Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS）-based metabolomics has been facilitated by the con- struction of MSz spectral tag （MS2T） library from the total scan ESI MS/MS data, and the development of widely ta...Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS）-based metabolomics has been facilitated by the con- struction of MSz spectral tag （MS2T） library from the total scan ESI MS/MS data, and the development of widely targeted metabolomics method using MS/MS data gathered from authentic standards. In this report, a novel strategy called step- wise multiple ion monitoring-enhanced product ions （stepwise MIM-EPI） was developed to construct the MS2T library, in which stepwise MIM was used as survey scans to trigger the acquisition of EPI. A total number of 698 （almost） non- redundant metabolites with MS2 spectra were obtained, of which 135 metabolites were identified/annotated. Integrating the data gathered from our MS2T library and other available multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） information, a widely targeted metabolomics method was developed to quantify 277 metabolites, including some phytohormones. Evaluation of the dehydration responses and natural variations of these metabolites in rice leaf not only suggested the coordinated regulation of abscisic acid （ABA） with metabolites such as serotonin derivative（s）, polyamine conjugates under drought stress, but also revealed some C-glycosylated flavones as the potential markers for the discrimination of indica and japonica rice subspecies. The new MS2T library construction and widely targeted metabolomics strategy could be used as a tool for rice functional genomics.展开更多
Since whole-genome sequencing of many crops has been achieved,crop functional genomics studies have stepped into the big-data and high-throughput era.However,acquisition of large-scale phenotypic data has become one o...Since whole-genome sequencing of many crops has been achieved,crop functional genomics studies have stepped into the big-data and high-throughput era.However,acquisition of large-scale phenotypic data has become one of the major bottlenecks hindering crop breeding and functional genomics studies.Nevertheless,recent technological advances provide us potential solutions to relieve this bottleneck and to explore advanced methods for large-scale phenotyping data acquisition and processing in the coming years.In this article,we review the major progress on high-throughput phenotyping in controlled environments and field conditions as well as its use for post-harvest yield and quality assessment in the past decades.We then discuss the latest multi-omics research combining high-throughput phenotyping with genetic studies.Finally,we propose some conceptual challenges and provide our perspectives on how to bridge the phenotype-genotype gap.It is no doubt that accurate high-throughput phenotyping will accelerate plant genetic improvements and promote the next green revolution in crop breeding.展开更多
Accumulating information indicates that plant disease resistance signaling pathways frequently interact with other pathways regulating developmental processes or abiotic stress responses. However, the molecular mechan...Accumulating information indicates that plant disease resistance signaling pathways frequently interact with other pathways regulating developmental processes or abiotic stress responses. However, the molecular mechanisms of these types of crosstalk remain poorly understood in most cases. Here we report that OsWRKY13, an activator of rice resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, appears to function as a convergent point for crosstalk among the pathogen-induced salicylate-dependent defense pathway and five other physiologic pathways. Genome-wide analysis of the expression profiles of OsWRKY13-overexpressing lines suggests that OsWRKY13 directly or indirectly regulates the expression of more than 500 genes that are potentially involved in different physiologic processes according to the classification of the Gene Ontology database. By comparing the expression patterns of genes functioning in known pathways or cellular processes of pathogen infection and the phenotypes between OsWRKY13-overexpressing and wildtype plants, our data suggest that OsWRKY13 is also a regulator of other physiologic processes during pathogen infection. The OsWRKY13-associated disease resistance pathway synergistically interacts via OsWRKY13 with the glutathione/ glutaredoxin system and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway to monitor redox homeostasis and to putatively enhance the biosynthesis of antimicrobial flavonoid phytoalexins, respectively, in OsWRKY13-overexpressing lines. Meanwhile, the OsWRKY13-associated disease resistance pathway appears to interact antagonistically with the SNACl-mediated abiotic stress defense pathway, jasmonic acid signaling pathway, and terpenoid metabolism pathway via OsWRKY13 to suppress salt and cold defense responses as well as to putatively retard rice growth and development.展开更多
Understanding how plants respond to drought can benefit drought resistance （DR） breeding. Using a non-destructive phenotyping facility, 51 image-based traits （i-traits） for 507 rice accessions were extracted. Thes...Understanding how plants respond to drought can benefit drought resistance （DR） breeding. Using a non-destructive phenotyping facility, 51 image-based traits （i-traits） for 507 rice accessions were extracted. These i-traits can be used to monitor drought responses and evaluate DR. High heritability and large variation of these traits was observed under drought stress in the natural population. A genome-wide as- sociation study （GWAS） of i-traits and traditional DR traits identified 470 association loci, some containing known DR-related genes. Of these 470 loci, 443 loci （94%） were identified using i-traits, 437 loci （93%） co- localized with previously reported DR-related quantitative trait loci, and 313 loci （66.6%） were reproducibly identified by GWAS in different years. Association networks, established based on GWAS results, revealed hub i-traits and hub loci. This demonstrates the feasibility and necessity of dissecting the complex DR trait into heritable and simple i-traits. As proof of principle, we illustrated the power of this integrated approach to identify previously unreported DR-related genes. OsPP15 was associated with a hub i-trait, and its role in DR was confirmed by genetic transformation experiments. Furthermore, i-traits can be used for DR linkage analyses, and 69 i-trait locus associations were identified by both GWAS and linkage analysis of a recom- binant inbred line population. Finally, we confirmed the relevance of i-traits to DR in the field. Our study pro- vides a promising novel approach for the genetic dissection and discovery of causal genes for DR.展开更多
Rice is one of the most important crops worldwide, both as a staple food and as a model system for genomic research. In order to systematically assign functions to all predicted genes in the rice genome, a large numbe...Rice is one of the most important crops worldwide, both as a staple food and as a model system for genomic research. In order to systematically assign functions to all predicted genes in the rice genome, a large number of rice mutant lines, including those created by T-DNA insertion, Ds/dSpm tagging, Tos17 tagging, and chemical/irradiation mutagenesis, have been generated by groups around the world. In this study, we have reviewed the current status of mutant resources for functional analysis of the rice genome. A total of 246 566 flanking sequence tags from rice mutant libraries with T-DNA, Ds/dSpm, or Tos17 insertion have been collected and analyzed. The results show that, among 211 470 unique hits, inserts located in the genic region account for 68.16%, and 60.49% of nuclear genes contain at least one insertion. Currently, 57% of non-transposable-element-related genes in rice have insertional tags. In addition, chemical/irradiation-induced rice mutant libraries have contributed a lot to both gene identification and new technology for the identification of mutant sites. In this review, we summarize how these tools have been used to generate a large collection of mutants. In addition, we discuss the merits of classic mutation strategies. In order to achieve saturation of mutagenesis in rice, DNA targeting, and new resources like RiceFox for gene functional identification are reviewed from a perspective of the future generation of rice mutant resources.展开更多
X-rays are widely used in probing inside information nondestructively,enabling broad applications in the medical radiography and electronic industries.X-ray imaging based on emerging lead halide perovskite scintillato...X-rays are widely used in probing inside information nondestructively,enabling broad applications in the medical radiography and electronic industries.X-ray imaging based on emerging lead halide perovskite scintillators has received extensive attention recently.However,the strong self-absorption,relatively low light yield and lead toxicity of these perovskites restrict their practical applications.Here,we report a series of nontoxic double-perovskite scintillators of Cs_(2)Ag_(0.6)Na_(0.4)In_(1-y)Bi_(y)Cl_(6).By controlling the content of the heavy atom Bi^(3+),the X-ray absorption coefficient,radiative emission efficiency,light yield and light decay were manipulated to maximise the scintillator performance.A light yield of up to 39,000±7000 photons/MeV for Cs_(2)Ag_(0.6)Na_(0.4)In_(0.85)Bi_(0.15)Cl_(6) was obtained,which is much higher than that for the previously reported lead halide perovskite colloidal CsPbBr_(3)(21,000 photons/MeV).The large Stokes shift between the radioluminescence(RL)and absorption spectra benefiting from self-trapped excitons(STEs)led to a negligible selfabsorption effect.Given the high light output and fast light decay of this scintillator,static X-ray imaging was attained under an extremely low dose of ∼1μGy_(air),and dynamic X-ray imaging of finger bending without a ghosting effect was demonstrated under a low-dose rate of 47.2μGy_(air) s^(−1).After thermal treatment at 85℃ for 50 h followed by X-ray irradiation for 50 h in ambient air,the scintillator performance in terms of the RL intensity and X-ray image quality remained almost unchanged.Our results shed light on exploring highly competitive scintillators beyond the scope of lead halide perovskites,not only for avoiding toxicity but also for better performance.展开更多
A series of carbonaceous biosorbents was prepared by pyrolyzing pine needles, a model biomass, at various temperatures (100–700°C) under an oxygen-limited condition for 6 h. The elemental compositions and the sp...A series of carbonaceous biosorbents was prepared by pyrolyzing pine needles, a model biomass, at various temperatures (100–700°C) under an oxygen-limited condition for 6 h. The elemental compositions and the specific surface areas (BET-N2) of the biosorbents were analyzed. Sorption properties of 4-nitrotoluene to the biosorbents and their mechanisms were investigated, and then correlated with the structures of the biosorbents. The result shows that with the increase of the pyrolytic temperature, the aromaticity of the carbonaceous biosorbents increases dramatically and the polarity (the (N+O)/C atomic ratio) decreases sharply. Correspondingly, conformations of the organic matter in the biosorbents transform gradually from a “soft-state” to a “hard-state” and the specific surface areas of the resultant biosorbents extend rapidly. The sorption isotherms fit well with the Freundlich equation. The regression parameters (i.e., N and IgK f) are linearly related to the aromaticity indices (the H/C atomic ratio). Contributions of adsorption and partition to total sorption of the carbonaceous biosorbents are quantified. The adsorption of the carbonaceous biosorbents increases quickly with the increase of the pyrolytic temperature. The saturated adsorption amounts (Q max) increase linearly with the increase of the specific surface areas (SA) of the biosorbents. For the carbonaceous biosorbents with hard-state carbon, the calculated normalized-Q max values by SA are comparable to the theoretical estimation (2.45 μmol/m2). In comparison, for the carbonaceous sorbents with soft-state carbon, the calculated normalized-Q max values by SA are much higher than the theoretical estimation. The partition coefficients (K om) increase with the decrease of the polarity of the biosorbents, reaching a maximum, and then decrease sharply with further decreasing the polarity, suggesting that partition mechanism be dominated by the compatibility and accessibility of the sorbent medium with organic pollutant. These observations w展开更多
By applying the rules set in traffic flow and pedestrian flow models, a basic cellular automata model is presented to simulate occupant evacuation in fire. Some extended models are introduced to study the special phen...By applying the rules set in traffic flow and pedestrian flow models, a basic cellular automata model is presented to simulate occupant evacuation in fire. Some extended models are introduced to study the special phenomena of evacuation from the fire room. The key of the models is the introduction of the danger grade which makes the route choice convenient and reasonable. Fire not only influences the emotional and behavioral characteristics of an individual but also affects his physical constitution, which reduces his maximal possible velocity. The models consider these influence factors by applying a set of simple but effective rules. It is needed to emphasize that all rules are established according to the essential phenomenon in fire evacuation, that is, all the occupants would try to move to the safest place as fast as possible. Some simulation examples are also presented to validate the applicability of the models.展开更多
The pedestrian movement is more complex than vehicular flow for the reason that people are more flexible and intelligent than car. Without the limit of 搇anes?pedestrian movement is loose and free. Furthermore, they a...The pedestrian movement is more complex than vehicular flow for the reason that people are more flexible and intelligent than car. Without the limit of 搇anes?pedestrian movement is loose and free. Furthermore, they are easily affected by other walkers as well as the environ-ment around. In this paper some special technique is intro-duced considering human behavior to make the rules more reasonable. By simulating the two-dimension pedestrian movement, the phase transition phenomena of pedestrian movement, including the up walkers moving from the bottom to the upper boundary and the right walkers moving from the left to the right boundary, are presented. Studying on the effect of the system size on the critical density shows that the critical density is independent of the system size in the scope studied in this paper.展开更多
Plant phenomics has the potential to accelerate progress in understanding gene functions and environmental responses. Progress has been made in automating high-throughput plant phenotyping. However, few studies have i...Plant phenomics has the potential to accelerate progress in understanding gene functions and environmental responses. Progress has been made in automating high-throughput plant phenotyping. However, few studies have investigated automated rice panicle counting. This paper describes a novel method for automatically and nonintrusively determining rice panicle numbers during the full heading stage by analyzing color images of rice plants taken from multiple angles. Pot-grown rice plants were transferred via an industrial conveyer to an imaging chamber. Color images from different angles were automatically acquired as a turntable rotated the plant. The images were then analyzed and the panicle number of each plant was determined. The image analysis pipeline consisted of extracting the i2 plane from the original color image, segmenting the image, discriminating the panicles from the rest of the plant using an artificial neural network, and calculating the panicle number in the current image. The panicle number of the plant was taken as the maximum of the panicle numbers extracted from all 12 multi-angle images. A total of 105 rice plants during the full heading stage were examined to test the performance of the method. The mean absolute error of the manual and automatic count was 0.5, with 95.3% of the plants yielding absolute errors within ± 1. The method will be useful for evaluating rice panicles and will serve as an important supplementary method for high-throughput rice phenotyping.展开更多
The importance of NAC(named as NAM,ATAF1,2,and CUC2)proteins in plant development,transcription regulation and regulatory pathways involving proteinprotein interactions has been increasingly recognized.We report here ...The importance of NAC(named as NAM,ATAF1,2,and CUC2)proteins in plant development,transcription regulation and regulatory pathways involving proteinprotein interactions has been increasingly recognized.We report here the high resolution crystal structure of SNAC1(stress-responsive NAC)NAC domain at 2.5Å.Although the structure of the SNAC1 NAC domain shares a structural similarity with the reported structure of the ANAC NAC1 domain,some key features,especially relating to two loop regions which potentially take the responsibility for DNA-binding,distinguish the SNAC1 NAC domain from other reported NAC structures.Moreover,the dimerization of the SNAC1 NAC domain is demonstrated by both soluble and crystalline conditions,suggesting this dimeric state should be conserved in this type of NAC family.Additionally,we discuss the possible NAC-DNA binding model according to the structure and reported biological evidences.展开更多
The use of surfactants to enhance plant-microbe associated dissipation in soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） is a promising bioremediation technology. This comparative study was conducte...The use of surfactants to enhance plant-microbe associated dissipation in soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） is a promising bioremediation technology. This comparative study was conducted on the effects of plant-microbe treatment on the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene from contaminated soil, in the presence of low concentration single anionic, nonionic and anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate （SDBS） and Tween 80 were chosen as representative anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. We found that mixed surfactants with concentrations less than 150 mg/kg were more effective in promoting plant-microbe associated bioremediation than the same amount of single surfactants. Only about （m/m） of mixed surfactants was needed to remove the same amount of phenanthrene and pyrene from either the planted or unplanted soils, when compared to Tween 80. Mixed surfactants （〈 150 mg/kg） better enhanced the degradation efficiency of phenanthrene and pyrene via microbe or plant-microbe routes in the soils. In the concentration range of 60-150 mg/kg, both ryegrass roots and shoots could accumulate 2-3 times the phenanthrene and pyrene with mixed surfactants than with Tween 80. These results may be explained by the lower sorption loss and reduced inteffacial tension of mixed surfactants relative to Tween 80, which enhanced the bioavailability of PAHs in soil and the microbial degradation efficiency. The higher remediation efficiency of low dosage SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants thus advanced the technology of surfactant-enhanced plant-microbe associated bioremediation.展开更多
Eutrophication is recognized as one of the major environmental problems in the Three Gorges Reservoir.Contour hedgerows have been used as a major soil and water conservation measure in this area.Accordingly,a two-year...Eutrophication is recognized as one of the major environmental problems in the Three Gorges Reservoir.Contour hedgerows have been used as a major soil and water conservation measure in this area.Accordingly,a two-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of contour hedgerow intercropping on nutrient loss from sloping farmland in this area.Four treatments were applied:(1) Maize + Soybean,(2) Maize,(3) Maize + Alfalfa,and(4) Maize + Hemerocallis citrina Baroni.Results indicated that nutrient loss in the control treatment(Maize) was serious,especially the average loss flux of total nitrogen(2245.8 mg) and total phosphate(2434.2 mg) in a typical rainfall event.However,the nutrient losses by runoff in the other three treatments with contour hedgerow intercropping showed significant reduction.Compared with the control treatment,the total nitrogen loss in the Alfalfa and Hemerocallis citrina Baroni decreased by 80.9% and 85.0%,respectively,and the total phosphorus loss in the two treatments decreased by 91.2% and 92.5%,respectively.Therefore,it is concluded that nutrient losses could be reduced by using contour hedgerows in the Three Gorges Region.Reducing runoff volume and sediment loss was the main mechanisms of contour hedgerow intercropping to reduce nutrient loss.展开更多
Plant responses to abiotic stresses are coordinated by arrays of growth and developmental programs. Gibberellic acid （GA） and abscisic acid （ABA） play critical roles in the developmental programs and environmental...Plant responses to abiotic stresses are coordinated by arrays of growth and developmental programs. Gibberellic acid （GA） and abscisic acid （ABA） play critical roles in the developmental programs and environmental responses, respectively, through complex signaling and metabolism networks. However, crosstalk between the two phytohormones in stress responses remains largely unknown. In this study, we report that GIBBERELLIN-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 （GID1）, a soluble receptor for GA, regulates stomata[ develop- ment and patterning in rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The gidl mutant showed impaired biosynthesis of endogenous ABA under drought stress conditions, but it exhibited enhanced sensi- tivity to exogenous ABA. Scanning electron microscope and infrared thermal image analysis indicated an increase in the stomatal conductance in the gidl mutant under drought conditions. Interestingly, the gidl mutant had increased levels of chlorophyll and carbohydrates under submergence conditions, and showed enhanced reactive oxygen species （ROS）-scavenging ability and submergence tolerance compared with the wild-type. Further analyses suggested that the function of GID1 in submergence responses is partially dependent on ABA, and GA signaling by GID1 is involved in submergence tolerance by modulating carbohydrate consumption. Taken together, these findings suggest GID1 plays distinct roles in stomatal response and submergence tolerance through both the ABA and GA signaling pathways in rice.展开更多
In this study, PUP-type cytokinin transporter genes were identified in rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The Oryza sativa purine permease （OsPUP） family has 12 members that show similar predicted protein sequences with AtPU...In this study, PUP-type cytokinin transporter genes were identified in rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The Oryza sativa purine permease （OsPUP） family has 12 members that show similar predicted protein sequences with AtPUPs. To reveal the functions of OsPUP genes, we searched the T-DNA mutant library of rice and found one mutant for the member OsPUP7. The T-DNA insertion caused a new transcript that encodes a protein with 26 amino acids different from the native OsPUP7 at the C-terminus. The mutant showed multiple phenotypic changes including increased plant height, big seeds, and delayed flowering. The mutant also showed increased sensitivity to drought and salt stresses and treatments with kinetin and abscisic acid. OsPUP7is expressed mainly in the vascular bundle, pistil, and stamens. The measurement of cytokinins （CKs） showed that CK content in the mutant spikelets accumulated higher than that in the wild type. Moreover, uptake experiment in the yeast fcy2 mutant suggested that OsPUP7 has the ability to transport caffeine, a CK derivative. Our results indicate that the PUP transport system also exists in rice, and OsPUP7has an important role in the transport of CK, thus affecting developmental process and stress responses.展开更多
Many plants have evolved a drought escape （DE） mechanism to shorten their life cycle when facing water- deficit conditions. While drought tolerance has been intensively investigated, the genetic and molecular mechan...Many plants have evolved a drought escape （DE） mechanism to shorten their life cycle when facing water- deficit conditions. While drought tolerance has been intensively investigated, the genetic and molecular mechanisms of DE remain elusive. In this study, we found that low water-deficit treatment （LWT） at the early stage of rice development can trigger early flowering and reduced tiller numbers. LWT induced the accu- mulation of abscisic acid （ABA）, which in turn has feed-back effects on light perception and circadian clock by synchronously regulating many flowering-related genes to promote early flowering. Moreover, some of light receptors, circadian components, and flowering-related genes including OsTOC1, Ghd7, and PhyB were found to be involved in LWT in an ABA-dependent manner, whereas some of the other flowering- related genes including OsGI, OsELF3, OsPRR37, and OsMADS50 were involved in the regulation of DE independent of ABA. In addition, we found that strigolactones and OsTB1 are involved in the tillering inhibition under LWT, which is independent of the flowering pathway in rice. Taken together, our.findings provide compelling evidence that DE in rice is coordinately regulated by multiple pathways during the reproduction （flowering） switch.展开更多
The optimal condition for a one-step process removing organic compounds from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite as a pretreatment was investigated.Results showed that sorption of organic c...The optimal condition for a one-step process removing organic compounds from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite as a pretreatment was investigated.Results showed that sorption of organic compounds by organobentonite was positively correlated to the cation surfactant exchange on the bentonite and the octanol-water partition coefficient（Kow） of the solutes.With 0.75 g/L bentonite and 180 mg/L（60% of bentonite cation exchange capacity） cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,the removal efficiencies of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon（PAHs） specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency in coking wastewater except naphthalene were more than 90%,and that of benzo（a）pyrene was 99.5%.At the same time,the removal efficiencies of CODCr,NH3-N,volatile phenols,colour and turbidity were 28.6%,13.2%,8.9%,55% and 84.3%,respectively,and the ratio of BOD5/CODCr increased from 0.31 to 0.41.These results indicated that the one-step process had high removal efficiency for toxic and refractory hydrophobic organic compounds,and could improve the biodegradability of the coking wastewater.Therefore it could be a promising technology for the pretreatment of toxic and refractory organic wastewater.展开更多
The effects of O3/Cl2 disinfection on corrosion and the growth of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems were studied using annular reactors （ARs）. The corrosion process and most probable num...The effects of O3/Cl2 disinfection on corrosion and the growth of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems were studied using annular reactors （ARs）. The corrosion process and most probable number （MPN） analysis indicated that the higher content of iron-oxidizing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria in biofilms of the AR treated with O3/Cl2 induced higher Fe304 formation in corrosion scales. These corrosion scales became more stable than the ones that formed in the AR treated with Cl2 alone. O3/Cl2 disinfection inhibited corrosion and iron release efficiently by changing the content of corrosion-related bacteria. Moreover, ozone disinfection inactivated or damaged the opportunistic pathogens due to its strong oxidizing properties. The damaged bacteria resulting from initial ozone treatment were inactivated by the subsequent chlorine disinfection. Compared with the AR treated with Cl2 alone, the opportunistic pathogens M. auium and L. pneumophila were not detectable in effluents of the AR treated with O3/Cl2, and decreased to （4.60 ± 0.14） and （3.09 ± 0.12） loglo （gene copies/g corrosion scales） in biofilms, respectively. The amoeba counts were also lower in the AR treated with O3/Cl2. Therefore, O3/Cl2 disinfection can effectively control opportunistic pathogens in effluents and biofilms of an AR used as a model for a drinking water distribution system.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To study and analyze the etiology and pathogenesis,diagnosis and prescription for cases of diabetic nephropathy(DN) treated by Professor Zhongying Zhou(Prof.Zhou) with the help of dada mining technique,so as...OBJECTIVE:To study and analyze the etiology and pathogenesis,diagnosis and prescription for cases of diabetic nephropathy(DN) treated by Professor Zhongying Zhou(Prof.Zhou) with the help of dada mining technique,so as to inherit his clinical experience and academic thoughts.METHODS:After pretreatment of the medical record information,statistical software SPSS 13.0 was used to analyze and process the standardized data using the descriptive analysis,cluster analysis and association rules.RESULTS:Ninety-four entries derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) four-diagnostic information were selected.Through data mining,the highest frequency was yellow-thin-greasy tongue coating,followed by dark tongue,and then by thready-slippery pulse.The main self-conscious symptoms were limb numbness,dry mouth,frequent micturition,etc.With respect to pathogenesis,the etiology related to kidney reached 73.46%.The frequency of pathological factors for deficiency,blood stasis,heat,dampness,phlegm and dryness were 137.65%,80.25%,78.40%,48.77%,21.60%,and 14.20% respectively.A total of 236 kinds of herbs were used 2913 person times,averaging 17.98 herbs per prescription.CONCLUSION:The pathological location of DN is in the kidney.The pathogenesis of the disease is deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality,the former of which include deficiency of the liver and kidney,and deficiency of both Qi and Yin.The main pathological factors are blood stasis,heat,dampness,phlegm,and dryness;and they act upon each other to form the complex pathogenesis in terms of blood stasis-heat,dampness-heat,phlegm-heat,and dryness-heat.All the above factors are always crucial in the aggravation of DN throughout the whole course of its pathological evolution.展开更多
Variable gauge rolling （VGR） is a new technology for producing the materials which have the advantage of lightweight due to optimized thickness according to load distribution. The new progresses in the theoretical r...Variable gauge rolling （VGR） is a new technology for producing the materials which have the advantage of lightweight due to optimized thickness according to load distribution. The new progresses in the theoretical research and application of VGR are reviewed in this paper. Two basic equations, VGR-f and VGR-s, were deduced. The former is a new differential equation of force equilibrium, and the latter is a new form of formula for the law of mass conservation. Both of them provide a new base for the development of VGR analysis. As the examples of VGR＇s application, tailor rolled blank （TRB） and longitudinal profile （LP） plate are introduced. Now TRBs are only produced in Germany and China, and have been used in the automotive manufacturing to play an important role in lightweight design. LP plates have been used in shipbuilding and bridge construction, and promised a bright prospect in reducing construction weight. In addition, new technologies and applications of VGR emerge constantly. Tailor welded strips and tailor rolled strips with variable thickness across the width can be used for progressive die and roll forming. The 3D profiled blank can be obtained by two-step rolling process. Tailor tubes witli the variable wail thickness are an efficient way to reduce the weight. The blank with tailored thickness and mechanical property is also under development. Above products based on the tailored ideas provide a new materials-warehouse for the designers to select so as to meet the needs of weight reducing and material saving.展开更多
基金the National High Technology R&D Program of China (863 Program)，the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program)，by the National Natural Science Foundation of China，by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Education in China (NCET-09-0401).A patent for this method has been approved by the State Intellectual Property Office of China
文摘Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS）-based metabolomics has been facilitated by the con- struction of MSz spectral tag （MS2T） library from the total scan ESI MS/MS data, and the development of widely targeted metabolomics method using MS/MS data gathered from authentic standards. In this report, a novel strategy called step- wise multiple ion monitoring-enhanced product ions （stepwise MIM-EPI） was developed to construct the MS2T library, in which stepwise MIM was used as survey scans to trigger the acquisition of EPI. A total number of 698 （almost） non- redundant metabolites with MS2 spectra were obtained, of which 135 metabolites were identified/annotated. Integrating the data gathered from our MS2T library and other available multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） information, a widely targeted metabolomics method was developed to quantify 277 metabolites, including some phytohormones. Evaluation of the dehydration responses and natural variations of these metabolites in rice leaf not only suggested the coordinated regulation of abscisic acid （ABA） with metabolites such as serotonin derivative（s）, polyamine conjugates under drought stress, but also revealed some C-glycosylated flavones as the potential markers for the discrimination of indica and japonica rice subspecies. The new MS2T library construction and widely targeted metabolomics strategy could be used as a tool for rice functional genomics.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100101-18,2016YFD0100103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770397,21800305)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662017PY058,2662017QD044)UK-China grant BBSRC(grant no.BB/R02118X/1)the National Institute of Food and Agriculture,U.S.Department of Agriculture,Hatch project(ALA014-1-16016).
文摘Since whole-genome sequencing of many crops has been achieved,crop functional genomics studies have stepped into the big-data and high-throughput era.However,acquisition of large-scale phenotypic data has become one of the major bottlenecks hindering crop breeding and functional genomics studies.Nevertheless,recent technological advances provide us potential solutions to relieve this bottleneck and to explore advanced methods for large-scale phenotyping data acquisition and processing in the coming years.In this article,we review the major progress on high-throughput phenotyping in controlled environments and field conditions as well as its use for post-harvest yield and quality assessment in the past decades.We then discuss the latest multi-omics research combining high-throughput phenotyping with genetic studies.Finally,we propose some conceptual challenges and provide our perspectives on how to bridge the phenotype-genotype gap.It is no doubt that accurate high-throughput phenotyping will accelerate plant genetic improvements and promote the next green revolution in crop breeding.
基金Wethank Dr. Morifumi Hasegawa of College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University for providing momilactone A and sakuranetin chemical standards. This work was supported by grants from the National Program of High Technology Development of China, the National Program on the Development of Basic Research in China, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Accumulating information indicates that plant disease resistance signaling pathways frequently interact with other pathways regulating developmental processes or abiotic stress responses. However, the molecular mechanisms of these types of crosstalk remain poorly understood in most cases. Here we report that OsWRKY13, an activator of rice resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, appears to function as a convergent point for crosstalk among the pathogen-induced salicylate-dependent defense pathway and five other physiologic pathways. Genome-wide analysis of the expression profiles of OsWRKY13-overexpressing lines suggests that OsWRKY13 directly or indirectly regulates the expression of more than 500 genes that are potentially involved in different physiologic processes according to the classification of the Gene Ontology database. By comparing the expression patterns of genes functioning in known pathways or cellular processes of pathogen infection and the phenotypes between OsWRKY13-overexpressing and wildtype plants, our data suggest that OsWRKY13 is also a regulator of other physiologic processes during pathogen infection. The OsWRKY13-associated disease resistance pathway synergistically interacts via OsWRKY13 with the glutathione/ glutaredoxin system and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway to monitor redox homeostasis and to putatively enhance the biosynthesis of antimicrobial flavonoid phytoalexins, respectively, in OsWRKY13-overexpressing lines. Meanwhile, the OsWRKY13-associated disease resistance pathway appears to interact antagonistically with the SNACl-mediated abiotic stress defense pathway, jasmonic acid signaling pathway, and terpenoid metabolism pathway via OsWRKY13 to suppress salt and cold defense responses as well as to putatively retard rice growth and development.
基金We thank the National Key Research and Development Program of China （2016YFD0100600, 2016YFD0100101-18）, the National Program on High Technology Development （2014AA10A600）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31770397）, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities （2662015PY126, 2662016PY0092, 662017PY058）. We also thank Prof. John Doonan of Aberystwyth University for the English language improvement.
文摘Understanding how plants respond to drought can benefit drought resistance （DR） breeding. Using a non-destructive phenotyping facility, 51 image-based traits （i-traits） for 507 rice accessions were extracted. These i-traits can be used to monitor drought responses and evaluate DR. High heritability and large variation of these traits was observed under drought stress in the natural population. A genome-wide as- sociation study （GWAS） of i-traits and traditional DR traits identified 470 association loci, some containing known DR-related genes. Of these 470 loci, 443 loci （94%） were identified using i-traits, 437 loci （93%） co- localized with previously reported DR-related quantitative trait loci, and 313 loci （66.6%） were reproducibly identified by GWAS in different years. Association networks, established based on GWAS results, revealed hub i-traits and hub loci. This demonstrates the feasibility and necessity of dissecting the complex DR trait into heritable and simple i-traits. As proof of principle, we illustrated the power of this integrated approach to identify previously unreported DR-related genes. OsPP15 was associated with a hub i-trait, and its role in DR was confirmed by genetic transformation experiments. Furthermore, i-traits can be used for DR linkage analyses, and 69 i-trait locus associations were identified by both GWAS and linkage analysis of a recom- binant inbred line population. Finally, we confirmed the relevance of i-traits to DR in the field. Our study pro- vides a promising novel approach for the genetic dissection and discovery of causal genes for DR.
基金This work was supported （2012AA10A304） the Nationa by the 863 Project Grant Natural Science Foundation of China （31171441） and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University.We thank Ying Yang, Xingwang Li, Yuxiao Chang, Jian Zhang, Dong Guo, Xiaoxia Dai, and Changjun You for their contributions of flanking sequence in the Rice Mutant Database. No conflict of interest declared.
文摘Rice is one of the most important crops worldwide, both as a staple food and as a model system for genomic research. In order to systematically assign functions to all predicted genes in the rice genome, a large number of rice mutant lines, including those created by T-DNA insertion, Ds/dSpm tagging, Tos17 tagging, and chemical/irradiation mutagenesis, have been generated by groups around the world. In this study, we have reviewed the current status of mutant resources for functional analysis of the rice genome. A total of 246 566 flanking sequence tags from rice mutant libraries with T-DNA, Ds/dSpm, or Tos17 insertion have been collected and analyzed. The results show that, among 211 470 unique hits, inserts located in the genic region account for 68.16%, and 60.49% of nuclear genes contain at least one insertion. Currently, 57% of non-transposable-element-related genes in rice have insertional tags. In addition, chemical/irradiation-induced rice mutant libraries have contributed a lot to both gene identification and new technology for the identification of mutant sites. In this review, we summarize how these tools have been used to generate a large collection of mutants. In addition, we discuss the merits of classic mutation strategies. In order to achieve saturation of mutagenesis in rice, DNA targeting, and new resources like RiceFox for gene functional identification are reviewed from a perspective of the future generation of rice mutant resources.
基金the support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0207700)Outstanding Youth Fund of Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation of China(LR18F050001)National Natural Science Foundation of China(61804134,61525106,U1809204).
文摘X-rays are widely used in probing inside information nondestructively,enabling broad applications in the medical radiography and electronic industries.X-ray imaging based on emerging lead halide perovskite scintillators has received extensive attention recently.However,the strong self-absorption,relatively low light yield and lead toxicity of these perovskites restrict their practical applications.Here,we report a series of nontoxic double-perovskite scintillators of Cs_(2)Ag_(0.6)Na_(0.4)In_(1-y)Bi_(y)Cl_(6).By controlling the content of the heavy atom Bi^(3+),the X-ray absorption coefficient,radiative emission efficiency,light yield and light decay were manipulated to maximise the scintillator performance.A light yield of up to 39,000±7000 photons/MeV for Cs_(2)Ag_(0.6)Na_(0.4)In_(0.85)Bi_(0.15)Cl_(6) was obtained,which is much higher than that for the previously reported lead halide perovskite colloidal CsPbBr_(3)(21,000 photons/MeV).The large Stokes shift between the radioluminescence(RL)and absorption spectra benefiting from self-trapped excitons(STEs)led to a negligible selfabsorption effect.Given the high light output and fast light decay of this scintillator,static X-ray imaging was attained under an extremely low dose of ∼1μGy_(air),and dynamic X-ray imaging of finger bending without a ghosting effect was demonstrated under a low-dose rate of 47.2μGy_(air) s^(−1).After thermal treatment at 85℃ for 50 h followed by X-ray irradiation for 50 h in ambient air,the scintillator performance in terms of the RL intensity and X-ray image quality remained almost unchanged.Our results shed light on exploring highly competitive scintillators beyond the scope of lead halide perovskites,not only for avoiding toxicity but also for better performance.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 20577041)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-05-0525)
文摘A series of carbonaceous biosorbents was prepared by pyrolyzing pine needles, a model biomass, at various temperatures (100–700°C) under an oxygen-limited condition for 6 h. The elemental compositions and the specific surface areas (BET-N2) of the biosorbents were analyzed. Sorption properties of 4-nitrotoluene to the biosorbents and their mechanisms were investigated, and then correlated with the structures of the biosorbents. The result shows that with the increase of the pyrolytic temperature, the aromaticity of the carbonaceous biosorbents increases dramatically and the polarity (the (N+O)/C atomic ratio) decreases sharply. Correspondingly, conformations of the organic matter in the biosorbents transform gradually from a “soft-state” to a “hard-state” and the specific surface areas of the resultant biosorbents extend rapidly. The sorption isotherms fit well with the Freundlich equation. The regression parameters (i.e., N and IgK f) are linearly related to the aromaticity indices (the H/C atomic ratio). Contributions of adsorption and partition to total sorption of the carbonaceous biosorbents are quantified. The adsorption of the carbonaceous biosorbents increases quickly with the increase of the pyrolytic temperature. The saturated adsorption amounts (Q max) increase linearly with the increase of the specific surface areas (SA) of the biosorbents. For the carbonaceous biosorbents with hard-state carbon, the calculated normalized-Q max values by SA are comparable to the theoretical estimation (2.45 μmol/m2). In comparison, for the carbonaceous sorbents with soft-state carbon, the calculated normalized-Q max values by SA are much higher than the theoretical estimation. The partition coefficients (K om) increase with the decrease of the polarity of the biosorbents, reaching a maximum, and then decrease sharply with further decreasing the polarity, suggesting that partition mechanism be dominated by the compatibility and accessibility of the sorbent medium with organic pollutant. These observations w
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50006012)the Chinese NKBRSF project (Grant No. 2001CB409600)the project of high-level university establishment.
文摘By applying the rules set in traffic flow and pedestrian flow models, a basic cellular automata model is presented to simulate occupant evacuation in fire. Some extended models are introduced to study the special phenomena of evacuation from the fire room. The key of the models is the introduction of the danger grade which makes the route choice convenient and reasonable. Fire not only influences the emotional and behavioral characteristics of an individual but also affects his physical constitution, which reduces his maximal possible velocity. The models consider these influence factors by applying a set of simple but effective rules. It is needed to emphasize that all rules are established according to the essential phenomenon in fire evacuation, that is, all the occupants would try to move to the safest place as fast as possible. Some simulation examples are also presented to validate the applicability of the models.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.50276058 and 50006012)the Chinese National Key Basic Research Science Foundation Project(Grant No.2001CB409603)
文摘The pedestrian movement is more complex than vehicular flow for the reason that people are more flexible and intelligent than car. Without the limit of 搇anes?pedestrian movement is loose and free. Furthermore, they are easily affected by other walkers as well as the environ-ment around. In this paper some special technique is intro-duced considering human behavior to make the rules more reasonable. By simulating the two-dimension pedestrian movement, the phase transition phenomena of pedestrian movement, including the up walkers moving from the bottom to the upper boundary and the right walkers moving from the left to the right boundary, are presented. Studying on the effect of the system size on the critical density shows that the critical density is independent of the system size in the scope studied in this paper.
基金supported by grants from the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2013AA102403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30921091, 31200274)+1 种基金the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-10-0386)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2013PY034, 2014BQ010)
文摘Plant phenomics has the potential to accelerate progress in understanding gene functions and environmental responses. Progress has been made in automating high-throughput plant phenotyping. However, few studies have investigated automated rice panicle counting. This paper describes a novel method for automatically and nonintrusively determining rice panicle numbers during the full heading stage by analyzing color images of rice plants taken from multiple angles. Pot-grown rice plants were transferred via an industrial conveyer to an imaging chamber. Color images from different angles were automatically acquired as a turntable rotated the plant. The images were then analyzed and the panicle number of each plant was determined. The image analysis pipeline consisted of extracting the i2 plane from the original color image, segmenting the image, discriminating the panicles from the rest of the plant using an artificial neural network, and calculating the panicle number in the current image. The panicle number of the plant was taken as the maximum of the panicle numbers extracted from all 12 multi-angle images. A total of 105 rice plants during the full heading stage were examined to test the performance of the method. The mean absolute error of the manual and automatic count was 0.5, with 95.3% of the plants yielding absolute errors within ± 1. The method will be useful for evaluating rice panicles and will serve as an important supplementary method for high-throughput rice phenotyping.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.30730022 and 30870486)the National Basic Research Program(973 Program)(Grant No.2007CB914304)the National Major Projects(grant Nos.2009ZX09311-001 and 2009ZX10004-304).
文摘The importance of NAC(named as NAM,ATAF1,2,and CUC2)proteins in plant development,transcription regulation and regulatory pathways involving proteinprotein interactions has been increasingly recognized.We report here the high resolution crystal structure of SNAC1(stress-responsive NAC)NAC domain at 2.5Å.Although the structure of the SNAC1 NAC domain shares a structural similarity with the reported structure of the ANAC NAC1 domain,some key features,especially relating to two loop regions which potentially take the responsibility for DNA-binding,distinguish the SNAC1 NAC domain from other reported NAC structures.Moreover,the dimerization of the SNAC1 NAC domain is demonstrated by both soluble and crystalline conditions,suggesting this dimeric state should be conserved in this type of NAC family.Additionally,we discuss the possible NAC-DNA binding model according to the structure and reported biological evidences.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21137003)the National KeyBasic Research Program of China(No.2014CB441106)
文摘The use of surfactants to enhance plant-microbe associated dissipation in soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） is a promising bioremediation technology. This comparative study was conducted on the effects of plant-microbe treatment on the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene from contaminated soil, in the presence of low concentration single anionic, nonionic and anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate （SDBS） and Tween 80 were chosen as representative anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. We found that mixed surfactants with concentrations less than 150 mg/kg were more effective in promoting plant-microbe associated bioremediation than the same amount of single surfactants. Only about （m/m） of mixed surfactants was needed to remove the same amount of phenanthrene and pyrene from either the planted or unplanted soils, when compared to Tween 80. Mixed surfactants （〈 150 mg/kg） better enhanced the degradation efficiency of phenanthrene and pyrene via microbe or plant-microbe routes in the soils. In the concentration range of 60-150 mg/kg, both ryegrass roots and shoots could accumulate 2-3 times the phenanthrene and pyrene with mixed surfactants than with Tween 80. These results may be explained by the lower sorption loss and reduced inteffacial tension of mixed surfactants relative to Tween 80, which enhanced the bioavailability of PAHs in soil and the microbial degradation efficiency. The higher remediation efficiency of low dosage SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants thus advanced the technology of surfactant-enhanced plant-microbe associated bioremediation.
基金by the National Science & Technology Pillar Program (Grant No. 2009ZX07104-002)the CAS Actionplan for West Development (GrantNo. KZCX2-XB3-09)the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40901255)
文摘Eutrophication is recognized as one of the major environmental problems in the Three Gorges Reservoir.Contour hedgerows have been used as a major soil and water conservation measure in this area.Accordingly,a two-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of contour hedgerow intercropping on nutrient loss from sloping farmland in this area.Four treatments were applied:(1) Maize + Soybean,(2) Maize,(3) Maize + Alfalfa,and(4) Maize + Hemerocallis citrina Baroni.Results indicated that nutrient loss in the control treatment(Maize) was serious,especially the average loss flux of total nitrogen(2245.8 mg) and total phosphate(2434.2 mg) in a typical rainfall event.However,the nutrient losses by runoff in the other three treatments with contour hedgerow intercropping showed significant reduction.Compared with the control treatment,the total nitrogen loss in the Alfalfa and Hemerocallis citrina Baroni decreased by 80.9% and 85.0%,respectively,and the total phosphorus loss in the two treatments decreased by 91.2% and 92.5%,respectively.Therefore,it is concluded that nutrient losses could be reduced by using contour hedgerows in the Three Gorges Region.Reducing runoff volume and sediment loss was the main mechanisms of contour hedgerow intercropping to reduce nutrient loss.
基金supported by grants from the National Program for Basic Research of China(2012CB114305)the National Program on High Technology Development(2012AA10A303)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31271316 and J1103510 to Chang Y and Huang F)the National Program of China for Transgenic Research(2011ZX08009-003002,2011ZX08001-003)
文摘Plant responses to abiotic stresses are coordinated by arrays of growth and developmental programs. Gibberellic acid （GA） and abscisic acid （ABA） play critical roles in the developmental programs and environmental responses, respectively, through complex signaling and metabolism networks. However, crosstalk between the two phytohormones in stress responses remains largely unknown. In this study, we report that GIBBERELLIN-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 （GID1）, a soluble receptor for GA, regulates stomata[ develop- ment and patterning in rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The gidl mutant showed impaired biosynthesis of endogenous ABA under drought stress conditions, but it exhibited enhanced sensi- tivity to exogenous ABA. Scanning electron microscope and infrared thermal image analysis indicated an increase in the stomatal conductance in the gidl mutant under drought conditions. Interestingly, the gidl mutant had increased levels of chlorophyll and carbohydrates under submergence conditions, and showed enhanced reactive oxygen species （ROS）-scavenging ability and submergence tolerance compared with the wild-type. Further analyses suggested that the function of GID1 in submergence responses is partially dependent on ABA, and GA signaling by GID1 is involved in submergence tolerance by modulating carbohydrate consumption. Taken together, these findings suggest GID1 plays distinct roles in stomatal response and submergence tolerance through both the ABA and GA signaling pathways in rice.
基金supported by grants from the National High Technology Research and Development Program (2012AA10A303)
文摘In this study, PUP-type cytokinin transporter genes were identified in rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The Oryza sativa purine permease （OsPUP） family has 12 members that show similar predicted protein sequences with AtPUPs. To reveal the functions of OsPUP genes, we searched the T-DNA mutant library of rice and found one mutant for the member OsPUP7. The T-DNA insertion caused a new transcript that encodes a protein with 26 amino acids different from the native OsPUP7 at the C-terminus. The mutant showed multiple phenotypic changes including increased plant height, big seeds, and delayed flowering. The mutant also showed increased sensitivity to drought and salt stresses and treatments with kinetin and abscisic acid. OsPUP7is expressed mainly in the vascular bundle, pistil, and stamens. The measurement of cytokinins （CKs） showed that CK content in the mutant spikelets accumulated higher than that in the wild type. Moreover, uptake experiment in the yeast fcy2 mutant suggested that OsPUP7 has the ability to transport caffeine, a CK derivative. Our results indicate that the PUP transport system also exists in rice, and OsPUP7has an important role in the transport of CK, thus affecting developmental process and stress responses.
文摘Many plants have evolved a drought escape （DE） mechanism to shorten their life cycle when facing water- deficit conditions. While drought tolerance has been intensively investigated, the genetic and molecular mechanisms of DE remain elusive. In this study, we found that low water-deficit treatment （LWT） at the early stage of rice development can trigger early flowering and reduced tiller numbers. LWT induced the accu- mulation of abscisic acid （ABA）, which in turn has feed-back effects on light perception and circadian clock by synchronously regulating many flowering-related genes to promote early flowering. Moreover, some of light receptors, circadian components, and flowering-related genes including OsTOC1, Ghd7, and PhyB were found to be involved in LWT in an ABA-dependent manner, whereas some of the other flowering- related genes including OsGI, OsELF3, OsPRR37, and OsMADS50 were involved in the regulation of DE independent of ABA. In addition, we found that strigolactones and OsTB1 are involved in the tillering inhibition under LWT, which is independent of the flowering pathway in rice. Taken together, our.findings provide compelling evidence that DE in rice is coordinately regulated by multiple pathways during the reproduction （flowering） switch.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20890111)
文摘The optimal condition for a one-step process removing organic compounds from coking wastewater by simultaneously synthesized organobentonite as a pretreatment was investigated.Results showed that sorption of organic compounds by organobentonite was positively correlated to the cation surfactant exchange on the bentonite and the octanol-water partition coefficient（Kow） of the solutes.With 0.75 g/L bentonite and 180 mg/L（60% of bentonite cation exchange capacity） cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,the removal efficiencies of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon（PAHs） specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency in coking wastewater except naphthalene were more than 90%,and that of benzo（a）pyrene was 99.5%.At the same time,the removal efficiencies of CODCr,NH3-N,volatile phenols,colour and turbidity were 28.6%,13.2%,8.9%,55% and 84.3%,respectively,and the ratio of BOD5/CODCr increased from 0.31 to 0.41.These results indicated that the one-step process had high removal efficiency for toxic and refractory hydrophobic organic compounds,and could improve the biodegradability of the coking wastewater.Therefore it could be a promising technology for the pretreatment of toxic and refractory organic wastewater.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51290281)the project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.QYZDY-SSW-DQC004)the Federal Department of Chinese Water Control and Treatment(Nos.2017ZX07108,2017ZX07501002)
文摘The effects of O3/Cl2 disinfection on corrosion and the growth of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems were studied using annular reactors （ARs）. The corrosion process and most probable number （MPN） analysis indicated that the higher content of iron-oxidizing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria in biofilms of the AR treated with O3/Cl2 induced higher Fe304 formation in corrosion scales. These corrosion scales became more stable than the ones that formed in the AR treated with Cl2 alone. O3/Cl2 disinfection inhibited corrosion and iron release efficiently by changing the content of corrosion-related bacteria. Moreover, ozone disinfection inactivated or damaged the opportunistic pathogens due to its strong oxidizing properties. The damaged bacteria resulting from initial ozone treatment were inactivated by the subsequent chlorine disinfection. Compared with the AR treated with Cl2 alone, the opportunistic pathogens M. auium and L. pneumophila were not detectable in effluents of the AR treated with O3/Cl2, and decreased to （4.60 ± 0.14） and （3.09 ± 0.12） loglo （gene copies/g corrosion scales） in biofilms, respectively. The amoeba counts were also lower in the AR treated with O3/Cl2. Therefore, O3/Cl2 disinfection can effectively control opportunistic pathogens in effluents and biofilms of an AR used as a model for a drinking water distribution system.
基金Supported by Jiangsu Province College Natural Science Research Project (No. 09KJD360001)Scientific and Technological Innovation and Achievements Transformation Special Projects of Jiangsu Province (BM2009903)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To study and analyze the etiology and pathogenesis,diagnosis and prescription for cases of diabetic nephropathy(DN) treated by Professor Zhongying Zhou(Prof.Zhou) with the help of dada mining technique,so as to inherit his clinical experience and academic thoughts.METHODS:After pretreatment of the medical record information,statistical software SPSS 13.0 was used to analyze and process the standardized data using the descriptive analysis,cluster analysis and association rules.RESULTS:Ninety-four entries derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) four-diagnostic information were selected.Through data mining,the highest frequency was yellow-thin-greasy tongue coating,followed by dark tongue,and then by thready-slippery pulse.The main self-conscious symptoms were limb numbness,dry mouth,frequent micturition,etc.With respect to pathogenesis,the etiology related to kidney reached 73.46%.The frequency of pathological factors for deficiency,blood stasis,heat,dampness,phlegm and dryness were 137.65%,80.25%,78.40%,48.77%,21.60%,and 14.20% respectively.A total of 236 kinds of herbs were used 2913 person times,averaging 17.98 herbs per prescription.CONCLUSION:The pathological location of DN is in the kidney.The pathogenesis of the disease is deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality,the former of which include deficiency of the liver and kidney,and deficiency of both Qi and Yin.The main pathological factors are blood stasis,heat,dampness,phlegm,and dryness;and they act upon each other to form the complex pathogenesis in terms of blood stasis-heat,dampness-heat,phlegm-heat,and dryness-heat.All the above factors are always crucial in the aggravation of DN throughout the whole course of its pathological evolution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51034009, 51374069 and 51174249).
文摘Variable gauge rolling （VGR） is a new technology for producing the materials which have the advantage of lightweight due to optimized thickness according to load distribution. The new progresses in the theoretical research and application of VGR are reviewed in this paper. Two basic equations, VGR-f and VGR-s, were deduced. The former is a new differential equation of force equilibrium, and the latter is a new form of formula for the law of mass conservation. Both of them provide a new base for the development of VGR analysis. As the examples of VGR＇s application, tailor rolled blank （TRB） and longitudinal profile （LP） plate are introduced. Now TRBs are only produced in Germany and China, and have been used in the automotive manufacturing to play an important role in lightweight design. LP plates have been used in shipbuilding and bridge construction, and promised a bright prospect in reducing construction weight. In addition, new technologies and applications of VGR emerge constantly. Tailor welded strips and tailor rolled strips with variable thickness across the width can be used for progressive die and roll forming. The 3D profiled blank can be obtained by two-step rolling process. Tailor tubes witli the variable wail thickness are an efficient way to reduce the weight. The blank with tailored thickness and mechanical property is also under development. Above products based on the tailored ideas provide a new materials-warehouse for the designers to select so as to meet the needs of weight reducing and material saving.
