19 颅内出血史
根据最初的 FDA 标签和2013年AHA/ASA指南,颅内出血史是静脉阿替普酶治疗缺血性卒中的一项额外禁忌证或排除标准。最近修订后的标签仅将近期 ICH 列为一项警告,并且在禁忌证中删除了ICH史。与前面讨论的静脉阿替普酶治...19 颅内出血史
根据最初的 FDA 标签和2013年AHA/ASA指南,颅内出血史是静脉阿替普酶治疗缺血性卒中的一项额外禁忌证或排除标准。最近修订后的标签仅将近期 ICH 列为一项警告,并且在禁忌证中删除了ICH史。与前面讨论的静脉阿替普酶治疗排除标准相似,文献回顾仅在大样本回顾性研究中发现了少量这类病例。缺乏相关数据可能是修订后的FDA 标签不再将 ICH 史作为禁忌证而仅将近期ICH 列为一项警告的原因。在这种情况下,FDA 如何定义“近期”一词尚不清楚。有趣的是,对在静脉阿替普酶治疗前通过 MRI 检测脑微出血（ cerebral microbleed, CMBs）存在情况进行的研究可为这个卒中亚组患者提供更多的见解。从病理生理学角度,这种微出血的原因尚不清楚,可能反映再灌注损伤或脑血管自动调节功能破坏。因此,在静脉阿替普酶治疗后出现这些损害可能没有意义或是人为信号。展开更多
Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis and the related Principal Components (PC) analysis are used to extract valuable vegetation cover derived information from the National Oceanic and Atmos- pheric Administrat...Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis and the related Principal Components (PC) analysis are used to extract valuable vegetation cover derived information from the National Oceanic and Atmos- pheric Administration (NOAA-AVHRR)'s Leaf Area Index (LAI) satellite images. Results suggest that from 1982 to 2000 global climate change has contributed to an increase in vegetation cover in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The correlation between rainfall and LAI EOF PC1 and PC2 indicates that rainfall is the major climatic factor influencing interannual variations of average vegetation cover throughout the entire Plateau. However, annual mean vegetation cover trends in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are mainly out of phase with air temperature increasing, which is primarily responsible for nonsynchro- nous changes of vegetation cover. In the southern ridge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, recent warming trends contribute to humid weather and favorable conditions for vegetation growth. By contrast, higher temperatures have led to arid conditions and insufficient rainfall in the northern part of the Plateau, leading to drought and other climatic conditions which are not conducive to increased vegetation cover.展开更多
There has been a growing interest over the past few years in the impact of male nutrition on fertility. Infertility has been linked to male overweight or obesity, and conventional semen parameter values seem to be alt...There has been a growing interest over the past few years in the impact of male nutrition on fertility. Infertility has been linked to male overweight or obesity, and conventional semen parameter values seem to be altered in case of high body mass index （BMI）. A few studies assessing the impact of BMI on sperm DNA integrity have been published, but they did not lead to a strong consensus. Our objective was to explore further the relationship between sperm DNA integrity and BMI, through a 3-year multicentre study. Three hundred and thirty male partners in subfertile couples were included. Using the terminal uridine nick-end labelling （TUNEL） assay, we observed an increased rate of sDerm DNA damage in obese men （odds ratio （95% confidence interval）： 2.5 （1.2-5.1））.展开更多
AIM： To evaluate the expression of fibrinogenlike protein 2 （fgl2） and its correlation with disease progression in both mice and patients with severe viral hepatitis. METHODS： Balb/cJ or A/J mice were infected int...AIM： To evaluate the expression of fibrinogenlike protein 2 （fgl2） and its correlation with disease progression in both mice and patients with severe viral hepatitis. METHODS： Balb/cJ or A/J mice were infected intraperitoneally （ip） with 100 PFU of murine hepatitis virus type 3 （MHV-3）, liver and serum were harvested at 24, 48, and 72 h post infection for further use. Liver tissues were obtained from 23 patients with severe acute chronic （AOC） hepatitis B and 13 patients with mild chronic hepatitis B. Fourteen patients with mild chronic hepatitis B with cirrhosis and 4 liver donors served as normal controls. In addition, peripheral blood mononuciear cells （PBMC） were isolated from 30 patients （unpaired） with severe AOC hepatitis B and 10 healthy volunteers as controls. Procoagulant activity representing functional prothrombinase activity in PBMC and white blood cells was also assayed. A polyclonal antibody against fgl2 was used to detect the expression of both mouse and human fgl2 protein in liver samples as well as in PBMC by immunohistochemistry staining in a separate set of studies. Alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and total bilirubin （TBil） in serum were measured to assess the severity of liver injury.RESULTS： Histological changes were found in liver sections 12-24 h post MHV-3 infection in Balb/cJ mice. In association with changes in liver histology, marked elevations in serum ALT and TBil were observed. House fgl2 （mfgl2） protein was detected in the endothelium of intrahepatic veins and hepatic sinusoids within the liver 24 h after MHV-3 infection. Liver tissues from the patients with severe AOC hepatitis B had classical pathological features of acute necroinflammation. Human fgl2 （hfgl2） was detected in 21 of 23 patients （91.30%） with severe AOC hepatitis B, while only 1 of 13 patients （7.69%） with mild chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis had hfgl2 mRNA or protein expression. Twenty-eight of thirty patients （93.33%） with severe AOC hepatitis B and 1 of 展开更多
After nearly three decades of being virtually drug free, use of heroin and other illicit drugs has re-emerged in China as a major public health problem. One result is that drug abuse, particularly heroin injection, ha...After nearly three decades of being virtually drug free, use of heroin and other illicit drugs has re-emerged in China as a major public health problem. One result is that drug abuse, particularly heroin injection, has come to play a predomi- nant role in fueling China’s AIDS epidemic. The first outbreak of HIV among China’s IDUs was reported in the border area of Yunnan province between China and Myanmar where drug trafficking is heavy. Since then drug-related HIV has spread to all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. This paper provides an overview to HIV/AIDS transmission through injection drug use in China. It begins with a brief history of the illicit drug trade in China, followed by a discussion of the emergence of drug related AIDS, and a profile of drug users and their sexual partners who have contracted the virus or who are vulnerable to infection. It ends by summarizing three national strategies being used by China to address both drug use and AIDS as major health threats.展开更多
The Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study （SCOTS） is currently the largest-scale stem cell ophthal- mology trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov （identifier： NCT01920867）. SCOTS utilizes autologous bone marrow...The Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study （SCOTS） is currently the largest-scale stem cell ophthal- mology trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov （identifier： NCT01920867）. SCOTS utilizes autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells （BMSCs） to treat optic nerve and retinal diseases. Treatment approaches include a combination of retrobulbar, subtenon, intravitreal, intra-optic nerve, subretinal, and intravenous injection of autologous BMSCs according to the nature of the disease, the degree of visual loss, and any risk factors related to the treatments. Patients with Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy had visual acuity gains on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study （ETDRS） of up to 35 letters and Snellen acuity improvements from hand motion to 20/200 and from counting fingers to 20/100. Visual field improvements were noted. Macular and optic nerve head nerve fiber layer typically thickened. No serious complications were seen. The increases in visual acuity obtained in our study were encouraging and suggest that the use of autolo- gous BMSCs as provided in SCOTS for ophthalmologic mitochondrial diseases including Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy may be a viable treatment option.展开更多
AIM： To determine the distribution and frequencies of the genotypes and haplotypes of the genes encoding for the glucocorticoid receptor （GR）, the tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α and the interleukin （IL）-10 in c...AIM： To determine the distribution and frequencies of the genotypes and haplotypes of the genes encoding for the glucocorticoid receptor （GR）, the tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α and the interleukin （IL）-10 in childhood Crohn＇s disease （CD） and to assess the impact of the corresponding DNA variants on clinical and disease phenotypes.METHODS： Ten variants in GR, TNF-a and IL-10 were genotyped in 113 childhood CD cases and 95 healthy subjects, both of French-Canadian origin.RESULTS： For the GR polymorphisms （R23K and N363S） and IL-10 variants in the 5＇flanking region （-1082 G 〉 A, -819 T 〉 C and -592 A 〉 C）, no difference was observed in allele and genotype frequencies between CD patients and controls. At the haplotype level, we found three IL-10 haplotypes previously described in Caucasians （GCC, ACC and ATA） and three novel haplotypes only present in IBD patients. When we analyzed the haplotype distribution with the anatomical location of the disease, the GCC haplotype was associated with the colonic and the ACC haplotype with the terminal ileum location, respectively. The genotyping of five polymorphisms in the promoter region of the TNF-α gene （-1031 T 〉 C, -863 A 〉 C, -857 T 〉 C, -308 A 〉 G and -238 A 〉 G） revealed a significant overrepresentation of homozygous -1031 CC among CD patients （OR = 9.9） and an association with the colonic location. For TNF-α, eleven haplotypes were inferred, including two frequent ones, TCCGG and CACGG, which were significantly observed more frequently in controls and cases, respectively.CONCLUSION： This is one of the first studies investigating the association between haplotype structure and disease location in a CD pediatric cohort. Our results will help to increase our understanding of the genetic determinants of childhood CD.展开更多
Common wheat(Triticum aestivum,BBAADD)is a major staple food crop worldwide.The diploid progenitors of the A and D subgenomes have been unequivocally identified;that of B,however,remains ambiguous and controversial bu...Common wheat(Triticum aestivum,BBAADD)is a major staple food crop worldwide.The diploid progenitors of the A and D subgenomes have been unequivocally identified;that of B,however,remains ambiguous and controversial but is suspected to be related to species of Aegilops,section Sitopsis.Here,we report the assembly of chromosome-level genome sequences of all five Sitopsis species,namely Aegilops bicornis,Ae.longissima,Ae.searsii,Ae.sharonensis,and Ae.speltoides,as well as the partial assembly of the Amblyopyrum muticum(synonym Aegilops mutica)genome for phylogenetic analysis.Our results reveal that the donor of the common wheat B subgenome is a distinct,and most probably extinct,diploid species that diverged from an ancestral progenitor of the B lineage to which the still extant Ae.speltoides and Am.muticum belong.In addition,we identified interspecific genetic introgressions throughout the evolution of the Triticum/Aegilops species complex.The five Sitopsis species have various assembled genome sizes(4.11-5.89 Gb)with high proportions of repetitive sequences(85.99%-89.81%);nonetheless,they retain high collinearity with other genomes or subgenomes of species in the Triticum/Aegilops complex.Differences in genome size were primarily due to independent post-speciation amplification of transposons.We also identified a set of Sitopsis genes pertinent to important agronomic traits that can be harnessed for wheat breeding.These newly assembled genome resources provide a new roadmap for evolutionary and genetic studies of the Triticum/Aegilops complex,as well as for wheat improvement.展开更多
Introduction: Collagen is the primary structural protein fibroblasts produce in the skin’s extracellular matrix. Infiltration of neutrophils into the epidermis and dermis by exposure to UV causes collagen damage and ...Introduction: Collagen is the primary structural protein fibroblasts produce in the skin’s extracellular matrix. Infiltration of neutrophils into the epidermis and dermis by exposure to UV causes collagen damage and contributes to photoaging. Methods: To study the combined effect of Lumenato and ceramide in preventing collagen-1 damage induced by phagocytes, we used co-cultures of normal human dermal fibroblasts (fibroblasts) and activated human neutrophils. The present study aimed to determine the protective effect of the combination of Lumenato and ceramide on fibroblast collagen-1 damage induced by neutrophils. Results: Lumenato (in the range of 6.5 - 208 μg/ml) or ceramide (in the range of 0.1 - 50 μM) inhibited the production of superoxides and MPO by TNFα-stimulated neutrophils, as well as the production of NO by LPS-stimulated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The combinations of Lumenato and ceramide, in low concentrations, caused synergistic prevention of fibroblasts’ collagen-1 damage induced by TNFα-activated neutrophils, detected by fluorescence immunostaining and WB analysis. MPO activity in the supernatants of the co-cultures was also synergistically inhibited. Adding Lumenato or ceramide singly or in combinations in these low concentrations to the fibroblast cultures did not affect the expression of collagen-1. The combinations of Lumenato or ceramide in these concentrations also caused a synergistic inhibition of NO production by activated macrophages. Conclusions: The results suggest that combining low concentrations of Lumenato and ceramide results in synergistic protection against fibroblasts’ collagen-1 damage induced by neutrophils, thus indicating their possible potential for enhanced skin health.展开更多
Allopolyploidy accelerates genome evolution in wheat in two ways： 1） allopolyploidization triggers rapid genome alterations （revolutionary changes） through the instantaneous generation of a variety of cardinal gen...Allopolyploidy accelerates genome evolution in wheat in two ways： 1） allopolyploidization triggers rapid genome alterations （revolutionary changes） through the instantaneous generation of a variety of cardinal genetic and epigenetic changes, and 2） the allopolyploid condition facilitates sporadic genomic changes during the life of the species （evolutionary changes） that are not attainable at the diploid level. The revolutionary alterations, occurring during the formation of the allopolyploid and leading to rapid cytological and genetic diploidization, facilitate the successful establishment of the newly formed allopolyploid in nature. On the other hand, the evolutionary changes, occurring during the life of the allopolyploids, increase the intra-specific genetic diversity, and consequently, increased fimess, adaptability and competitiveness. These phenomena, emphasizing the dynamic plasticity of the allopolyploid wheat genome with regards to both structure and function, are described and discussed in this review.展开更多
基金国家重点基础研究发展计划(批准号:2006CB403607)国家自然科学基金(批准号:40675047,40605023)+1 种基金中国科学院创新项目(批准号:KZCX2-YW-219)A Western Washington University Summer Research Grant联合资助
基金the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB403607)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40675047 and 40605023)+1 种基金the Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-219)a Western Washington University summer research grant
文摘Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis and the related Principal Components (PC) analysis are used to extract valuable vegetation cover derived information from the National Oceanic and Atmos- pheric Administration (NOAA-AVHRR)'s Leaf Area Index (LAI) satellite images. Results suggest that from 1982 to 2000 global climate change has contributed to an increase in vegetation cover in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The correlation between rainfall and LAI EOF PC1 and PC2 indicates that rainfall is the major climatic factor influencing interannual variations of average vegetation cover throughout the entire Plateau. However, annual mean vegetation cover trends in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are mainly out of phase with air temperature increasing, which is primarily responsible for nonsynchro- nous changes of vegetation cover. In the southern ridge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, recent warming trends contribute to humid weather and favorable conditions for vegetation growth. By contrast, higher temperatures have led to arid conditions and insufficient rainfall in the northern part of the Plateau, leading to drought and other climatic conditions which are not conducive to increased vegetation cover.
文摘There has been a growing interest over the past few years in the impact of male nutrition on fertility. Infertility has been linked to male overweight or obesity, and conventional semen parameter values seem to be altered in case of high body mass index （BMI）. A few studies assessing the impact of BMI on sperm DNA integrity have been published, but they did not lead to a strong consensus. Our objective was to explore further the relationship between sperm DNA integrity and BMI, through a 3-year multicentre study. Three hundred and thirty male partners in subfertile couples were included. Using the terminal uridine nick-end labelling （TUNEL） assay, we observed an increased rate of sDerm DNA damage in obese men （odds ratio （95% confidence interval）： 2.5 （1.2-5.1））.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars, No. 30225040 for Dr Ning Q,No. 30123019 for Dr Luo XP
文摘AIM： To evaluate the expression of fibrinogenlike protein 2 （fgl2） and its correlation with disease progression in both mice and patients with severe viral hepatitis. METHODS： Balb/cJ or A/J mice were infected intraperitoneally （ip） with 100 PFU of murine hepatitis virus type 3 （MHV-3）, liver and serum were harvested at 24, 48, and 72 h post infection for further use. Liver tissues were obtained from 23 patients with severe acute chronic （AOC） hepatitis B and 13 patients with mild chronic hepatitis B. Fourteen patients with mild chronic hepatitis B with cirrhosis and 4 liver donors served as normal controls. In addition, peripheral blood mononuciear cells （PBMC） were isolated from 30 patients （unpaired） with severe AOC hepatitis B and 10 healthy volunteers as controls. Procoagulant activity representing functional prothrombinase activity in PBMC and white blood cells was also assayed. A polyclonal antibody against fgl2 was used to detect the expression of both mouse and human fgl2 protein in liver samples as well as in PBMC by immunohistochemistry staining in a separate set of studies. Alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and total bilirubin （TBil） in serum were measured to assess the severity of liver injury.RESULTS： Histological changes were found in liver sections 12-24 h post MHV-3 infection in Balb/cJ mice. In association with changes in liver histology, marked elevations in serum ALT and TBil were observed. House fgl2 （mfgl2） protein was detected in the endothelium of intrahepatic veins and hepatic sinusoids within the liver 24 h after MHV-3 infection. Liver tissues from the patients with severe AOC hepatitis B had classical pathological features of acute necroinflammation. Human fgl2 （hfgl2） was detected in 21 of 23 patients （91.30%） with severe AOC hepatitis B, while only 1 of 13 patients （7.69%） with mild chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis had hfgl2 mRNA or protein expression. Twenty-eight of thirty patients （93.33%） with severe AOC hepatitis B and 1 of
文摘After nearly three decades of being virtually drug free, use of heroin and other illicit drugs has re-emerged in China as a major public health problem. One result is that drug abuse, particularly heroin injection, has come to play a predomi- nant role in fueling China’s AIDS epidemic. The first outbreak of HIV among China’s IDUs was reported in the border area of Yunnan province between China and Myanmar where drug trafficking is heavy. Since then drug-related HIV has spread to all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. This paper provides an overview to HIV/AIDS transmission through injection drug use in China. It begins with a brief history of the illicit drug trade in China, followed by a discussion of the emergence of drug related AIDS, and a profile of drug users and their sexual partners who have contracted the virus or who are vulnerable to infection. It ends by summarizing three national strategies being used by China to address both drug use and AIDS as major health threats.
文摘The Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study （SCOTS） is currently the largest-scale stem cell ophthal- mology trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov （identifier： NCT01920867）. SCOTS utilizes autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells （BMSCs） to treat optic nerve and retinal diseases. Treatment approaches include a combination of retrobulbar, subtenon, intravitreal, intra-optic nerve, subretinal, and intravenous injection of autologous BMSCs according to the nature of the disease, the degree of visual loss, and any risk factors related to the treatments. Patients with Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy had visual acuity gains on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study （ETDRS） of up to 35 letters and Snellen acuity improvements from hand motion to 20/200 and from counting fingers to 20/100. Visual field improvements were noted. Macular and optic nerve head nerve fiber layer typically thickened. No serious complications were seen. The increases in visual acuity obtained in our study were encouraging and suggest that the use of autolo- gous BMSCs as provided in SCOTS for ophthalmologic mitochondrial diseases including Leber＇s hereditary optic neuropathy may be a viable treatment option.
基金Supported by Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of Canada and Valorisation Recherche Quebec
文摘AIM： To determine the distribution and frequencies of the genotypes and haplotypes of the genes encoding for the glucocorticoid receptor （GR）, the tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α and the interleukin （IL）-10 in childhood Crohn＇s disease （CD） and to assess the impact of the corresponding DNA variants on clinical and disease phenotypes.METHODS： Ten variants in GR, TNF-a and IL-10 were genotyped in 113 childhood CD cases and 95 healthy subjects, both of French-Canadian origin.RESULTS： For the GR polymorphisms （R23K and N363S） and IL-10 variants in the 5＇flanking region （-1082 G 〉 A, -819 T 〉 C and -592 A 〉 C）, no difference was observed in allele and genotype frequencies between CD patients and controls. At the haplotype level, we found three IL-10 haplotypes previously described in Caucasians （GCC, ACC and ATA） and three novel haplotypes only present in IBD patients. When we analyzed the haplotype distribution with the anatomical location of the disease, the GCC haplotype was associated with the colonic and the ACC haplotype with the terminal ileum location, respectively. The genotyping of five polymorphisms in the promoter region of the TNF-α gene （-1031 T 〉 C, -863 A 〉 C, -857 T 〉 C, -308 A 〉 G and -238 A 〉 G） revealed a significant overrepresentation of homozygous -1031 CC among CD patients （OR = 9.9） and an association with the colonic location. For TNF-α, eleven haplotypes were inferred, including two frequent ones, TCCGG and CACGG, which were significantly observed more frequently in controls and cases, respectively.CONCLUSION： This is one of the first studies investigating the association between haplotype structure and disease location in a CD pediatric cohort. Our results will help to increase our understanding of the genetic determinants of childhood CD.
基金This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(31991211 to B.L.and 31970235 to L.F.L.)the Shanghai Pujiang Program(19PJ1401500 to L.F.L.),Israel Science Foundation(ISF)-China National Natural Science Foundation(NSFC)collaborative grants to B.L.(32061143001)and A.A.L.(3394/20)a China Postdoctoral Science Foundation grant(2021M690683).
文摘Common wheat(Triticum aestivum,BBAADD)is a major staple food crop worldwide.The diploid progenitors of the A and D subgenomes have been unequivocally identified;that of B,however,remains ambiguous and controversial but is suspected to be related to species of Aegilops,section Sitopsis.Here,we report the assembly of chromosome-level genome sequences of all five Sitopsis species,namely Aegilops bicornis,Ae.longissima,Ae.searsii,Ae.sharonensis,and Ae.speltoides,as well as the partial assembly of the Amblyopyrum muticum(synonym Aegilops mutica)genome for phylogenetic analysis.Our results reveal that the donor of the common wheat B subgenome is a distinct,and most probably extinct,diploid species that diverged from an ancestral progenitor of the B lineage to which the still extant Ae.speltoides and Am.muticum belong.In addition,we identified interspecific genetic introgressions throughout the evolution of the Triticum/Aegilops species complex.The five Sitopsis species have various assembled genome sizes(4.11-5.89 Gb)with high proportions of repetitive sequences(85.99%-89.81%);nonetheless,they retain high collinearity with other genomes or subgenomes of species in the Triticum/Aegilops complex.Differences in genome size were primarily due to independent post-speciation amplification of transposons.We also identified a set of Sitopsis genes pertinent to important agronomic traits that can be harnessed for wheat breeding.These newly assembled genome resources provide a new roadmap for evolutionary and genetic studies of the Triticum/Aegilops complex,as well as for wheat improvement.
文摘Introduction: Collagen is the primary structural protein fibroblasts produce in the skin’s extracellular matrix. Infiltration of neutrophils into the epidermis and dermis by exposure to UV causes collagen damage and contributes to photoaging. Methods: To study the combined effect of Lumenato and ceramide in preventing collagen-1 damage induced by phagocytes, we used co-cultures of normal human dermal fibroblasts (fibroblasts) and activated human neutrophils. The present study aimed to determine the protective effect of the combination of Lumenato and ceramide on fibroblast collagen-1 damage induced by neutrophils. Results: Lumenato (in the range of 6.5 - 208 μg/ml) or ceramide (in the range of 0.1 - 50 μM) inhibited the production of superoxides and MPO by TNFα-stimulated neutrophils, as well as the production of NO by LPS-stimulated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The combinations of Lumenato and ceramide, in low concentrations, caused synergistic prevention of fibroblasts’ collagen-1 damage induced by TNFα-activated neutrophils, detected by fluorescence immunostaining and WB analysis. MPO activity in the supernatants of the co-cultures was also synergistically inhibited. Adding Lumenato or ceramide singly or in combinations in these low concentrations to the fibroblast cultures did not affect the expression of collagen-1. The combinations of Lumenato or ceramide in these concentrations also caused a synergistic inhibition of NO production by activated macrophages. Conclusions: The results suggest that combining low concentrations of Lumenato and ceramide results in synergistic protection against fibroblasts’ collagen-1 damage induced by neutrophils, thus indicating their possible potential for enhanced skin health.
文摘Allopolyploidy accelerates genome evolution in wheat in two ways： 1） allopolyploidization triggers rapid genome alterations （revolutionary changes） through the instantaneous generation of a variety of cardinal genetic and epigenetic changes, and 2） the allopolyploid condition facilitates sporadic genomic changes during the life of the species （evolutionary changes） that are not attainable at the diploid level. The revolutionary alterations, occurring during the formation of the allopolyploid and leading to rapid cytological and genetic diploidization, facilitate the successful establishment of the newly formed allopolyploid in nature. On the other hand, the evolutionary changes, occurring during the life of the allopolyploids, increase the intra-specific genetic diversity, and consequently, increased fimess, adaptability and competitiveness. These phenomena, emphasizing the dynamic plasticity of the allopolyploid wheat genome with regards to both structure and function, are described and discussed in this review.
