On the“International Conference on Power SystemTechnology,1991”,a panel discussion on Dis-patcher Training Simulator(DTS)was held.Since DTS is a very in-teresting topic both in China and abroad,not only many audienc...On the“International Conference on Power SystemTechnology,1991”,a panel discussion on Dis-patcher Training Simulator(DTS)was held.Since DTS is a very in-teresting topic both in China and abroad,not only many audienceswere attracted by this panel discussion,they also raised many inter-esting questions and discussed with the panelists.Highlights of thefour papers presented by panelists as well as their related discus-sions are summarized below.展开更多
Although various opportunistic infections have been described in patients with anti-interferon gamma autoantibodies,so far there is no Listeria monocytogenes infection reported to be associated with this primary immun...Although various opportunistic infections have been described in patients with anti-interferon gamma autoantibodies,so far there is no Listeria monocytogenes infection reported to be associated with this primary immunodeficiency.Here,we describe the first case of bacteremic L.monocytogenes meningitis in a 59-year-old Chinese man with anti-interferon gamma autoantibodies,who presented with acute onset of fever and severe headache.Blood culture was positive but culture of the cerebrospinal fluid was negative,although it showed features suggestive of partially treated bacterial meningitis.The presence of L.monocytogenes in the cerebrospinal fluid was confirmed by next-generation sequencing.Avoidance of high-risk food items in these patients is important for the prevention of listeriosis.The use of antibiotic regimens that cover Listeria is crucial for empirical treatment,particularly if such patients develop acute or subacute meningitis.Next-generation sequencing is becoming an important diagnostic modality for culture-negative infections.展开更多
Background:Our previous studies showed that topical application of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)improved functional recovery in rat traumatic brain injury(TBI)model,and hypoxic precondition further enhanced the therape...Background:Our previous studies showed that topical application of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)improved functional recovery in rat traumatic brain injury(TBI)model,and hypoxic precondition further enhanced the therapeutic effects of MSCs.There was no previous study on the attenuation of cerebral edema by MSCs.We investigated whether topical application of normoxic and hypoxic MSCs could reduce cerebral edema in an experimental TBI model.Methods:Two million normoxic(N=24)and hypoxic(N=24)MSCs were applied topically to exposed the cerebral cortex in a controlled cortical impact(CCI)model.The MSCs were fixed in position with fibrin glue.No treatment was given to control animals(TBI only:n=24).After surgery,four animals in each group were sacrificed daily(day 1 to day 6)for edema evaluation.Normal animals without TBI were used as reference(n=4).The expressions of GFAP,AQP4,and MMP9 were also investigated by immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR at day 3.Results:The edema peaked within 3 days after TBI.Compared with the control,hypoxic MSCs reduced brain water content significantly(p<0.05).Both hypoxic and normoxic MSCs downregulated the expression of MMP9 and normalized AQP4 distribution to astrocyte end feet.Conclusion:Our preliminary study showed that topical application of hypoxic MSCs suppressed both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema formation.展开更多
渐近破坏问题的工程概念,基于许多学者的努力,此问题在物理及概念方面的认识得到了进一步的发展。现在,只要合理地、较好地确定渐进破坏发生所必要的先决条件(LO,1972),对此问题的分析解已得到更加深入地发展,这些条件主要包括: a) 在...渐近破坏问题的工程概念,基于许多学者的努力,此问题在物理及概念方面的认识得到了进一步的发展。现在,只要合理地、较好地确定渐进破坏发生所必要的先决条件(LO,1972),对此问题的分析解已得到更加深入地发展,这些条件主要包括: a) 在斜坡及其附近,剪应力和剪应变分布的不均匀程度,展开更多
Background:Septic shock combined with septic cardiomyopathy greatly increases the risk of mortality in elderly patients.Patients with a rapid deteriorating state unresponsive to standard resuscitation may benefit from...Background:Septic shock combined with septic cardiomyopathy greatly increases the risk of mortality in elderly patients.Patients with a rapid deteriorating state unresponsive to standard resuscitation may benefit from extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO).In cases where obstructive uropathies lead to urosepsis,emergent decompression with double-J(D-J)stenting may be necessitated. Case Presentation:We report the case of a 72-year-old woman who arrived at the emergency department and rapidly deteriorated into a state of shock.During the process of resuscitation,emergent biochemical and ultrasound results suggested septicemia and septic cardiomyopathy due to urinary tract infection caused by ureteric stone obstruction.She was transferred to the intensive care unit to be put on venoarterial ECMO after failed resuscitation.Given the suspected diagnosis,it was decided that an emergent bedside digital disposable flexible ureteroscopy(ddFURS)and D-J catheterization to be performed as rescue decompression procedure.The patient was suc-cessfully stabilized with received antibiotic and continuous renal replace-ment therapy(CRRT)before being transferred to the cardiology department to correct her arrhythmia.She was weaned off CRRT and was able to walk without the need of aids upon discharge. Conclusion:Uroseptic cardiomyopathy can rapidly progress to renal and cardiac failure.Emergent decompression with ddFURS and D-J stenting can be performed effectively even in a patient with venoarterial ECMO for res-cuing uroseptic cardiomyopathy-induced arrest secondary to obstructive uropathy.Short-term outcomes were favorable.However,long-term prog-nosis remains to be elucidated.展开更多
The involvement of the private sector in the construction or operation of an infrastructure project may enhance the financial viability of projects, which facilitates the formation of public-private partnership(PPP) f...The involvement of the private sector in the construction or operation of an infrastructure project may enhance the financial viability of projects, which facilitates the formation of public-private partnership(PPP) for project delivery. PPP exploits the strength of the private sector by shifting certain project risks from the public party to the private sector who can efficiently manage certain risks. In joint railway and housing development, the approach of bundling railway and housing development(R&HD) allows cross-subsidization between immense railway construction cost and profitable housing rental revenue. This approach also provides flexibility in incorporating PPP models by distributing railway and housing revenues and costs and their inherent risks properly to the public and private sectors. Ng and Lo(2015a) developed an evaluation framework for joint railway and property development, which evaluates PPPs based on financial and construction criteria for selecting the best suitable PPP for a particular project. This study,which is based on the framework in Ng and Lo(2015a),aims to examine the robustness of various PPP configurations. This study analyzes the effects of PPP configurations on stakeholders' risks and returns under population or demand growth and railway construction cost uncertainties. The eventual outcome of particular PPP configurations is also examined. This study also seeks to answer the following questions: How would optimal configuration change under highly volatile population and railway construction cost? Are there PPP configurations that are robust to these uncertainties and those that are sensitive to a particular uncertainty? This understanding is critical for managing risks and facilitating the formation of appropriate PPP for R&HD.展开更多
The therapeutic potential of small nucleic acids such as small interfering RNA(siRNA) to treat lung diseases has been successfully demonstrated in many in vivo studies. A major barrier to their clinical application is...The therapeutic potential of small nucleic acids such as small interfering RNA(siRNA) to treat lung diseases has been successfully demonstrated in many in vivo studies. A major barrier to their clinical application is the lack of a safe and efficient inhaled formulation.In this study, spray freeze drying was employed to prepare dry powder of small nucleic acids.Mannitol and herring sperm DNA were used as bulking agent and model of small nucleic acid therapeutics, respectively. Formulations containing different solute concentration and DNA concentration were produced. The scanning electron microscope(SEM) images showed that the porosity of the particles increased as the solute concentration decreased. Powders prepared with solute concentration of 5% w/v were found to maintain a balance between porosity and robustness. Increasing concentration of DNA improved the aerosol performance of the formulation. The dry powder formulation containing 2% w/w DNA had a median diameter of 12.5 μm, and the aerosol performance study using next generation impactor(NGI) showed an emitted fraction(EF) and fine particle fraction(FPF) of 91% and 28% respectively. This formulation(5% w/v solute concentration and 2% w/w nucleic acid) was adopted subsequently to produce siRNA powder. The gel retardation and liquid chromatography assays showed that the siRNA remained intact after spray freeze drying even in the absence of delivery vector. The siRNA powder formulation exhibited a high EF of 92.4%and a modest FPF of around 20%. Further exploration of this technology to optimise inhaled siRNA powder formulation is warranted.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To examine fatigue and quality of life (QOL) inbreast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy.METHODS A self-report survey derived from the Chineseversion of Brief Fatigue Inventory, the Func...OBJECTIVE To examine fatigue and quality of life (QOL) inbreast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy.METHODS A self-report survey derived from the Chineseversion of Brief Fatigue Inventory, the Functional Assessmentof Chronic Illness Therapy for Breast Cancer, and the MedicalOutcomes Study Social Support Survey. Descriptive statisticswas used to examine the intensity of fatigue and the prevalenceof severe fatigue. Multivariate analysis of variance was used todetermine factors that affect the five domains of QOL among theparticipants.RESULTS The majority of the participants (n = 261) perceiveda mild level of fatigue, but 35.6% of them suffered severe fatigue.Fatigue had a significantly negative association with all domainsof QOL except social/family wellbeing. The participants whowere receiving chemotherapy, undergoing curative treatment andhaving inadequate social support were more likely to have poorerQOL in all five domains (after adjustment for age).CONCLUSION Although the majority of the participantsexperienced a mild level of fatigue, there was a substantial groupof breast cancer patients who perceived their fatigue as severe. Thefindings of this study showed that fatigue had a detrimental effecton the various aspects of the participants' QOL. Demographic andclinical characteristics of breast cancer patients who were at riskof getting poorer QOL were identified. The results of the studydemonstrate that we should enhance healthcare professionals'awareness of the importance of symptom assessment, andprovide them with information for planning effective symptom-management strategies among this study population.展开更多
世界局势剧烈变动,我国迎来"百年未有之大变局",教师与教师发展亦面临着诸多来自国际国内的机遇及挑战。本文在国际与比较的视野中审视全球新冠疫情中的教师工作及其带来的教师角色挑战,探讨了教育国际交流的路径,并借此分析...世界局势剧烈变动,我国迎来"百年未有之大变局",教师与教师发展亦面临着诸多来自国际国内的机遇及挑战。本文在国际与比较的视野中审视全球新冠疫情中的教师工作及其带来的教师角色挑战,探讨了教育国际交流的路径,并借此分析了我国比较教育学科发展的方法论问题。文章指出,全球范围的新冠疫情改变了原有的社会与经济秩序,深刻影响了教育系统和教师工作的环境,教师需要学会"Learn by Unlearning",才能更好的响应后疫情时代的教学新要求。关注社会情绪学习、发展教师预见能力、保持教师身心健康、保障弱势学生群体的学习权益等是在疫情中全球都需要关注的议题。针对当前教育国际交流的新形势,本文认为应将大型国际教育测评视为提供信息的"快照"而非"世界杯"竞赛,借助其提供的比较性数据以改善本国教育质量;可以将教育国际交流视为不同理念和方法的实践场地,供大家择其有益者而参考之。最后,本文结合当前教育国际交流的具体实例,详细介绍和解读了国际比较教育著名学者George Bereday教授提出的比较教育研究模式及其对我国比较教育学科发展的启示。本文为理解国际新形势下的教师发展提供了启示,为我国参与全球教育治理、推进比较教育学科发展提供了新的思路。展开更多
Research on work life and job satisfaction of university professors is becoming an important research issue in the field of higher education. This study used questionnaires administered to 1 770 teachers from differen...Research on work life and job satisfaction of university professors is becoming an important research issue in the field of higher education. This study used questionnaires administered to 1 770 teachers from different levels, types, and academic fields of Chinese universities to investigate job satisfaction among university professors and the relationship between job satisfaction of university professors and the organizational characteristics of the university. The job satisfaction of Chinese university professors includes six dimensions: career development and school management, teaching and research services, salary, benefits and logistical services, professional reputation, teaching and research facilities, and the work itself. The overall job satisfaction levels are close to average, with salary and benefits receiving the lowest level of satisfaction. The organizational characteristics of universities, such as school type, school level, academic field, organizational climate, evaluation orientation, and school management, all have significant effects on the overall job satisfaction of university professors. The organizational climate and school level affect all six dimensions of job satisfaction among university professors.展开更多
This paper highlights Chinese teachers’ethical concerns in their relationships with students,colleagues,and students’parents.Through a qualitative study of 26 teachers,it was found that the teachers were often trapp...This paper highlights Chinese teachers’ethical concerns in their relationships with students,colleagues,and students’parents.Through a qualitative study of 26 teachers,it was found that the teachers were often trapped in a dilemma between teaching to students’real development and teaching to the test.The ethics of professional collaboration were compromised by the dominant norms,including interpersonal harmony and respect for older teachers,and by competition among individual teachers to demonstrate good performance.Moreover,in a situation where parents’trust was diminishing,teachers assumed certain teaching and caring responsibilities for children from disadvantaged families.It is suggested that the professionalization of teachers should provide them with more professional space to transform their ethical considerations into practice.展开更多
The past two decades have witnessed the great developments in principal training in China.Research on principal training in China is increasing in quantity and quality with its expanding practice.The purpose of this p...The past two decades have witnessed the great developments in principal training in China.Research on principal training in China is increasing in quantity and quality with its expanding practice.The purpose of this paper is to explore and analyze the changing landscape of scholarship on principal training in China by examining the quantity of publications,themes covered,methodological approaches and the status of articles published from 1989 to 2008,as listed in the Chinese Database of Journals.This is the first serious academic effort to review and reflect on the Chinese scholarship of principal training and school leadership development.In conclusion,suggestions are outlined for future development of this academic field in China.展开更多
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)remains a deadly disease,even in patients whose cancer is localized and non-metastatic.Surgical resection provides the only option for cure,but long-term survival rates remain dis...Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)remains a deadly disease,even in patients whose cancer is localized and non-metastatic.Surgical resection provides the only option for cure,but long-term survival rates remain dismal.For patients with borderline resectable(BR)disease who undergo upfront resection,many patients are either too unwell for subsequent adjuvant systemic therapy,develop recurrence soon after,or are found to have unresectable disease intra-operatively.There is increasing evidence for a neoadjuvant approach,using more conventional multi-agent chemotherapy regimens,which have demonstrated higher activity in the metastatic setting compared to single agents.For patients with locally advanced(LA)disease,which is unresectable by current definitions,there is mounting evidence that effective neoadjuvant systemic therapy is able to convert some patients’disease to a resectable state,offering the potential for long-term survival and cure.Herein we present a review of key trials focusing on prospective,randomized studies to provide high-level evidence supporting a neoadjuvant approach to both BR and LA PDAC.However,many knowledge gaps exist,such as the optimal neoadjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy regimen,the role of radiotherapy,and the safety and efficacy of adding immunotherapy to chemo/radiation therapy.Future challenges in determining the optimal approach to patients with BR or LA PDAC include not only overcoming the inherent difficulties in conducting complex,multidisciplinary,multicentre randomized trials in patients with a high-morbidity and mortality disease,but also trying to standardize disease definitions,treatment regimens,and outcome measures.展开更多
文摘On the“International Conference on Power SystemTechnology,1991”,a panel discussion on Dis-patcher Training Simulator(DTS)was held.Since DTS is a very in-teresting topic both in China and abroad,not only many audienceswere attracted by this panel discussion,they also raised many inter-esting questions and discussed with the panelists.Highlights of thefour papers presented by panelists as well as their related discus-sions are summarized below.
基金This work was partly supported by funding from the seed fund of The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital(HKUSZH201901036).
文摘Although various opportunistic infections have been described in patients with anti-interferon gamma autoantibodies,so far there is no Listeria monocytogenes infection reported to be associated with this primary immunodeficiency.Here,we describe the first case of bacteremic L.monocytogenes meningitis in a 59-year-old Chinese man with anti-interferon gamma autoantibodies,who presented with acute onset of fever and severe headache.Blood culture was positive but culture of the cerebrospinal fluid was negative,although it showed features suggestive of partially treated bacterial meningitis.The presence of L.monocytogenes in the cerebrospinal fluid was confirmed by next-generation sequencing.Avoidance of high-risk food items in these patients is important for the prevention of listeriosis.The use of antibiotic regimens that cover Listeria is crucial for empirical treatment,particularly if such patients develop acute or subacute meningitis.Next-generation sequencing is becoming an important diagnostic modality for culture-negative infections.
文摘Background:Our previous studies showed that topical application of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)improved functional recovery in rat traumatic brain injury(TBI)model,and hypoxic precondition further enhanced the therapeutic effects of MSCs.There was no previous study on the attenuation of cerebral edema by MSCs.We investigated whether topical application of normoxic and hypoxic MSCs could reduce cerebral edema in an experimental TBI model.Methods:Two million normoxic(N=24)and hypoxic(N=24)MSCs were applied topically to exposed the cerebral cortex in a controlled cortical impact(CCI)model.The MSCs were fixed in position with fibrin glue.No treatment was given to control animals(TBI only:n=24).After surgery,four animals in each group were sacrificed daily(day 1 to day 6)for edema evaluation.Normal animals without TBI were used as reference(n=4).The expressions of GFAP,AQP4,and MMP9 were also investigated by immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR at day 3.Results:The edema peaked within 3 days after TBI.Compared with the control,hypoxic MSCs reduced brain water content significantly(p<0.05).Both hypoxic and normoxic MSCs downregulated the expression of MMP9 and normalized AQP4 distribution to astrocyte end feet.Conclusion:Our preliminary study showed that topical application of hypoxic MSCs suppressed both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema formation.
文摘Background:Septic shock combined with septic cardiomyopathy greatly increases the risk of mortality in elderly patients.Patients with a rapid deteriorating state unresponsive to standard resuscitation may benefit from extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO).In cases where obstructive uropathies lead to urosepsis,emergent decompression with double-J(D-J)stenting may be necessitated. Case Presentation:We report the case of a 72-year-old woman who arrived at the emergency department and rapidly deteriorated into a state of shock.During the process of resuscitation,emergent biochemical and ultrasound results suggested septicemia and septic cardiomyopathy due to urinary tract infection caused by ureteric stone obstruction.She was transferred to the intensive care unit to be put on venoarterial ECMO after failed resuscitation.Given the suspected diagnosis,it was decided that an emergent bedside digital disposable flexible ureteroscopy(ddFURS)and D-J catheterization to be performed as rescue decompression procedure.The patient was suc-cessfully stabilized with received antibiotic and continuous renal replace-ment therapy(CRRT)before being transferred to the cardiology department to correct her arrhythmia.She was weaned off CRRT and was able to walk without the need of aids upon discharge. Conclusion:Uroseptic cardiomyopathy can rapidly progress to renal and cardiac failure.Emergent decompression with ddFURS and D-J stenting can be performed effectively even in a patient with venoarterial ECMO for res-cuing uroseptic cardiomyopathy-induced arrest secondary to obstructive uropathy.Short-term outcomes were favorable.However,long-term prog-nosis remains to be elucidated.
基金supported by the General Research Funds of the Research Grants Council of the HKSAR Government (Grant Nos. 616113 and 16222216)
文摘The involvement of the private sector in the construction or operation of an infrastructure project may enhance the financial viability of projects, which facilitates the formation of public-private partnership(PPP) for project delivery. PPP exploits the strength of the private sector by shifting certain project risks from the public party to the private sector who can efficiently manage certain risks. In joint railway and housing development, the approach of bundling railway and housing development(R&HD) allows cross-subsidization between immense railway construction cost and profitable housing rental revenue. This approach also provides flexibility in incorporating PPP models by distributing railway and housing revenues and costs and their inherent risks properly to the public and private sectors. Ng and Lo(2015a) developed an evaluation framework for joint railway and property development, which evaluates PPPs based on financial and construction criteria for selecting the best suitable PPP for a particular project. This study,which is based on the framework in Ng and Lo(2015a),aims to examine the robustness of various PPP configurations. This study analyzes the effects of PPP configurations on stakeholders' risks and returns under population or demand growth and railway construction cost uncertainties. The eventual outcome of particular PPP configurations is also examined. This study also seeks to answer the following questions: How would optimal configuration change under highly volatile population and railway construction cost? Are there PPP configurations that are robust to these uncertainties and those that are sensitive to a particular uncertainty? This understanding is critical for managing risks and facilitating the formation of appropriate PPP for R&HD.
基金funded by the Health and Medical Research Fund, Hong Kong (15140962)Research Grant Council, Hong Kong (17110414)
文摘The therapeutic potential of small nucleic acids such as small interfering RNA(siRNA) to treat lung diseases has been successfully demonstrated in many in vivo studies. A major barrier to their clinical application is the lack of a safe and efficient inhaled formulation.In this study, spray freeze drying was employed to prepare dry powder of small nucleic acids.Mannitol and herring sperm DNA were used as bulking agent and model of small nucleic acid therapeutics, respectively. Formulations containing different solute concentration and DNA concentration were produced. The scanning electron microscope(SEM) images showed that the porosity of the particles increased as the solute concentration decreased. Powders prepared with solute concentration of 5% w/v were found to maintain a balance between porosity and robustness. Increasing concentration of DNA improved the aerosol performance of the formulation. The dry powder formulation containing 2% w/w DNA had a median diameter of 12.5 μm, and the aerosol performance study using next generation impactor(NGI) showed an emitted fraction(EF) and fine particle fraction(FPF) of 91% and 28% respectively. This formulation(5% w/v solute concentration and 2% w/w nucleic acid) was adopted subsequently to produce siRNA powder. The gel retardation and liquid chromatography assays showed that the siRNA remained intact after spray freeze drying even in the absence of delivery vector. The siRNA powder formulation exhibited a high EF of 92.4%and a modest FPF of around 20%. Further exploration of this technology to optimise inhaled siRNA powder formulation is warranted.
基金supported by grants from the University of Hong Kong and School of Nursing of University of Colorado.
文摘OBJECTIVE To examine fatigue and quality of life (QOL) inbreast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy.METHODS A self-report survey derived from the Chineseversion of Brief Fatigue Inventory, the Functional Assessmentof Chronic Illness Therapy for Breast Cancer, and the MedicalOutcomes Study Social Support Survey. Descriptive statisticswas used to examine the intensity of fatigue and the prevalenceof severe fatigue. Multivariate analysis of variance was used todetermine factors that affect the five domains of QOL among theparticipants.RESULTS The majority of the participants (n = 261) perceiveda mild level of fatigue, but 35.6% of them suffered severe fatigue.Fatigue had a significantly negative association with all domainsof QOL except social/family wellbeing. The participants whowere receiving chemotherapy, undergoing curative treatment andhaving inadequate social support were more likely to have poorerQOL in all five domains (after adjustment for age).CONCLUSION Although the majority of the participantsexperienced a mild level of fatigue, there was a substantial groupof breast cancer patients who perceived their fatigue as severe. Thefindings of this study showed that fatigue had a detrimental effecton the various aspects of the participants' QOL. Demographic andclinical characteristics of breast cancer patients who were at riskof getting poorer QOL were identified. The results of the studydemonstrate that we should enhance healthcare professionals'awareness of the importance of symptom assessment, andprovide them with information for planning effective symptom-management strategies among this study population.
文摘世界局势剧烈变动,我国迎来"百年未有之大变局",教师与教师发展亦面临着诸多来自国际国内的机遇及挑战。本文在国际与比较的视野中审视全球新冠疫情中的教师工作及其带来的教师角色挑战,探讨了教育国际交流的路径,并借此分析了我国比较教育学科发展的方法论问题。文章指出,全球范围的新冠疫情改变了原有的社会与经济秩序,深刻影响了教育系统和教师工作的环境,教师需要学会"Learn by Unlearning",才能更好的响应后疫情时代的教学新要求。关注社会情绪学习、发展教师预见能力、保持教师身心健康、保障弱势学生群体的学习权益等是在疫情中全球都需要关注的议题。针对当前教育国际交流的新形势,本文认为应将大型国际教育测评视为提供信息的"快照"而非"世界杯"竞赛,借助其提供的比较性数据以改善本国教育质量;可以将教育国际交流视为不同理念和方法的实践场地,供大家择其有益者而参考之。最后,本文结合当前教育国际交流的具体实例,详细介绍和解读了国际比较教育著名学者George Bereday教授提出的比较教育研究模式及其对我国比较教育学科发展的启示。本文为理解国际新形势下的教师发展提供了启示,为我国参与全球教育治理、推进比较教育学科发展提供了新的思路。
文摘Research on work life and job satisfaction of university professors is becoming an important research issue in the field of higher education. This study used questionnaires administered to 1 770 teachers from different levels, types, and academic fields of Chinese universities to investigate job satisfaction among university professors and the relationship between job satisfaction of university professors and the organizational characteristics of the university. The job satisfaction of Chinese university professors includes six dimensions: career development and school management, teaching and research services, salary, benefits and logistical services, professional reputation, teaching and research facilities, and the work itself. The overall job satisfaction levels are close to average, with salary and benefits receiving the lowest level of satisfaction. The organizational characteristics of universities, such as school type, school level, academic field, organizational climate, evaluation orientation, and school management, all have significant effects on the overall job satisfaction of university professors. The organizational climate and school level affect all six dimensions of job satisfaction among university professors.
基金The study is supported by the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China,grant No.:14JJD880001.[0]。
文摘This paper highlights Chinese teachers’ethical concerns in their relationships with students,colleagues,and students’parents.Through a qualitative study of 26 teachers,it was found that the teachers were often trapped in a dilemma between teaching to students’real development and teaching to the test.The ethics of professional collaboration were compromised by the dominant norms,including interpersonal harmony and respect for older teachers,and by competition among individual teachers to demonstrate good performance.Moreover,in a situation where parents’trust was diminishing,teachers assumed certain teaching and caring responsibilities for children from disadvantaged families.It is suggested that the professionalization of teachers should provide them with more professional space to transform their ethical considerations into practice.
文摘The past two decades have witnessed the great developments in principal training in China.Research on principal training in China is increasing in quantity and quality with its expanding practice.The purpose of this paper is to explore and analyze the changing landscape of scholarship on principal training in China by examining the quantity of publications,themes covered,methodological approaches and the status of articles published from 1989 to 2008,as listed in the Chinese Database of Journals.This is the first serious academic effort to review and reflect on the Chinese scholarship of principal training and school leadership development.In conclusion,suggestions are outlined for future development of this academic field in China.
文摘Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)remains a deadly disease,even in patients whose cancer is localized and non-metastatic.Surgical resection provides the only option for cure,but long-term survival rates remain dismal.For patients with borderline resectable(BR)disease who undergo upfront resection,many patients are either too unwell for subsequent adjuvant systemic therapy,develop recurrence soon after,or are found to have unresectable disease intra-operatively.There is increasing evidence for a neoadjuvant approach,using more conventional multi-agent chemotherapy regimens,which have demonstrated higher activity in the metastatic setting compared to single agents.For patients with locally advanced(LA)disease,which is unresectable by current definitions,there is mounting evidence that effective neoadjuvant systemic therapy is able to convert some patients’disease to a resectable state,offering the potential for long-term survival and cure.Herein we present a review of key trials focusing on prospective,randomized studies to provide high-level evidence supporting a neoadjuvant approach to both BR and LA PDAC.However,many knowledge gaps exist,such as the optimal neoadjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy regimen,the role of radiotherapy,and the safety and efficacy of adding immunotherapy to chemo/radiation therapy.Future challenges in determining the optimal approach to patients with BR or LA PDAC include not only overcoming the inherent difficulties in conducting complex,multidisciplinary,multicentre randomized trials in patients with a high-morbidity and mortality disease,but also trying to standardize disease definitions,treatment regimens,and outcome measures.
