteria were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and were grouped into genus Bacillus according to their full length 16S rRNA gene sequences. Although belonging to the same genus, the isolated strains exhibited different sensitivities to oxytetracycline. When a series of the rhizosphere soil was exposed under various concentrations of oxytetracycline, the microbial community structure was highly affected with significant decline of CFUs of bacteria and actinomyces （22.2% and 31.7% at 10 mg/kg antibiotic, respectively）. This inhibition was clearly enhanced with the increase exposure dosage of antibiotic and could not be eliminated during 30 d incubation. There was no obvious influence of this treatment on fungi population. Among the four soil enzymes （alkaline phosphatase, acidic phosphatase, dehydrogenase and urease）, only alkaline phospbatase was sensitive to oxytetracycline exposure with 41.3% decline of the enzyme activity at 10 mg/kg antibiotic and further decrease of 64.3%-80.8% when the dosage over 30 mg/kg.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant NO. 30370006 and 32030020)
文摘A total of 973 isolates of endophytic fungi were recovered from 1144 tissue fragments of the six me-dicinal plant species belonging to 4 families collected in the Beijing Botanical Garden. Of these isolates 778 sporulated and were identified into 21 taxa by morphological characteristics. Among the taxa 11 belonged to Coelomycetes, 6 to Ascomycetes, and 4 to Hyphomycetes. Various numbers of endophytic fungi (5―8 taxa) were obtained from each plant. Alternaria alternata was the dominant species in the 6 plants, and Microsphaeropsis conielloides was also dominant in Eucommia ulmoides. There were high colonization rates (47.9%―63.1%) and isolation rates (0.7―0.93) of endophytic fungi, and they were conspicuously higher in twigs than those in leaves in the 6 plants examined. The colonization and isolation rates of endophytic fungi increased with the twig age. The results based on the analyses of cluster and Sorenson's similarity coefficients indicated that some endophytic fungi showed a certain degree of host and tissue preference.
文摘Gene and viral therapies for cancer have shown some therapeutic effects, but there has been a lack of real breakthrough. To achieve the goal of complete elimination of tumor xenograft in animal models, we have developed a new strategy called Targeting Gene-Virotherapy of Cancer, which aims to combine the advantages of both gene therapy and virotherapy. This new strategy has produced stronger anti-tumor effects than either gene or viral therapy alone. A tumorspecific replicative adenovirus vector, designated as ZD55, was constructed by deletion of the 55kDa E1B region of adenovirus. The resulting viral construct not only retains a similar function to ONYX-015 by specifically targeting p53 negative tumors, but also allows for the insertion of various therapeutic genes to form appropriate ZD55 derivatives due to the newly introduced cloning site, a task not feasible with the original ONYX-015 virus. We showed that the anti-tumor effect of one such derivative, ZD55-IL-24, is at least 100 times more potent than that of either ZD55 virotherapy or Ad-IL-24 gene therapy. Nevertheless, complete elimination of tumor mass by the use of ZD55-1L-24 was only observed in some but not all mice, indicating that one therapeutic gene was not sufficient to ＂cure＂ these mice. When genes with complementary or synergetic effects were separately cloned into the ZD55 vector and used in combination （designated as the Dual Gene Therapy strategy）, much better results were obtained; and it was possible to achieve complete elimination of all the xenograft tumor masses in all mice if two suitable genes were chosen. More comprehensive studies based on this new strategy will likely lead to a protocol for clinical trial. Finally, the concept of Double Controlled Targeting Virus-Dual Gene Therapy for cancer treatment, and the implication of the recent progress in cancer stem cells are also discussed.
文摘Epidermal bioassay demonstrated that benzylamine, a membrane-permeable weak base, can mimick hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce stomatal closure, and butyric acid, a membrane-permeable weak acid, can partly abolish the H2O2-induced stomatal closure. Confocal pH mapping with the probe 5-(and-6)- carboxy seminaphthorhodafluor- 1 - acetoxymethylester (SNARF-1-AM) revealed that H2O2 leads to rapid changes in cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH in guard cells of Viola faba L, i. e. alkalinization of cytoplasmic areas occur red in parallel with a decrease of the vacuolar pH, and that butyric acid pretreatment can abolish alkalinization of cytoplasmic areas and acidification of vacuolar areas of guard cells challenged with H2O2. These results imply that the alkalinization of cytoplasm via efflux of cytosol protons into the vacuole in guard cells challenged with H2O2 is important at an early stage in the signal cascade leading to stomatal closure.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006AA10Z1E8 and 2006AA100101)
文摘To understand the development of rice leaf blades,we identified a new rolled-leaf mutant,w32,from indica cultivar IR64 through EMS mutagenesis. The mutant showed a stable rolled-leaf phenotype throughout the life cycle. Two F2 populations were developed by crossing w32 to cultivar IR24 and PA64. Genetic analysis showed that the rolled-leaf phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. To determine the location of the gene,bulked segregant analysis was carried out using mutant and wild-type DNA pools and 1846 mutant-type F2 individuals derived from the cross w32/PA64 were genotyped to locate the gene on the short arm of chromosome 7. The rolled-leaf gene,tentatively named rl11(t),is likely a new gene as no other rolled-leaf genes have been identified near the region. By developing new SSR and InDel markers,the gene was delimited to a 52 kb region near the end of the short chromosome arm. Further fine mapping and cloning of the gene are currently underway.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30570025)the Fifteen Important Items of Heilongjiang (Grant No. GA02C101)+3 种基金Harbin Youth Science Foundation (Grant No. 2005AFQXJ- 063)Research Program for Scholars Overseas by Heilongjiang Education Bureau (Grant No. 1152HZ06)Department of Education of Heilongjiang Province (Grant No. 10551238)Out-standing Young Scientist Foundation of Heilongjiang University
文摘To apply the fundamental principles of genome shuffling in breeding of taxol-producing fungi, Nodulisporium sylviform was used as starting strain in this work. The procedures of protoplast fusion and genome shuffling were studied. Three hereditarily stable strains with high taxol production were obtained by four cycles of genome shuffling. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of taxol produced was confirmed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-MS. A high taxol producing fungus, Nodulisporium sylviform F4-26, was obtained, which produced 516.37 μg/L taxol. This value is 64.41% higher than that of the starting strain NCEU-1 and 31.52%―44.72% higher than that of the parent strains.
基金the Program of the Research of Vegetation Restoration in Arid Areas of Lanzhou (Grant No. 03-2-27)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30270243)
文摘Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim., a perennial semi-shrub, is widely found in semi-arid areas in northwestern China and can survive severe desiccation of its vegetative organs. In order to study the protective mechanism of desiccation tolerance in R. soongorica, diurnal patterns of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), water use efficiency (WUE) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Photosystem II (PSII), and sugar content in the source leaf and stem were investigated in 6-year-old plants during progressive soil drought imposed by the cessation of watering. The results showed that R. soongorica was char-acterized by very low leaf water potential, high WUE, photosynthesis and high accumulation of sucrose in the stem and leaf abscission under desiccation. The maximum Pn increased at first and then de-clined during drought, but intrinsic WUE increased remarkably in the morning with increasing drought stress. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and the quantum efficiency of noncyclic electric transport of PSII(ΦPSII) decreased significantly under water stress and exhibited an obvious phenomenon of photoinhibition at noon. Drought stressed plants maintained a higher capacity of dis-sipation of the excitation energy (measured as NPQ) with the increasing intensity of stress. Conditions of progressive drought promoted sucrose and starch accumulation in the stems but not in the leaves. However, when leaf water potential was less than –21.3 MPa, the plant leaves died and then abscised. But the stem photosynthesis remained and, afterward the plants entered the dormant state. Upon re-watering, the shoots reactivated and the plants developed new leaves. Therefore, R. soongorica has the ability to reduce water loss through leaf abscission and maintain the vigor of the stem cells to survive desiccation.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. Y2005D14)the Science and Technology Program of Yantai (Grant No. 2008152)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry (Grant No. 20071108)the Discipline Construction Funds of Ludong University
文摘A dual-vector system was explored for the delivery of the coagulation factor VIII gene,using intein-mediated protein trans-splicing as a means to produce intact functional factor VIII post-translationally.A pair of eukaryotic expression vectors,expressing Ssp DnaB intein-fused heavy and light chain genes of B-domain deleted factor VIII (BDD-FVIII),was constructed.With transient co-transfection of the two vectors into 293 and COS-7 cells,the culture supernatants contained (137±23) and (109±22) ng mL–1 spliced BDD-FVIII antigen with an activity of (1.05±0.16) and (0.79±0.23) IU mL–1 for 293 and COS-7 cells,respectively.The spliced BDD-FVIII was also detected in supernatants from a mixture of cells transfected with inteinfused heavy and light chain genes.The spliced BDD-FVIII protein bands from cell lysates were visualized by Western blotting.The data demonstrated that intein could be used to transfer the split factor VIII gene and provided valuable information on factor VIII gene delivery by dual-adeno-associated virus in hemophilia A gene therapy.
基金This work was supported by funds of Natural Science of Scientific Committee and Educational Committee of AN-HUI Province respectively, and Hi-tech Research and Development Program ("863" Program).
文摘The c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene encodes a 185kDa protein p!85, which belongs to epidermal growth factor receptor family. Amplification of this gene has been shown to correlate with poor clinical prognosis for certain cancer patients. The monoclonal antibody A21 which directed against p185 specifically inhibits proliferation of tumor cells overexpressing p185, hence allows it to be a candidate for targeted therapy. In order to overcome several drawbacks of murine MAb, we cloned its VH and VL genes and constructed the single-chain Fv (scFv) through a peptide linker. The recombinant scFvA21 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by the affinity column. Subsequently it was characterized by ELISA, Western blot, cell immunohistochemistry and FACS. All these assays showed the binding activity to extracellular domain (ECD) of p!85. Based on those properties of scFvA21, we further constructed the scFv-Fc fusion molecule with a homodimer form and the recombinant product was expressed in mammalian cells. In a series of subsequent analysis this fusion protein showed identical antigen binding site and activity with the parent antibody. These anti-p185 engineered antibodies have promised to be further modified as a tumor targeting drugs, with a view of application in the diagnosis and treatment of human breast cancer.
基金This work was sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Commission for Economy Planning, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing Municipal Government, Zhejiang Provincial Government, and H
文摘The sequence of the rice genome holds fundamental information for its biology, including physiology, genetics, development, and evolution, as well as information on many beneficial phenotypes of economic significance. Using a "whole genome shotgun" approach, we have pro-duced a draft rice genome sequence of Oryza sativa ssp. in-dica, the major crop rice subspecies in China and many other regions of Asia. The draft genome sequence is constructed from over 4.3 million successful sequencing traces with an accumulative total length of 2214.9 Mb. The initial assembly of the non-redundant sequences reached 409.76 Mb in length, based on 3.30 million successful sequencing traces with a total length of 1797.4 Mb from an indica variant cultivar 93-11, giving an estimated coverage of 95.29% of the rice genome with an average base accuracy of higher than 99%. The coverage of the draft sequence, the randomness of the sequence distribution, and the consistency of BIG-ASSEM-BLER, a custom-designed software package
文摘Mapping of low or single-copy sequences on plant chromosomes has proven difficult because of very low frequency of signal detection. Rice BAC library is being used widely in rice genome research due to its distinctive advantages over other library systems. In this study, two biotin-labeled rice BAC clones closely linked to a rice blast resistance, green leafhopper resistance and tungro spherical virus resistance gene,Pi-5(t), Glh, RTSV, werein situ hybridized to rice chromosomes. They were located on the long arm and short arm of chromosome 4 with FL value of 40%and 100%respectively. The frequency of signal detection reached 46.8%and 59.2%. The signal location were consistent with the selective marker on rice saturated molecular map. The results demonstrated the advantages to locate BAC clones to chromosomes byin situ hybridization and will facilitate the rice low or single-copy gene location by using the BAC library.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 49576298, 497901001,and G1999043703.
文摘Phytoplankton species composition and species succession were determined in 1998-1999 based on 2 nestle investigation cruises in the Bohai Sea and two monthly monitoring stations at Penglai and Changdao for 15 months. The seasonal succession and pathway of phytoplankton community in the Bohai Sea were discussed complementarily with history data. The main process of Phytoplankton community development in the Bohai Sea was controlled by temperature and nutrient replenishes. There were two cell abundance peaks in an annual variation, the main peak in April and the secondary peak in September. In winter, the cell abundance was low due to the low temperature, the phytoplankton community was mainly made up of small-celled diataoms. In spring, the phytoplankton community was developed very quickly by small-celled diatom in suitable conditions of temperature and nutrients. In summer, the cell abundance decreased and big-celled diatoms became predominated. In autumn, because of the replenish of nutrient, big-celled diatoms and dinoflagellates formed another cell abundance peak. during the annual variation of phytoplankton community in the Bohai Sea, species succession was the main process of community development, the species sequence just occur at special areas and special periods. The evolution of phytoplankton community in the Bohai Sea accords with the hypothesis of Margalef's phytoplankton community of four stages. But the size feature is contrary to the hypothesis, which may be caused by nutrient replenish in autumn in Bohai Sea and the top to down control.
基金This work was supported by the Major State Basic Research Program of China and the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina(Grant Nos.30421002&30370129).
文摘There is increasing evidence for considerable interlinking between the responses to heat stress and oxidative stress, and recent researches suggest heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) play an important role in linking heat shock with oxidative stress signals. In this paper, we present evidence that AtHsfA2 modulated expression of stress responsive genes and enhanced tolerance to heat and oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. Using Northern blot and quantitative RT-PCR analysis, we demonstrated that the expression of AtHsfA2 was induced by not only HS but also oxidative stress. By functional analysis of AtHsfA2 knockout mutants and AtHsfA2 overexpressing transgenic plants, we also demonstrated that the mutants displayed reduced the basal and acquired thermotolerance as well as oxidative stress tolerance but the overexpression lines displayed increased tolerance to these stress. The phenotypes correlated with the expres-sion of some Hsps and APX1, ion leakage, H2O2 level and degree of oxidative injuries. These results showed that, by modulated expression of stress responsive genes, AtHsfA2 enhanced tolerance to heat and oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. So we suggest that AtHsfA2 plays an im-portant role in linking heat shock with oxidative stress signals.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB936103)
文摘The properties of water and their changes under the action of a magnetic field were gathered by the spectrum techniques of infrared, Raman, visible, ultraviolet and X-ray lights, which may give an insight into molecular and atomic structures of water. It was found that some properties of water were changed, and a lot of new and strange phenomena were discovered after magnetization. Magnetized water really has magnetism, which has been verified by a peak shift of X-ray diffraction of magnetized water + Fe3O4 hybrid relative to that of pure water + Fe3O4 hybrid, that is a saturation and memory effect. The properties of infrared and ultraviolet absorptions, Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction of magnetized water were greatly changed relative to those of pure water; their strengths of peaks were all increased, the frequencies of some peaks did also shift, and some new peaks, for example, at 5198, 8050 and 9340 cm?1, occurred at 25°C after water was magnetized. In the meanwhile, the magnetized effects of water are related to the magnetized time, the intensity of an externally applied magnetic field, and the temperature of water, but they are not a linear relationship. The study also showed a lot of new and unusual properties of magnetized water, for example, the six peaks in 3000–3800 cm?1 in infrared absorption, the exponential increase of ultraviolet absorption of wave with the decreasing wavelength of light of 200–300 nm, the frequency-shifts of peaks, a strange irreversible effect in the increasing and decreasing processes, as well as a stronger peak of absorption occurring at 50°C, 70°C and 80°C, the existence of many models of motion from 85°C to 95°C in 8000–10000 cm?1, and so on. These results show that the molecular structure of water is very complicated, which needs further study. Furthermore, the macroscopic feature of mechanics, for instance, surface tension force of magnetized water, was also measured. Experiments discovered that the size in contact angles of magnetized water on the surface
文摘Objective To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of glycyrrhizin(GL) on vascular dementia(VaD) in vivo and Glutamate-induced damage in vitro.Methods Male Wistar rats were subjected to permanent occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries.On d 15 postsurgery,rat cognition was assessed using the Morris water maze.The activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of malondialdehyde of brains were also measured.Brain damage was evaluated histologically using HE staining.In vitro cell viability was examined in PC12 cells exposed to Glutamate,and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 and Bax were assessed.Results GL(20 mg/kg for 12 d) improved the performance of learning and memory of VaD rats,decreased the level of lipid peroxidation,and attenuated the pathological alterations in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas.Moreover,GL(0.6 mmol/L) could protect PC12 cell lines from injury induced by Glutamate(10 mmol/L) and inhibit apoptosis of neuronal cells.Conclusion The present findings suggest that GL may have therapeutic potential in treating VaD.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.30330480 and 30571444), the Doctoral Station of University of the Education Min-istry of China (Grant No. 200405422001), and the Agriculture Technological Pro-duction Foundation of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No.2005380)
文摘This study investigated the gynogenetic cytobiological behavior of the third gynogenetic generation (G3), which was generated from the diploid eggs produced by the second gynogenetic generation (G2) of red crucian carp × common carp, and determined the chromosomal numbers of G3, G2×scatter scale carp and G2×allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp × common carp. The results showed that the diploid eggs of G2 with 100 chromosomes, activated by UV-irradiated sperm from scatter scale carp and without the treatment for doubling the chromosomes, could develop into G3 with 100 chromosomes. Similar to the first and second gynogenetic generations (G1 and G2), G3 was also diploid (2n=100) and presented the hybrid traits. The triploids (3n=150) and tetraploids (4n=200) were produced by crossing G2 with scatter scale carp and crossing G2 with allotetraploids, respectively. The extrusion of the second polar body in the eggs of G2 ruled out the possibility that the retention of the second polar body led to the formation of the diploid eggs. In addition, we discussed the mechanism of the formation of the diploid eggs generated by G2. The establishment of the diploid gynogenesis clonal line (G1, G2 and G3) provided the evidence that the diploid eggs were able to develop into a new diploid hybrid clonal line by gynogenesis. By producing the diploid eggs as a unique reproductive way, the diploid gyno- genetic progeny of allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp × common carp had important signifi- cances in both biological evolution and production application.
基金the National Outstanding Youth Science foundation of China,No.39825502the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.39880015,30170477the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,No.C0110004
文摘AIM: JNK cascade plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. However, the exact function of JNK cascade for apoptosis induction remains largely unknown. In this study, the role of JNK activation stimulated by TPA in the process of apoptosis induction and its signaling transduction pathway in gastric cancer cells were investigated and determined.METHODS: Expressions of mRNA and protein were detected by Northern blot and Western blot. Transcription activity was measured by transient transfection and CAT assay. Apoptotic cells were displayed through staining the nucleus with DAPI and were observed under fluorescence microscope. The apoptotic index was determined by counting 1000 cells randomly.RESULTS: JNK protein was stimulated rapidly by TPA, and reached its highest peak within 3 hr, then decreased in a time-dependent manner, but the expression level of JNK protein induced by TPA was always keeping higher than that in untreated cells. Similar pattern was seen in c-jun mRNA level induced by TPA. TPA significantly activated the transcriptional activity of activator protein-1 with a TPA-closedependent manner. Furthermore, activation of JNK was mediated through PKC pathway. Treatment of cells with PKC specific inhibitor, Wortmannin, led to repression of JNK even in the presence of TPA. More importantly, all these effects were associated with induction of apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. TPA inducted apoptosis obviously in gastric cancer cells. The apoptotic cells became smaller and rounded, and their nuclei became condensation and fragmentation with brightly stained chromatin. However, suppression of JNK by PKC specific inhibitor, Wortmannin, resulted in the decrease of apoptosis induced by TPA in a time-dependent manner, apoptotic index dramatically decreased from 32.56 % to 8.71%.CONCLUSION: TPA stimulates JNK cascade, including upregulation of JNK protein expression level and c-jun mRNA expression level, and activation of activator protein-1 transcriptional activity. Activation o
