Brinjal or eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is severely affected by bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanecearum in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Resistant varieties are most suitable option to reduce crop losses fro...Brinjal or eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is severely affected by bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanecearum in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Resistant varieties are most suitable option to reduce crop losses from bacterial wilt but knowledge of resistance mechanism and its inheritance is important to develop resistant varieties. Further, majority of germplasm from mainland India showed susceptible reaction under Andaman conditions. Thus, the present study was done during 2010-2012 to understand the genetic behaviour of bacterial wilt resistance in brinjal “CARI-B-1” (R) × “Pusa Purple Long” (S) in hot humid tropical climate of Andaman Islands. For this, the population from single F<sub>1</sub> fruit was advanced to F<sub>2</sub> and F<sub>3</sub> and recorded the reaction of segregating population in the sick plots. The results revealed that there is preponderance of recessive gene family wherein more than one gene acts in additive mode. Another cross between S. torvum (R) × Diglipur local collection (S) also showed the recessive gene action for resistance as observed in F<sub>2</sub> generation. Besides, the study also advocated that mechanisms of resistance, escape with early resistance and progressive escape have been found to be operating in individuals of segregating population.展开更多
High Feed efficiency (FE) in growing heifers has economic importance in dairy, but remains less understood in buffaloes. Feed conversion efficiency is defined as dry matter intake (DMI) per unit body weight gain and i...High Feed efficiency (FE) in growing heifers has economic importance in dairy, but remains less understood in buffaloes. Feed conversion efficiency is defined as dry matter intake (DMI) per unit body weight gain and is determined as residual feed intake (RFI), i.e., the difference between actual and predicted feed intake to gain unit body weight during a feed trial run for 78 days under control feeding. A large variation was identified ranging between -0.42 to 0.35 in growing buffalo heifers (n = 40) of age between 11 to 15 months. An average daily weight gain (ADG) varied between 382.0 and 807.6 g/day when compared with the control-fed heifers at an organized buffalo farm. The whole blood transcriptome data obtained from the selected growing heifers from extremes of estimated high and low RFI efficiency were compared with the reference assembly generated from the transcriptome of multiparous buffaloes (n = 16) of diverse age of maturity, period of regaining post partum cyclicity and level of milk production. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the reference genome of Mediterranean water buffalo. GO: terms (Padj 0.05, FDR 0.05) enriched by annotated DEGs and biological pathways in gene network for RFI efficiency trait were identified. GO: terms specific to pre-transcriptional regulation of nucleus and Chromatin organization under Nucleoplasm, Energy balancing, Immunity, Cell signaling, ROS optimization, ATP generation through the Electron Transport chain and cell proliferation were determined. The study reveals the indicators targeting the actual metabolic changes and molecular functions underlying the feed utilization capacity of buffaloes. Estimated RFI efficiency revealed a large variation over heifers which may lower the DMI even up to 13.6% thus, enabling an increase in ADG up to 16% by involving efficient heifers in breeding plan. The study revealed a scope of high gain by selective breeding for FE in heifers. FE variants catalogued in the study are useful breed-specific RFI markers 展开更多
Background: Asian Blepharoplasty (AB) is one of the most commonly performed aesthetic procedures today. Despite the increasing demand for AB and advancements in surgical techniques, creating an optimal upper eyelid cr...Background: Asian Blepharoplasty (AB) is one of the most commonly performed aesthetic procedures today. Despite the increasing demand for AB and advancements in surgical techniques, creating an optimal upper eyelid crease remains difficult. This study aimed to determine whether removing the preaponeurotic fat pad (PAF) had any effect on the revision surgery rates following primary Asian blepharoplasty. Methods: A retrospective comparative analysis was conducted on patients who underwent primary AB between January 2016 and December 2020. Patients were divided into PAF removed and PAF not removed groups. The outcomes in the groups were compared by the frequency of revision surgery following primary AB using the chi-square test (p Results: The study included 480 patients, 442 (92%) female and 38 (8%) male, and the final outcome was evaluated after 6 months postoperatively. 412 (86%) patients were observed to have PAF pads intraoperatively, while 68 (14%) had minimal/no PAF pads. In total, 115 (24%) patients underwent revision surgery, of whom 31 (27%) had PAF removed, 66 (57%) had PAF not removed, and 18 (16%) had minimal/no PAF noted. When compared to the PAF not removed group, the PAF removed group showed a significantly lower frequency of revision surgery between the two groups of patients (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: In the final outcome, not removing the PAF in primary AB indicated a strong association with an increase in revision surgery. The removal of PAF in primary AB showed a better overall outcome and patient satisfaction.展开更多
The major function of this proposed research is to control the speed of the brushless DC motor with sensor less control for four-switch three phase inverter. This proposed system is simplified the topological structur...The major function of this proposed research is to control the speed of the brushless DC motor with sensor less control for four-switch three phase inverter. This proposed system is simplified the topological structure of the conventional six-switch three phase inverter. In this proposed method, a new structure of four-switch three phase inverter [1] with reduced number of switches for system is introduced to reduce the mechanical commutation, switching losses that occur in the six-switch method. The proposed inverter fed brushless DC motor used in sensorless control schemes which is used for sensing positioning signals. To improve sensor less control performance, four-switch electronic commutation modes based proportional intergral controller scheme is implemented. In this four-switch three phase inverter reduction of switches, low cost control and saving of hall sensor were incorporated. The feasibility of the proposed sensor less control four-switch three phase inverter fed brushless DC motor drive is implemented, analysed using MATLAB/SIMULINK, effective simulation results have been validated out successfully.展开更多
Yellow Wasp Polistes flavus venom toxins were isolated and purified on a Sepharose CL-6B 200 column. Purified proteins were investigated for its antibacterial and antifungal activity against 13 infectious microbial pa...Yellow Wasp Polistes flavus venom toxins were isolated and purified on a Sepharose CL-6B 200 column. Purified proteins were investigated for its antibacterial and antifungal activity against 13 infectious microbial pathogens. Paper disc diffusion and serial micro-dilution assays were performed for the determination of inhibition zone (DIZ) diameters and minimal inhibitory concentration, respectively. Triton X-100 (0.1%) proved to be a good solubilizing agent for toxin/proteins. Higher protein solubilization was observed in the supernatant than in the residue, except TCA (tri-chloroacetic acid). The elution pattern of purified and homogenized sting glands exhibited two major peaks at 280 nm in fraction No. 41 - 61 and 81 - 101. The total yield of protein was 69.21% and specific activity was determined in each fraction. Molecular weights in protein fractions were ranging from 6 - 70 kD. MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) values were 12.3 μg/ml against K. pneumonia 12.3 μg/ml against E. coli and L. acidophilus, 24.6 μg/ml against B. cereus;49.24 μg/ml against S. aureus and M. luteus. By agar disc diffusion method, the diameter of inhibition zones in mm in presence of yellow wasp toxins is at a concentration range of 98.56 - 6.9 μg/ml E. coli 18.36 ± 0.14, Bacillus cereus 14.566 ± 0.21, L. acidophilus 18.10 ± 0.21, Micrococcus luteus 18.76 ± 0.19, S. aeurus 17.36 ± 0.43, Klebsiella pneuminiae 19.56 ± 0.21, Salmonella typhi 19.96 ± 0.31, Vibrio cholera 21.83 ± 0.22, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.90 ± 0.09, Aspergillus niger 21.66 ± 0.16, Candida albicans 23.33 ± 0.26, Rhizopus stolonifer 24.96 ± 0.16 respectively. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of venom toxin may be due to action on cell membrane, its destruction and cell lysis. The wasp toxins may be used as strong biological agents to control microbes.展开更多
The melon aphid, <i>Aphis gossypii</i> Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a highly polyphagous sap sucking pest on wide varieties of crops including cotton and vegetables. It is a notorious vector of many p...The melon aphid, <i>Aphis gossypii</i> Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a highly polyphagous sap sucking pest on wide varieties of crops including cotton and vegetables. It is a notorious vector of many plant viruses that are persistently and non-persistently transmitted. In nature, aphids are regulated by their natural enemies. However, chemical control remains a major management tool even though resistance to insecticides has been documented worldwide. A better understanding of mechanisms by which insecticide resistance occurs and its early detection is desirable to develop effective management strategies. The present investigation was conducted to study the development of resistance to an organophosphate (OP) compound-dimethoate, identify biochemical mechanism(s) involved in resistance and study cross-resistance to imidacloprid in laboratory selected <i>A. gossypii</i> strains in comparison to susceptible strains. Bioassay studies revealed that the LC50 values increased dramatically with dimethoate selection in resistant strains and the resistance ratio (RR) was 270-, 243- and 210-fold greater than that of the susceptible strains by 30th generation. Further, biochemical assays revealed enhanced activities of carboxylesterases (CarE), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450-mediated <i>p</i>-Nitroanisole <i>O</i>-demethylase (PNOD) in resistant strains supporting their role in dimethoate detoxification. This study thus revealed that enhanced activity of detoxifying enzymes <i>viz</i>., CarE, GSTs and PNODs is one of the mechanisms underlying dimethoate resistance in <i>A. gossypii</i> collected from South India. Interestingly, the possibility of negatively correlated cross-resistance to imidacloprid was identified in three OP- resistant strains exhibiting 2.97-, 2.56- and 3.76-fold sensitivity to imidacloprid (a novel neonicotinoid). This indicated that the latter was less affected by the resistance mechanism(s) present.展开更多
The melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a highly polyphagous sap sucking pest on wide varieties of crops including cotton and vegetables. It is a notorious vector of many plant viruses that a...The melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a highly polyphagous sap sucking pest on wide varieties of crops including cotton and vegetables. It is a notorious vector of many plant viruses that are persistently and non-persistently transmitted. In nature, aphids are regulated by their natural enemies. However, chemical control remains a major management tool even though resistance to insecticides has been documented worldwide. A better understanding of mechanisms by which insecticide resistance occurs and its early detection is desirable to develop effective management strategies. The present investigation was conducted to study the development of resistance to an organophosphate (OP) compound-dimethoate, identify biochemical mechanism(s) involved in resistance and study cross-resistance to imidacloprid in laboratory selected A. gossypii strains in comparison to susceptible strains. Bioassay studies revealed that the LC50 values increased dramatically with dimethoate selection in resistant strains and the resistance ratio (RR) was 270-, 243- and 210-fold greater than that of the susceptible strains by 30th generation. Further, biochemical assays revealed enhanced activities of carboxylesterases (CarE), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450-mediated p-Nitroanisole O-demethylase (PNOD) in resistant strains supporting their role in dimethoate detoxification. This study thus revealed that enhanced activity of detoxifying enzymes viz., CarE, GSTs and PNODs is one of the mechanisms underlying dimethoate resistance in A. gossypii collected from South India. Interestingly, the possibility of negatively correlated cross-resistance to imidacloprid was identified in three OP- resistant strains exhibiting 2.97-, 2.56- and 3.76-fold sensitivity to imidacloprid (a novel neonicotinoid). This indicated that the latter was less affected by the resistance mechanism(s) present.展开更多
文摘Brinjal or eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is severely affected by bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanecearum in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Resistant varieties are most suitable option to reduce crop losses from bacterial wilt but knowledge of resistance mechanism and its inheritance is important to develop resistant varieties. Further, majority of germplasm from mainland India showed susceptible reaction under Andaman conditions. Thus, the present study was done during 2010-2012 to understand the genetic behaviour of bacterial wilt resistance in brinjal “CARI-B-1” (R) × “Pusa Purple Long” (S) in hot humid tropical climate of Andaman Islands. For this, the population from single F<sub>1</sub> fruit was advanced to F<sub>2</sub> and F<sub>3</sub> and recorded the reaction of segregating population in the sick plots. The results revealed that there is preponderance of recessive gene family wherein more than one gene acts in additive mode. Another cross between S. torvum (R) × Diglipur local collection (S) also showed the recessive gene action for resistance as observed in F<sub>2</sub> generation. Besides, the study also advocated that mechanisms of resistance, escape with early resistance and progressive escape have been found to be operating in individuals of segregating population.
文摘High Feed efficiency (FE) in growing heifers has economic importance in dairy, but remains less understood in buffaloes. Feed conversion efficiency is defined as dry matter intake (DMI) per unit body weight gain and is determined as residual feed intake (RFI), i.e., the difference between actual and predicted feed intake to gain unit body weight during a feed trial run for 78 days under control feeding. A large variation was identified ranging between -0.42 to 0.35 in growing buffalo heifers (n = 40) of age between 11 to 15 months. An average daily weight gain (ADG) varied between 382.0 and 807.6 g/day when compared with the control-fed heifers at an organized buffalo farm. The whole blood transcriptome data obtained from the selected growing heifers from extremes of estimated high and low RFI efficiency were compared with the reference assembly generated from the transcriptome of multiparous buffaloes (n = 16) of diverse age of maturity, period of regaining post partum cyclicity and level of milk production. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the reference genome of Mediterranean water buffalo. GO: terms (Padj 0.05, FDR 0.05) enriched by annotated DEGs and biological pathways in gene network for RFI efficiency trait were identified. GO: terms specific to pre-transcriptional regulation of nucleus and Chromatin organization under Nucleoplasm, Energy balancing, Immunity, Cell signaling, ROS optimization, ATP generation through the Electron Transport chain and cell proliferation were determined. The study reveals the indicators targeting the actual metabolic changes and molecular functions underlying the feed utilization capacity of buffaloes. Estimated RFI efficiency revealed a large variation over heifers which may lower the DMI even up to 13.6% thus, enabling an increase in ADG up to 16% by involving efficient heifers in breeding plan. The study revealed a scope of high gain by selective breeding for FE in heifers. FE variants catalogued in the study are useful breed-specific RFI markers
文摘Background: Asian Blepharoplasty (AB) is one of the most commonly performed aesthetic procedures today. Despite the increasing demand for AB and advancements in surgical techniques, creating an optimal upper eyelid crease remains difficult. This study aimed to determine whether removing the preaponeurotic fat pad (PAF) had any effect on the revision surgery rates following primary Asian blepharoplasty. Methods: A retrospective comparative analysis was conducted on patients who underwent primary AB between January 2016 and December 2020. Patients were divided into PAF removed and PAF not removed groups. The outcomes in the groups were compared by the frequency of revision surgery following primary AB using the chi-square test (p Results: The study included 480 patients, 442 (92%) female and 38 (8%) male, and the final outcome was evaluated after 6 months postoperatively. 412 (86%) patients were observed to have PAF pads intraoperatively, while 68 (14%) had minimal/no PAF pads. In total, 115 (24%) patients underwent revision surgery, of whom 31 (27%) had PAF removed, 66 (57%) had PAF not removed, and 18 (16%) had minimal/no PAF noted. When compared to the PAF not removed group, the PAF removed group showed a significantly lower frequency of revision surgery between the two groups of patients (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: In the final outcome, not removing the PAF in primary AB indicated a strong association with an increase in revision surgery. The removal of PAF in primary AB showed a better overall outcome and patient satisfaction.
文摘The major function of this proposed research is to control the speed of the brushless DC motor with sensor less control for four-switch three phase inverter. This proposed system is simplified the topological structure of the conventional six-switch three phase inverter. In this proposed method, a new structure of four-switch three phase inverter [1] with reduced number of switches for system is introduced to reduce the mechanical commutation, switching losses that occur in the six-switch method. The proposed inverter fed brushless DC motor used in sensorless control schemes which is used for sensing positioning signals. To improve sensor less control performance, four-switch electronic commutation modes based proportional intergral controller scheme is implemented. In this four-switch three phase inverter reduction of switches, low cost control and saving of hall sensor were incorporated. The feasibility of the proposed sensor less control four-switch three phase inverter fed brushless DC motor drive is implemented, analysed using MATLAB/SIMULINK, effective simulation results have been validated out successfully.
文摘Yellow Wasp Polistes flavus venom toxins were isolated and purified on a Sepharose CL-6B 200 column. Purified proteins were investigated for its antibacterial and antifungal activity against 13 infectious microbial pathogens. Paper disc diffusion and serial micro-dilution assays were performed for the determination of inhibition zone (DIZ) diameters and minimal inhibitory concentration, respectively. Triton X-100 (0.1%) proved to be a good solubilizing agent for toxin/proteins. Higher protein solubilization was observed in the supernatant than in the residue, except TCA (tri-chloroacetic acid). The elution pattern of purified and homogenized sting glands exhibited two major peaks at 280 nm in fraction No. 41 - 61 and 81 - 101. The total yield of protein was 69.21% and specific activity was determined in each fraction. Molecular weights in protein fractions were ranging from 6 - 70 kD. MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) values were 12.3 μg/ml against K. pneumonia 12.3 μg/ml against E. coli and L. acidophilus, 24.6 μg/ml against B. cereus;49.24 μg/ml against S. aureus and M. luteus. By agar disc diffusion method, the diameter of inhibition zones in mm in presence of yellow wasp toxins is at a concentration range of 98.56 - 6.9 μg/ml E. coli 18.36 ± 0.14, Bacillus cereus 14.566 ± 0.21, L. acidophilus 18.10 ± 0.21, Micrococcus luteus 18.76 ± 0.19, S. aeurus 17.36 ± 0.43, Klebsiella pneuminiae 19.56 ± 0.21, Salmonella typhi 19.96 ± 0.31, Vibrio cholera 21.83 ± 0.22, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.90 ± 0.09, Aspergillus niger 21.66 ± 0.16, Candida albicans 23.33 ± 0.26, Rhizopus stolonifer 24.96 ± 0.16 respectively. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of venom toxin may be due to action on cell membrane, its destruction and cell lysis. The wasp toxins may be used as strong biological agents to control microbes.
文摘The melon aphid, <i>Aphis gossypii</i> Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a highly polyphagous sap sucking pest on wide varieties of crops including cotton and vegetables. It is a notorious vector of many plant viruses that are persistently and non-persistently transmitted. In nature, aphids are regulated by their natural enemies. However, chemical control remains a major management tool even though resistance to insecticides has been documented worldwide. A better understanding of mechanisms by which insecticide resistance occurs and its early detection is desirable to develop effective management strategies. The present investigation was conducted to study the development of resistance to an organophosphate (OP) compound-dimethoate, identify biochemical mechanism(s) involved in resistance and study cross-resistance to imidacloprid in laboratory selected <i>A. gossypii</i> strains in comparison to susceptible strains. Bioassay studies revealed that the LC50 values increased dramatically with dimethoate selection in resistant strains and the resistance ratio (RR) was 270-, 243- and 210-fold greater than that of the susceptible strains by 30th generation. Further, biochemical assays revealed enhanced activities of carboxylesterases (CarE), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450-mediated <i>p</i>-Nitroanisole <i>O</i>-demethylase (PNOD) in resistant strains supporting their role in dimethoate detoxification. This study thus revealed that enhanced activity of detoxifying enzymes <i>viz</i>., CarE, GSTs and PNODs is one of the mechanisms underlying dimethoate resistance in <i>A. gossypii</i> collected from South India. Interestingly, the possibility of negatively correlated cross-resistance to imidacloprid was identified in three OP- resistant strains exhibiting 2.97-, 2.56- and 3.76-fold sensitivity to imidacloprid (a novel neonicotinoid). This indicated that the latter was less affected by the resistance mechanism(s) present.
文摘The melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a highly polyphagous sap sucking pest on wide varieties of crops including cotton and vegetables. It is a notorious vector of many plant viruses that are persistently and non-persistently transmitted. In nature, aphids are regulated by their natural enemies. However, chemical control remains a major management tool even though resistance to insecticides has been documented worldwide. A better understanding of mechanisms by which insecticide resistance occurs and its early detection is desirable to develop effective management strategies. The present investigation was conducted to study the development of resistance to an organophosphate (OP) compound-dimethoate, identify biochemical mechanism(s) involved in resistance and study cross-resistance to imidacloprid in laboratory selected A. gossypii strains in comparison to susceptible strains. Bioassay studies revealed that the LC50 values increased dramatically with dimethoate selection in resistant strains and the resistance ratio (RR) was 270-, 243- and 210-fold greater than that of the susceptible strains by 30th generation. Further, biochemical assays revealed enhanced activities of carboxylesterases (CarE), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450-mediated p-Nitroanisole O-demethylase (PNOD) in resistant strains supporting their role in dimethoate detoxification. This study thus revealed that enhanced activity of detoxifying enzymes viz., CarE, GSTs and PNODs is one of the mechanisms underlying dimethoate resistance in A. gossypii collected from South India. Interestingly, the possibility of negatively correlated cross-resistance to imidacloprid was identified in three OP- resistant strains exhibiting 2.97-, 2.56- and 3.76-fold sensitivity to imidacloprid (a novel neonicotinoid). This indicated that the latter was less affected by the resistance mechanism(s) present.
