To study incidence characteristics and causes of injury, and its medical consequences in school children of China. Methods A total of 2 553 school children aged 7-16 years were recruited from Shantou City in Gunagd...To study incidence characteristics and causes of injury, and its medical consequences in school children of China. Methods A total of 2 553 school children aged 7-16 years were recruited from Shantou City in Gunagdong by cluster sampling method, and were investigated with questionnaires on cases of injuries occurred among them from October 1, 1996 to September 30, 1997. Results Injuries tended to increase with children抯 age, with an overall incidence rate of 37.96%, higher in boys than in girls (P<0.05); and 38.1% of children had more than two episodes of injury during this period. Falls took leading place of injury incidence both in boys and girls and in all age groups. Most injuries occurred when they were playing, sporting, riding and walking at home or in school. Self-inflicted injury ranked the first place of all injuries, followed by hurt caused by others (classmates, sibling or others). Moderate and serious injuries accounted for 8% of the total with a disability rate of 121.4/100 000. Conclusions Currently, injury has become one of the serious public health problems in China. For the improvement of children survival, it is crucial to reduce their injury to strengthen research on child safety and to implement safety-promotion programs.展开更多
Objective Currently, China is in short of thorough and systemic data concerning the patterns and incidence of injuries and related deaths. Guangdong Province as one of the economically advanced areas in China is fa...Objective Currently, China is in short of thorough and systemic data concerning the patterns and incidence of injuries and related deaths. Guangdong Province as one of the economically advanced areas in China is faced with a relatively serious injury problem, and investigation of this problem in this Province will provide valuable information for other provinces and areas in this Country, as well as scientific basis for policy making for injury prevention and control. Methods Analyses are based on the computerized hospital discharge data collected from 322 hospitals in Guangdong Province between 1997 and 2001. Diagnoses are coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). Results The total hospitalization rate related with injuries increased year by year from 1997 to 2001. The ratio of case-fatality has a decline trend for all injury inpatients, who were mainly caused by motor vehicle accidents, unintentional falls, puncture and cut by machine and others. The constituent ratio of death among patients caused by motor vehicle accidents accounted for 56.13% among the total deaths, which ranked as the first place. The direct medical cost also had an increased trend. Conclusions Data on injuries requiring hospitalization can be used to design and target more effective injury prevention programs. Injury prevention would decrease human sufferings, disability, and associated economic losses.展开更多
输气管道和工业管道在功能、属性和技术上的区别往往被忽视,通常人们会误认为工业管道较输气管道在技术上更为复杂,要求上更为严格,因而在管理上可能对该两类管道的类别划分不清。分析可知,输气管道与工业管道虽然同属压力管道,但是两...输气管道和工业管道在功能、属性和技术上的区别往往被忽视,通常人们会误认为工业管道较输气管道在技术上更为复杂,要求上更为严格,因而在管理上可能对该两类管道的类别划分不清。分析可知,输气管道与工业管道虽然同属压力管道,但是两者功能和属性不同,所处自然环境及社会条件也不同,因此在设计、材料选用、焊接施工及生产运行的各个环节都有重大区别,主要体现在管道钢管壁厚计算公式、材料选用及材料体系、夏比冲击韧性试验温度及冲击功合格值、标准规范体系和焊接施工上。纵观美国ASME B 31.3《工艺管道》与ASME B 31.8《输气和配气管道系统》的编制历史变迁可知,输气管道与工业管道属于不同类别各自独立的管道体系,在技术上和管理上都应该立足于这个原则开展生产运行和管理工作。展开更多
文摘To study incidence characteristics and causes of injury, and its medical consequences in school children of China. Methods A total of 2 553 school children aged 7-16 years were recruited from Shantou City in Gunagdong by cluster sampling method, and were investigated with questionnaires on cases of injuries occurred among them from October 1, 1996 to September 30, 1997. Results Injuries tended to increase with children抯 age, with an overall incidence rate of 37.96%, higher in boys than in girls (P<0.05); and 38.1% of children had more than two episodes of injury during this period. Falls took leading place of injury incidence both in boys and girls and in all age groups. Most injuries occurred when they were playing, sporting, riding and walking at home or in school. Self-inflicted injury ranked the first place of all injuries, followed by hurt caused by others (classmates, sibling or others). Moderate and serious injuries accounted for 8% of the total with a disability rate of 121.4/100 000. Conclusions Currently, injury has become one of the serious public health problems in China. For the improvement of children survival, it is crucial to reduce their injury to strengthen research on child safety and to implement safety-promotion programs.
基金This paper is funded by Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Science and Technology China.
文摘Objective Currently, China is in short of thorough and systemic data concerning the patterns and incidence of injuries and related deaths. Guangdong Province as one of the economically advanced areas in China is faced with a relatively serious injury problem, and investigation of this problem in this Province will provide valuable information for other provinces and areas in this Country, as well as scientific basis for policy making for injury prevention and control. Methods Analyses are based on the computerized hospital discharge data collected from 322 hospitals in Guangdong Province between 1997 and 2001. Diagnoses are coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). Results The total hospitalization rate related with injuries increased year by year from 1997 to 2001. The ratio of case-fatality has a decline trend for all injury inpatients, who were mainly caused by motor vehicle accidents, unintentional falls, puncture and cut by machine and others. The constituent ratio of death among patients caused by motor vehicle accidents accounted for 56.13% among the total deaths, which ranked as the first place. The direct medical cost also had an increased trend. Conclusions Data on injuries requiring hospitalization can be used to design and target more effective injury prevention programs. Injury prevention would decrease human sufferings, disability, and associated economic losses.
文摘输气管道和工业管道在功能、属性和技术上的区别往往被忽视,通常人们会误认为工业管道较输气管道在技术上更为复杂,要求上更为严格,因而在管理上可能对该两类管道的类别划分不清。分析可知,输气管道与工业管道虽然同属压力管道,但是两者功能和属性不同,所处自然环境及社会条件也不同,因此在设计、材料选用、焊接施工及生产运行的各个环节都有重大区别,主要体现在管道钢管壁厚计算公式、材料选用及材料体系、夏比冲击韧性试验温度及冲击功合格值、标准规范体系和焊接施工上。纵观美国ASME B 31.3《工艺管道》与ASME B 31.8《输气和配气管道系统》的编制历史变迁可知,输气管道与工业管道属于不同类别各自独立的管道体系,在技术上和管理上都应该立足于这个原则开展生产运行和管理工作。