Tea is the world＇s oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich （80.9...Tea is the world＇s oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich （80.9%）, 3.02-Gb genome of the cultivated tea tree Camellia sinensis. We show that an extraordinarily large genome size of tea tree is resulted from the slow, steady, and long-term amplification of a few LTR retrotransposon families. In addition to a recent whole-genome duplication event, lineage-specific expansions of genes associated with flavonoid metabolic biosynthesis were discovered, which enhance catechin production, terpene enzyme activation, and stress tolerance, important features for tea flavor and adaptation. We demonstrate an independent and rapid evolution of the tea caffeine synthesis pathway relative to cacao and coffee. A comparative study among 25 Camellia species revealed that higher expression levels of most flavonoid- and caffeinebut not theanine-related genes contribute to the increased production of catechins and caffeine and thus enhance tea-processing suitability and tea quality. These novel findings pave the way for further metabolomic and functional genomic refinement of characteristic biosynthesis pathways and will help develop a more diversified set of tea flavors that would eventually satisfy and attract more tea drinkers worldwide.展开更多
African swine fever(ASF)is a devastating infectious disease in swine that is severely threatening the global pig industry.An efficacious vaccine is urgently required.Here,we used the Chinese ASFV HLJ/18 as a backbone ...African swine fever(ASF)is a devastating infectious disease in swine that is severely threatening the global pig industry.An efficacious vaccine is urgently required.Here,we used the Chinese ASFV HLJ/18 as a backbone and generated a series of genedeleted viruses.The virulence,immunogenicity,safety,and protective efficacy evaluation in specific-pathogen-free pigs,commercial pigs,and pregnant sows indicated that one virus,namely HLJ/18-7GD,which has seven genes deleted,is fully attenuated in pigs,cannot convert to the virulent strain,and provides complete protection of pigs against lethal ASFV challenge.Our study shows that HLJ/-18-7GD is a safe and effective vaccine against ASFV,and as such is expected to play an important role in controlling the spread of ASFV.展开更多
Background： Atopic dermatitis （AD） is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic recurrent dermatitis with profound itching. Most patients have personal and/or family history of atopic diseases. Several ...Background： Atopic dermatitis （AD） is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic recurrent dermatitis with profound itching. Most patients have personal and/or family history of atopic diseases. Several criteria have been proposed for the diagnosis of AD. Although the clinical features of childhood AD have been widely studied, there has been less large-scale study on adult/adolescent AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features of adult/adolescent patients with chronic symmetrical eczemaJAD and to propose Chinese diagnostic criteria for adult/adolescent AD. Methods： A hospital-based study was performed. Forty-two dermatological centers participated in this study. Adult and adolescent patients （12 years and over） with chronic symmetrical eczema or AD were included in this study. Questionnaires were completed by both patients and-investigators. The valid questionnaires were analyzed using EpiData 3.1 and SPSS 17.0 software. Results： A total of 2662 valid questionnaires were collected （1369 male and 1293 female）. Of all 2662 patients, 2062 （77.5%） patients had the disease after 12 years old, while only 600 （22.5%） patients had the disease before 12 years old, suggesting late-onset eczema/AD is common. Two thousand one hundred and thirty-nine （80.4%） patients had the disease for more than 6 months. One thousand one hundred and forty-four （43.0%） patients had a personal and/or family history of atopic diseases. One thousand five hundred and forty-eight （58.2%） patients had an elevated total serum IgE and/or eosinophilia and/or positive allergen-specific IgE. Based on these clinical and laboratory features, we proposed Chinese criteria for adult/adolescent AD. Of all 2662 patients, 60.3% were satisfied with our criteria, while only 48.2% satisfied with Hanifin Rajka criteria and 32.7% satisfied with Williams criteria, suggesting a good sensitivity of our criteria in adult/adolescent AD patients. Conclusion： Late-onset of eczema or AD is common. Th展开更多
近年来,翻转课堂成为高校信息化教学的主流模式。随着SPOC与翻转课堂的结合,对SPOC式翻转课堂教学效果的研究层出不穷,且大部分研究呈现教学效果良好的结论。但是,这些基于小样本的研究结论并不能作为推广SPOC翻转课堂的证据。因此,本...近年来,翻转课堂成为高校信息化教学的主流模式。随着SPOC与翻转课堂的结合,对SPOC式翻转课堂教学效果的研究层出不穷,且大部分研究呈现教学效果良好的结论。但是,这些基于小样本的研究结论并不能作为推广SPOC翻转课堂的证据。因此,本研究采用系统评价方法对比分析SPOC翻转课堂与传统教学的教学效果,并通过元分析方法对其效应值进行统计分析,以便加大样本量,得出更为科学的结论。本研究通过检索2007年1月至2018年7月ERIC、Teacher Reference Center、Education Research Complete、Web of Science、中国知网、维普和万方等大型数据库以及Cochrane Collaboration Library、Campbell Collaboration Library、EPPI、WWC、System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (Open SIGLE)等在线研究平台,根据纳入排除标准排查所有对比分析SPOC翻转课堂与传统课堂教学有效性的量化研究,对纳入研究进行质量评价,对最终纳入的19项原始对照研究提取相关数据。本研究利用Rev Man Manager 5. 3软件进行元分析,结果显示:SPOC翻转课堂的考试成绩、知识理解能力、知识应用能力、自学能力、自我管理能力、学习动机均高于传统课堂; SPOC翻转课堂与传统课堂的及格率、优秀率、协作能力均无显著差异;学生对SPOC翻转课堂的学习兴趣、认真程度、学习参与度、满意度均较高。鉴于纳入研究的诸多局限性,该结论还有待进一步验证。展开更多
Wnt signaling transduces evolutionarily conserved pathways which play important roles in initiating and regulating a diverse range of cellular activities,including cell proliferation,calcium homeostasis,and cell polar...Wnt signaling transduces evolutionarily conserved pathways which play important roles in initiating and regulating a diverse range of cellular activities,including cell proliferation,calcium homeostasis,and cell polarity.The role of Wnt signaling in controlling cell proliferation and stem cell self-renewal is primarily carried out through the canonical pathway,which is the best-characterized the multiple Wnt signaling branches.The past 10 years has seen a rapid expansion in our understanding of the complexity of this pathway,as many new components of Wnt signaling have been identified and linked to signaling regulation,stem cell functions,and adult tissue homeostasis.Additionally,a substantial body of evidence links Wnt signaling to tumorigenesis of cancer types and implicates it in the development of cancer drug resistance.Thus,a better understanding of the mechanisms by which dysregulation of Wnt signaling precedes the development and progression of human cancer may hasten the development of pathway inhibitors to augment current therapy.This review summarizes and synthesizes our current knowledge of the canonical Wnt pathway in development and disease.We begin with an overview of the components of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and delve into the role this pathway has been shown to play in stemness,tumorigenesis,and cancer drug resistance.Ultimately,we hope to present an organized collection of evidence implicating Wnt signaling in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance to facilitate the pursuit of Wnt pathway modulators that may improve outcomes of cancers in which Wnt signaling contributes to aggressive disease and/or treatment resistance.展开更多
Dear Editor, Grain size is a major determinant of grain yield and quality in rice （Oryza sativa）, and was therefore an important selective target during domestication and breeding （Fitzgerald et al., 2009） （Takan...Dear Editor, Grain size is a major determinant of grain yield and quality in rice （Oryza sativa）, and was therefore an important selective target during domestication and breeding （Fitzgerald et al., 2009） （Takano-Kai et al., 2009）. In the past few decades, a dozen grain size-related QTLs/genes have been cloned （Huang et al., 2013; Zuo and Li, 2014）. Pyramiding grain size QTLs to breed high-yielding and high-quality rice varieties has proved to be a great success. For example, by pyramiding the nonfunctional alleles gs3 and gw8 in line HJX74.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the project of Yunnan Innovation Team Project, the Hundreds Oversea Talents Program of Yunnan Province, the Top Talents Program of Yunnan Province （Grant 20080A009）, the Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province （201401 PC00397）, National Science Foundation of China （U0936603）, Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province （2008CC016）, Frontier Grant of Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS （672705232515）, Top Talents Program of Yunnan Province （20080A009）, and Hundreds Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） （to L.G.）.
文摘Tea is the world＇s oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich （80.9%）, 3.02-Gb genome of the cultivated tea tree Camellia sinensis. We show that an extraordinarily large genome size of tea tree is resulted from the slow, steady, and long-term amplification of a few LTR retrotransposon families. In addition to a recent whole-genome duplication event, lineage-specific expansions of genes associated with flavonoid metabolic biosynthesis were discovered, which enhance catechin production, terpene enzyme activation, and stress tolerance, important features for tea flavor and adaptation. We demonstrate an independent and rapid evolution of the tea caffeine synthesis pathway relative to cacao and coffee. A comparative study among 25 Camellia species revealed that higher expression levels of most flavonoid- and caffeinebut not theanine-related genes contribute to the increased production of catechins and caffeine and thus enhance tea-processing suitability and tea quality. These novel findings pave the way for further metabolomic and functional genomic refinement of characteristic biosynthesis pathways and will help develop a more diversified set of tea flavors that would eventually satisfy and attract more tea drinkers worldwide.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1200601)Applied Technology Research and Development Project of Heilongjiang Province(GA19B301)+1 种基金Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2019B020211004)the grant from the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology Program(SKLVBP201801)。
文摘African swine fever(ASF)is a devastating infectious disease in swine that is severely threatening the global pig industry.An efficacious vaccine is urgently required.Here,we used the Chinese ASFV HLJ/18 as a backbone and generated a series of genedeleted viruses.The virulence,immunogenicity,safety,and protective efficacy evaluation in specific-pathogen-free pigs,commercial pigs,and pregnant sows indicated that one virus,namely HLJ/18-7GD,which has seven genes deleted,is fully attenuated in pigs,cannot convert to the virulent strain,and provides complete protection of pigs against lethal ASFV challenge.Our study shows that HLJ/-18-7GD is a safe and effective vaccine against ASFV,and as such is expected to play an important role in controlling the spread of ASFV.
文摘Background： Atopic dermatitis （AD） is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic recurrent dermatitis with profound itching. Most patients have personal and/or family history of atopic diseases. Several criteria have been proposed for the diagnosis of AD. Although the clinical features of childhood AD have been widely studied, there has been less large-scale study on adult/adolescent AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features of adult/adolescent patients with chronic symmetrical eczemaJAD and to propose Chinese diagnostic criteria for adult/adolescent AD. Methods： A hospital-based study was performed. Forty-two dermatological centers participated in this study. Adult and adolescent patients （12 years and over） with chronic symmetrical eczema or AD were included in this study. Questionnaires were completed by both patients and-investigators. The valid questionnaires were analyzed using EpiData 3.1 and SPSS 17.0 software. Results： A total of 2662 valid questionnaires were collected （1369 male and 1293 female）. Of all 2662 patients, 2062 （77.5%） patients had the disease after 12 years old, while only 600 （22.5%） patients had the disease before 12 years old, suggesting late-onset eczema/AD is common. Two thousand one hundred and thirty-nine （80.4%） patients had the disease for more than 6 months. One thousand one hundred and forty-four （43.0%） patients had a personal and/or family history of atopic diseases. One thousand five hundred and forty-eight （58.2%） patients had an elevated total serum IgE and/or eosinophilia and/or positive allergen-specific IgE. Based on these clinical and laboratory features, we proposed Chinese criteria for adult/adolescent AD. Of all 2662 patients, 60.3% were satisfied with our criteria, while only 48.2% satisfied with Hanifin Rajka criteria and 32.7% satisfied with Williams criteria, suggesting a good sensitivity of our criteria in adult/adolescent AD patients. Conclusion： Late-onset of eczema or AD is common. Th
文摘近年来,翻转课堂成为高校信息化教学的主流模式。随着SPOC与翻转课堂的结合,对SPOC式翻转课堂教学效果的研究层出不穷,且大部分研究呈现教学效果良好的结论。但是,这些基于小样本的研究结论并不能作为推广SPOC翻转课堂的证据。因此,本研究采用系统评价方法对比分析SPOC翻转课堂与传统教学的教学效果,并通过元分析方法对其效应值进行统计分析,以便加大样本量,得出更为科学的结论。本研究通过检索2007年1月至2018年7月ERIC、Teacher Reference Center、Education Research Complete、Web of Science、中国知网、维普和万方等大型数据库以及Cochrane Collaboration Library、Campbell Collaboration Library、EPPI、WWC、System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (Open SIGLE)等在线研究平台,根据纳入排除标准排查所有对比分析SPOC翻转课堂与传统课堂教学有效性的量化研究,对纳入研究进行质量评价,对最终纳入的19项原始对照研究提取相关数据。本研究利用Rev Man Manager 5. 3软件进行元分析,结果显示:SPOC翻转课堂的考试成绩、知识理解能力、知识应用能力、自学能力、自我管理能力、学习动机均高于传统课堂; SPOC翻转课堂与传统课堂的及格率、优秀率、协作能力均无显著差异;学生对SPOC翻转课堂的学习兴趣、认真程度、学习参与度、满意度均较高。鉴于纳入研究的诸多局限性,该结论还有待进一步验证。
基金The authors’research efforts were supported in part by research grants from the NIH(AT004418 to TCH)the 973 Program of Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST)of China(#2011CB707900 to TCH)+1 种基金the Scoliosis Research Society(to MJL),MKM was a recipient of Howard Hughes Medical Institute Medical Research FellowshipCS was a recipient of the Pritzker Summer Research Fellowship funded through a NIH T-35 training grant(NIDDK).
文摘Wnt signaling transduces evolutionarily conserved pathways which play important roles in initiating and regulating a diverse range of cellular activities,including cell proliferation,calcium homeostasis,and cell polarity.The role of Wnt signaling in controlling cell proliferation and stem cell self-renewal is primarily carried out through the canonical pathway,which is the best-characterized the multiple Wnt signaling branches.The past 10 years has seen a rapid expansion in our understanding of the complexity of this pathway,as many new components of Wnt signaling have been identified and linked to signaling regulation,stem cell functions,and adult tissue homeostasis.Additionally,a substantial body of evidence links Wnt signaling to tumorigenesis of cancer types and implicates it in the development of cancer drug resistance.Thus,a better understanding of the mechanisms by which dysregulation of Wnt signaling precedes the development and progression of human cancer may hasten the development of pathway inhibitors to augment current therapy.This review summarizes and synthesizes our current knowledge of the canonical Wnt pathway in development and disease.We begin with an overview of the components of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and delve into the role this pathway has been shown to play in stemness,tumorigenesis,and cancer drug resistance.Ultimately,we hope to present an organized collection of evidence implicating Wnt signaling in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance to facilitate the pursuit of Wnt pathway modulators that may improve outcomes of cancers in which Wnt signaling contributes to aggressive disease and/or treatment resistance.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation （91635302）, the National Program on R＆D of Transgenic Plants （2016ZX08009003-004）, the National 863 Project （2014AA10A604） and the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System （CARS-01-03） and the Bill ＆ Melinda Gates Foundation.
文摘Dear Editor, Grain size is a major determinant of grain yield and quality in rice （Oryza sativa）, and was therefore an important selective target during domestication and breeding （Fitzgerald et al., 2009） （Takano-Kai et al., 2009）. In the past few decades, a dozen grain size-related QTLs/genes have been cloned （Huang et al., 2013; Zuo and Li, 2014）. Pyramiding grain size QTLs to breed high-yielding and high-quality rice varieties has proved to be a great success. For example, by pyramiding the nonfunctional alleles gs3 and gw8 in line HJX74.
