As the world strives to reduce the impact of population growth, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and climate change on food security, energy and water shortage, resource over-exploration, biodiversity loss, envir...As the world strives to reduce the impact of population growth, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and climate change on food security, energy and water shortage, resource over-exploration, biodiversity loss, environmental pollution, and ultimately human health, timely and higher resolution land cover information is urgently needed to achieve the sustainable development goals of the United Nations.展开更多
营养不良对恶性肿瘤患者的不利影响贯穿其整个病程.肿瘤患者的营养状况如何未见大样本报道,而且已有报道差异很大,本研究旨在调查中国常见恶性肿瘤患者营养不良状况及营养治疗现状.本次观察性多中心研究采用两阶段随机抽样方法抽取全国2...营养不良对恶性肿瘤患者的不利影响贯穿其整个病程.肿瘤患者的营养状况如何未见大样本报道,而且已有报道差异很大,本研究旨在调查中国常见恶性肿瘤患者营养不良状况及营养治疗现状.本次观察性多中心研究采用两阶段随机抽样方法抽取全国22个主要省市80家三甲医院共47488例16种常见恶性肿瘤住院患者,以患者主观整体评估(Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment,PG-SGA)评估患者营养状况,以定量评估区分营养不良严重程度:0~1分无营养不良,2~3分、4~8分、≥9分分别定义为可疑/轻度、中度、重度营养不良.方差分析比较不同特征肿瘤患者PG-SGA评分.肿瘤患者中、重度营养不良的发病率为58.2%(中度32.1%、重度26.1%),22.2%为可疑/轻度营养不良,只有19.6%的患者无营养不良.营养不良的发病存在瘤种、年龄、性别、肿瘤分期、治疗情况及地区差异:胰腺癌患者PG-SGA评分最高(9.58±5.74),乳腺癌患者PG-SGA评分最低(3.51±3.49);<45岁年龄组患者PG-SGA评分最低(4.84±4.50),≥70岁年龄组患者PG-SGA评分最高(7.82±5.10);女性肺癌(5.87vs.5.60,P=0.006)和胃癌(8.36 vs.7.81,P<0.001)PG-SGA评分高于男性;TNM分期较高的患者其PG-SGA评分也较高,其中胰腺癌Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者PG-SGA评分最高,乳腺癌Ⅰ~Ⅲ期患者PG-SGA评分均低于4分(3.05±2.83);接受手术治疗的患者PG-SGA评分最高(6.22±4.74),而目前还没有接受任何治疗的患者评分最低(5.61±4.68);华中区域PG-SGA评分最低(4.82±4.16),华东区域PG-SGA评分最高(7.31±5.53).此外,在某些肿瘤类型中,不同医疗保险类型、受教育水平、职业、居住地、民族的患者PG-SGA评分也有显著差异,农民、小学及以下低教育水平患者营养状况最差.68.78%的肿瘤患者没有获得任何营养治疗,重度营养不良(PG-SGA≥9)肿瘤患者的无营养治疗比例仍然高达55.03%.以上结果说明,中国常见恶性肿瘤患者营养不良发生率展开更多
Human pluripotent stem cells represent a potentially unlimited source of functional pancreatic endocrine lineage cells. Here we report a highly efficient approach to induce human embryonic stem （ES） cells and induce...Human pluripotent stem cells represent a potentially unlimited source of functional pancreatic endocrine lineage cells. Here we report a highly efficient approach to induce human embryonic stem （ES） cells and induced pluripo- tent stem （iPS） cells to differentiate into mature insulin-producing cells in a chemical-defined culture system. The differentiated human ES cells obtained by this approach comprised nearly 25% insulin-positive cells as assayed by flow cytometry analysis, which released insulin/C-peptide in response to glucose stimuli in a manner comparable to that of adult human islets. Most of these insulin-producing cells co-expressed mature β cell-specific markers such as NKX6-1 and PDX1, indicating a similar gene expression pattern to adult islet β cells in vivo. In this study, we also demonstrated that EGF facilitates the expansion of PDXl-positive pancreatic progenitors. Moreover, our protocol also succeeded in efficiently inducing human iPS cells to differentiate into insuIin-producing ceils. Therefore, this work not only provides a new model to study the mechanism of human pancreatic specialization and maturation in vitro, but also enhances the possibility of utilizing patient-specific iPS cells for the treatment of diabetes.展开更多
Humans can naturally and effectively find salient regions in complex scenes.Motivated by this observation,attention mechanisms were introduced into computer vision with the aim of imitating this aspect of the human vi...Humans can naturally and effectively find salient regions in complex scenes.Motivated by this observation,attention mechanisms were introduced into computer vision with the aim of imitating this aspect of the human visual system.Such an attention mechanism can be regarded as a dynamic weight adjustment process based on features of the input image.Attention mechanisms have achieved great success in many visual tasks,including image classification,object detection,semantic segmentation,video understanding,image generation,3D vision,multimodal tasks,and self-supervised learning.In this survey,we provide a comprehensive review of various attention mechanisms in computer vision and categorize them according to approach,such as channel attention,spatial attention,temporal attention,and branch attention;a related repository https://github.com/MenghaoG uo/Awesome-Vision-Attentions is dedicated to collecting related work.We also suggest future directions for attention mechanism research.展开更多
基金partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0600103)Delos Living LLCthe Cyrus Tang Foundation
文摘As the world strives to reduce the impact of population growth, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and climate change on food security, energy and water shortage, resource over-exploration, biodiversity loss, environmental pollution, and ultimately human health, timely and higher resolution land cover information is urgently needed to achieve the sustainable development goals of the United Nations.
文摘营养不良对恶性肿瘤患者的不利影响贯穿其整个病程.肿瘤患者的营养状况如何未见大样本报道,而且已有报道差异很大,本研究旨在调查中国常见恶性肿瘤患者营养不良状况及营养治疗现状.本次观察性多中心研究采用两阶段随机抽样方法抽取全国22个主要省市80家三甲医院共47488例16种常见恶性肿瘤住院患者,以患者主观整体评估(Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment,PG-SGA)评估患者营养状况,以定量评估区分营养不良严重程度:0~1分无营养不良,2~3分、4~8分、≥9分分别定义为可疑/轻度、中度、重度营养不良.方差分析比较不同特征肿瘤患者PG-SGA评分.肿瘤患者中、重度营养不良的发病率为58.2%(中度32.1%、重度26.1%),22.2%为可疑/轻度营养不良,只有19.6%的患者无营养不良.营养不良的发病存在瘤种、年龄、性别、肿瘤分期、治疗情况及地区差异:胰腺癌患者PG-SGA评分最高(9.58±5.74),乳腺癌患者PG-SGA评分最低(3.51±3.49);<45岁年龄组患者PG-SGA评分最低(4.84±4.50),≥70岁年龄组患者PG-SGA评分最高(7.82±5.10);女性肺癌(5.87vs.5.60,P=0.006)和胃癌(8.36 vs.7.81,P<0.001)PG-SGA评分高于男性;TNM分期较高的患者其PG-SGA评分也较高,其中胰腺癌Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者PG-SGA评分最高,乳腺癌Ⅰ~Ⅲ期患者PG-SGA评分均低于4分(3.05±2.83);接受手术治疗的患者PG-SGA评分最高(6.22±4.74),而目前还没有接受任何治疗的患者评分最低(5.61±4.68);华中区域PG-SGA评分最低(4.82±4.16),华东区域PG-SGA评分最高(7.31±5.53).此外,在某些肿瘤类型中,不同医疗保险类型、受教育水平、职业、居住地、民族的患者PG-SGA评分也有显著差异,农民、小学及以下低教育水平患者营养状况最差.68.78%的肿瘤患者没有获得任何营养治疗,重度营养不良(PG-SGA≥9)肿瘤患者的无营养治疗比例仍然高达55.03%.以上结果说明,中国常见恶性肿瘤患者营养不良发生率
文摘Human pluripotent stem cells represent a potentially unlimited source of functional pancreatic endocrine lineage cells. Here we report a highly efficient approach to induce human embryonic stem （ES） cells and induced pluripo- tent stem （iPS） cells to differentiate into mature insulin-producing cells in a chemical-defined culture system. The differentiated human ES cells obtained by this approach comprised nearly 25% insulin-positive cells as assayed by flow cytometry analysis, which released insulin/C-peptide in response to glucose stimuli in a manner comparable to that of adult human islets. Most of these insulin-producing cells co-expressed mature β cell-specific markers such as NKX6-1 and PDX1, indicating a similar gene expression pattern to adult islet β cells in vivo. In this study, we also demonstrated that EGF facilitates the expansion of PDXl-positive pancreatic progenitors. Moreover, our protocol also succeeded in efficiently inducing human iPS cells to differentiate into insuIin-producing ceils. Therefore, this work not only provides a new model to study the mechanism of human pancreatic specialization and maturation in vitro, but also enhances the possibility of utilizing patient-specific iPS cells for the treatment of diabetes.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61521002 and 62132012)。
文摘Humans can naturally and effectively find salient regions in complex scenes.Motivated by this observation,attention mechanisms were introduced into computer vision with the aim of imitating this aspect of the human visual system.Such an attention mechanism can be regarded as a dynamic weight adjustment process based on features of the input image.Attention mechanisms have achieved great success in many visual tasks,including image classification,object detection,semantic segmentation,video understanding,image generation,3D vision,multimodal tasks,and self-supervised learning.In this survey,we provide a comprehensive review of various attention mechanisms in computer vision and categorize them according to approach,such as channel attention,spatial attention,temporal attention,and branch attention;a related repository https://github.com/MenghaoG uo/Awesome-Vision-Attentions is dedicated to collecting related work.We also suggest future directions for attention mechanism research.
