Velocity field of China continent constrained by Global Positioning System (GPS) reveals both continuous and block-like styles of deformation. Continuous deformation commonly characterizes actively deforming mountain ...Velocity field of China continent constrained by Global Positioning System (GPS) reveals both continuous and block-like styles of deformation. Continuous deformation commonly characterizes actively deforming mountain ranges such as the Tianshan Mountain, Qilian Mountain, and Tibet. The block-like movement often represents deformation in the tectonically stable regions such as Ordos, South China and Tarim blocks. GPS measurements indicate 5.1±2.5 mm/a left-lateral strike-slip rate along the Altun fault. Eastward convergence along the Longmenshan fault is less than 6.7±3.0 mm/a. South China moves 11-14 mm/a eastward compared with the stable Eurasia. These low slip rates do not imply rapid eastward extrusion of China continent predicted by the model of 'continental extrusion'. It appears that 'crustal thickening' model more properly describes both continuous and block-like styles of deformation in China continent.展开更多
Bumps and other types of dynamic failure have been a persistent, worldwide problem in the underground coal mining industry, spanning decades.For example, in just five states in the U.S.from 1983 to 2014,there were 388...Bumps and other types of dynamic failure have been a persistent, worldwide problem in the underground coal mining industry, spanning decades.For example, in just five states in the U.S.from 1983 to 2014,there were 388 reportable bumps.Despite significant advances in mine design tools and mining practices,these events continue to occur.Many conditions have been associated with bump potential, such as the presence of stiff units in the local geology.The effect of a stiff sandstone unit on the potential for coal bumps depends on the location of the stiff unit in the stratigraphic column, the relative stiffness and strength of other structural members, and stress concentrations caused by mining.This study describes the results of a robust design to consider the impact of different lithologic risk factors impacting dynamic failure risk.Because the inherent variability of stratigraphic characteristics in sedimentary formations,such as thickness, engineering material properties, and location, is significant and the number of influential parameters in determining a parametric study is large, it is impractical to consider every simulation case by varying each parameter individually.Therefore, to save time and honor the statistical distributions of the parameters, it is necessary to develop a robust design to collect sufficient sample data and develop a statistical analysis method to draw accurate conclusions from the collected data.In this study,orthogonal arrays, which were developed using the robust design, are used to define the combination of the(a) thickness of a stiff sandstone inserted on the top and bottom of a coal seam in a massive shale mine roof and floor,(b) location of the stiff sandstone inserted on the top and bottom of the coal seam,and(c) material properties of the stiff sandstone and contacts as interfaces using the 3-dimensional numerical model, FLAC3D.After completion of the numerical experiments, statistical and multivariate analysis are performed using the calculated results from the orthogonal arra展开更多
While faults are commonly simulated as a single planar or non-planar interface for a safety or stability analysis in underground mining excavation, the real 3D structure of a fault is often very complex, with differen...While faults are commonly simulated as a single planar or non-planar interface for a safety or stability analysis in underground mining excavation, the real 3D structure of a fault is often very complex, with different branches that reactivate at different times. Furthermore, these branches are zones of nonzero thickness where material continuously undergoes damage even during interseismic periods. In this study, the initiation and the initial evolution of a strike-slip fault was modeled using the FLAC3D software program. The initial and boundary conditions are simplified, and mimic the Riedel shear experiment and the constitutive model in the literature. The FLAC3D model successfully replicates and creates the 3D fault zone as a strike-slip type structure in the entire thickness of the model. The strike-slip fault structure and normal displacement result in the formation of valleys in the model. Three panels of a longwall excavation are virtually placed and excavated beneath a main valley. The characteristics of stored and dissipated energy associated with the panel excavations are examined and observed at different stages of shear strain in the fault to evaluate bump potential. Depending on the shear strain in the fault, the energy characteristics adjacent to the longwall panels present different degrees of bump potential, which is not possible to capture by conventional fault simulation using an interface.展开更多
Orthogneiss within the Paleoproterozoic strata of Lesser Himalayan sequence across the Himalaya has been variably linked to development in a continental arc setting, Indian basement, or a continental rift.New whole ro...Orthogneiss within the Paleoproterozoic strata of Lesser Himalayan sequence across the Himalaya has been variably linked to development in a continental arc setting, Indian basement, or a continental rift.New whole rock and trace element geochemical data and U/Pb zircon geochronology indicate that the granitoid protoliths to these rocks were derived from upper crustal sources in the Paleoproterozoic and have within-plate, A-type affinities. This is consistent with their generation in a rifted margin and is compatible with paleogeographic reconstructions that indicate an open boundary for present-day northern India in the Paleoproterozoic.展开更多
推断导致地震触发的永久和动态(瞬时)应力变化常比地震本身释放的应力数量级小,这意味着触发发生在应力处于临界状态的断层上(Hill et al,1993;Gomberg et al,2000;Huc and Main,2003;Belardinelli et al,2003)。所以,触发的地震活动速...推断导致地震触发的永久和动态(瞬时)应力变化常比地震本身释放的应力数量级小,这意味着触发发生在应力处于临界状态的断层上(Hill et al,1993;Gomberg et al,2000;Huc and Main,2003;Belardinelli et al,2003)。所以,触发的地震活动速率增加可能出现在加载速率最高以及可能由高温流体引起孔隙压力升高,使摩擦力减小促使断层破裂的区域(Cocco and Rice,2002;Streit and Cox,2001;Sturtevant et al,1996)。本文说明2002年阿拉斯加州迪纳利M=7．9级地震在整个不列颠哥伦比亚省和美国西部触发了广泛的地震活动速率增加。地震波引起的动态触发应该沿着辐射能集中的破裂方向增加,我们利用迪纳利主震的地震波和新的高精度GPS记录证实了这个结论。这些观测结果和1992年加利福尼亚州兰德斯M=7．4级地震(Hill et al, 1993)引起的触发仅在震级上具有可比性,并说明兰德斯地震的触发没有反映该地区的特性和地震活动性。可是,由迪纳利地震触发的地震活动速率增加的地区构造活动并不明显,意味着即使在周围应力加载速率低的地区,断层可能仍然处于应力临界状态,动态的触发很可能是普遍存在和无法预测的。展开更多
This paper was developed as part of an effort by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)to identify risk factors associated with bumps in the prevention of fatalities and accidents in highly s...This paper was developed as part of an effort by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)to identify risk factors associated with bumps in the prevention of fatalities and accidents in highly stressed,bump-prone ground conditions.Changes of failure mechanism with increasing confinement,from extensional-to shear-dominated failure,are widely observed in the rupture of intact specimens at the laboratory scale and in rock masses.In the previous analysis conducted in 2018,both unconfined and triaxial compressive tests were conducted to investigate the strength characteristics of some specimens of a Utah coal,including the spalling limits,the ratio of apparent unconfined compressive strength(AUCS)to unconfined compressive strength(UCS),the damage characteristics,and the postyield dilatancy.These mechanical characteristics were found to be strongly anisotropic as a function of the orientation of the cleats relative to the loading direction.However,the transition from extensional to shear failure at the given confinements was not clearly identified.In this study,a total of 20 specimens were additionally prepared from the same coal sample used in the previous study and then tested under both unconfined and triaxial compressive conditions.The different confining stresses are used as analogs for different width-to-height(W/H)ratios of pillar strength.Although the W/H ratios of the specimens were not directly considered during testing,the equivalent W/H ratios of a pillar as a function of the confining stresses were estimated using an existing empirical solution.According to this relationship,theW/H atwhich in-situ pillar behavior would be expected to transition from brittle to ductile is identified.展开更多
This contribution describes development and application of a user-friendly finite element program,UT3PC, to address three important problems in underground coal mine design:(1) safety of main entries,(2) barrier pilla...This contribution describes development and application of a user-friendly finite element program,UT3PC, to address three important problems in underground coal mine design:(1) safety of main entries,(2) barrier pillar size needed for entry protection, and(3) safety of bleeder entries during the advance of an adjacent longwall panel.While the finite element method is by far the most popular engineering design tool of the digital age, widespread use by the mining community has been impeded by the relatively high cost of and the need for lengthy specialized training in numerical methods.Implementation of UT3PC overcomes these impediments in three easy steps.First, a material properties file is prepared for the considered site.Next, mesh generation is automatic through an interactive process.A third and last step is simply execution of the program.Examples using data from several western coal mines illustrate the ease of using the application for analysis of main entries, barrier pillars, and bleeder entry safety.展开更多
The objective of this study was to determine if zinc, when added in combination with ractopamine hydrochloride (RH), would stabilize the interaction of RH with the <em>β</em>-adrenergic receptor, as indic...The objective of this study was to determine if zinc, when added in combination with ractopamine hydrochloride (RH), would stabilize the interaction of RH with the <em>β</em>-adrenergic receptor, as indicated by altered cAMP concentrations, mRNA quantity, or protein abundance. Cultured bovine skeletal muscle cells were established and treated after 120 h for 6, 24, and 96 h with differentiation media of specific treatments. Treatments were applied in a factorial arrangement with two levels of zinc (0 μM or 1 μM) and two levels of RH (0 μM or 10 μM) in differentiation media. cAMP levels were measured at 6, 24, and 96 h, while mRNA and protein were measured at 24 and 96 h. At 6 h, no differences (<em>P</em> > 0.05) were detected in cAMP levels between the treatments. However, at 24 h the 10 μM RH, 1 μM zinc treatment had the greatest concentrations of cAMP (<em>P</em> < 0.05). At 96 h the 10 μM RH, 0 μM zinc treatment had a lower concentration of cAMP (<em>P</em> = 0.05) compared to the control. No differences were detected in mRNA (<em>β</em>1-adrenergic receptor, <em>β</em>2-adenergic receptor, AMPKα, myosin heavy chain I, myosin heavy chain IIA, and myosin heavy chain IIX) concentrations between treatments. Protein quantity of the<em> β</em>1-adrenergic receptor and <em>β</em>2-adrenergic receptor did not differ between treatments. These results indicate that zinc, in combination with RH, may help sustain the RH response during prolonged exposure as indicated by increased cAMP concentrations.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49825104) National Key Basic Research Program (Grant No. 19980407), National Climbing Project and National Major Scientific Infrastructure Program, and National S
文摘Velocity field of China continent constrained by Global Positioning System (GPS) reveals both continuous and block-like styles of deformation. Continuous deformation commonly characterizes actively deforming mountain ranges such as the Tianshan Mountain, Qilian Mountain, and Tibet. The block-like movement often represents deformation in the tectonically stable regions such as Ordos, South China and Tarim blocks. GPS measurements indicate 5.1±2.5 mm/a left-lateral strike-slip rate along the Altun fault. Eastward convergence along the Longmenshan fault is less than 6.7±3.0 mm/a. South China moves 11-14 mm/a eastward compared with the stable Eurasia. These low slip rates do not imply rapid eastward extrusion of China continent predicted by the model of 'continental extrusion'. It appears that 'crustal thickening' model more properly describes both continuous and block-like styles of deformation in China continent.
文摘Bumps and other types of dynamic failure have been a persistent, worldwide problem in the underground coal mining industry, spanning decades.For example, in just five states in the U.S.from 1983 to 2014,there were 388 reportable bumps.Despite significant advances in mine design tools and mining practices,these events continue to occur.Many conditions have been associated with bump potential, such as the presence of stiff units in the local geology.The effect of a stiff sandstone unit on the potential for coal bumps depends on the location of the stiff unit in the stratigraphic column, the relative stiffness and strength of other structural members, and stress concentrations caused by mining.This study describes the results of a robust design to consider the impact of different lithologic risk factors impacting dynamic failure risk.Because the inherent variability of stratigraphic characteristics in sedimentary formations,such as thickness, engineering material properties, and location, is significant and the number of influential parameters in determining a parametric study is large, it is impractical to consider every simulation case by varying each parameter individually.Therefore, to save time and honor the statistical distributions of the parameters, it is necessary to develop a robust design to collect sufficient sample data and develop a statistical analysis method to draw accurate conclusions from the collected data.In this study,orthogonal arrays, which were developed using the robust design, are used to define the combination of the(a) thickness of a stiff sandstone inserted on the top and bottom of a coal seam in a massive shale mine roof and floor,(b) location of the stiff sandstone inserted on the top and bottom of the coal seam,and(c) material properties of the stiff sandstone and contacts as interfaces using the 3-dimensional numerical model, FLAC3D.After completion of the numerical experiments, statistical and multivariate analysis are performed using the calculated results from the orthogonal arra
文摘While faults are commonly simulated as a single planar or non-planar interface for a safety or stability analysis in underground mining excavation, the real 3D structure of a fault is often very complex, with different branches that reactivate at different times. Furthermore, these branches are zones of nonzero thickness where material continuously undergoes damage even during interseismic periods. In this study, the initiation and the initial evolution of a strike-slip fault was modeled using the FLAC3D software program. The initial and boundary conditions are simplified, and mimic the Riedel shear experiment and the constitutive model in the literature. The FLAC3D model successfully replicates and creates the 3D fault zone as a strike-slip type structure in the entire thickness of the model. The strike-slip fault structure and normal displacement result in the formation of valleys in the model. Three panels of a longwall excavation are virtually placed and excavated beneath a main valley. The characteristics of stored and dissipated energy associated with the panel excavations are examined and observed at different stages of shear strain in the fault to evaluate bump potential. Depending on the shear strain in the fault, the energy characteristics adjacent to the longwall panels present different degrees of bump potential, which is not possible to capture by conventional fault simulation using an interface.
基金supported by NSERC Discovery Grants to K. Larson and S. Piercey and NSF Grant No. 1119380 to J. Cottle
文摘Orthogneiss within the Paleoproterozoic strata of Lesser Himalayan sequence across the Himalaya has been variably linked to development in a continental arc setting, Indian basement, or a continental rift.New whole rock and trace element geochemical data and U/Pb zircon geochronology indicate that the granitoid protoliths to these rocks were derived from upper crustal sources in the Paleoproterozoic and have within-plate, A-type affinities. This is consistent with their generation in a rifted margin and is compatible with paleogeographic reconstructions that indicate an open boundary for present-day northern India in the Paleoproterozoic.
文摘推断导致地震触发的永久和动态(瞬时)应力变化常比地震本身释放的应力数量级小,这意味着触发发生在应力处于临界状态的断层上(Hill et al,1993;Gomberg et al,2000;Huc and Main,2003;Belardinelli et al,2003)。所以,触发的地震活动速率增加可能出现在加载速率最高以及可能由高温流体引起孔隙压力升高,使摩擦力减小促使断层破裂的区域(Cocco and Rice,2002;Streit and Cox,2001;Sturtevant et al,1996)。本文说明2002年阿拉斯加州迪纳利M=7．9级地震在整个不列颠哥伦比亚省和美国西部触发了广泛的地震活动速率增加。地震波引起的动态触发应该沿着辐射能集中的破裂方向增加,我们利用迪纳利主震的地震波和新的高精度GPS记录证实了这个结论。这些观测结果和1992年加利福尼亚州兰德斯M=7．4级地震(Hill et al, 1993)引起的触发仅在震级上具有可比性,并说明兰德斯地震的触发没有反映该地区的特性和地震活动性。可是,由迪纳利地震触发的地震活动速率增加的地区构造活动并不明显,意味着即使在周围应力加载速率低的地区,断层可能仍然处于应力临界状态,动态的触发很可能是普遍存在和无法预测的。
基金The authors would like to thanks to Steve Berry at Montana Tech for his working on the lab testing.
文摘This paper was developed as part of an effort by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)to identify risk factors associated with bumps in the prevention of fatalities and accidents in highly stressed,bump-prone ground conditions.Changes of failure mechanism with increasing confinement,from extensional-to shear-dominated failure,are widely observed in the rupture of intact specimens at the laboratory scale and in rock masses.In the previous analysis conducted in 2018,both unconfined and triaxial compressive tests were conducted to investigate the strength characteristics of some specimens of a Utah coal,including the spalling limits,the ratio of apparent unconfined compressive strength(AUCS)to unconfined compressive strength(UCS),the damage characteristics,and the postyield dilatancy.These mechanical characteristics were found to be strongly anisotropic as a function of the orientation of the cleats relative to the loading direction.However,the transition from extensional to shear failure at the given confinements was not clearly identified.In this study,a total of 20 specimens were additionally prepared from the same coal sample used in the previous study and then tested under both unconfined and triaxial compressive conditions.The different confining stresses are used as analogs for different width-to-height(W/H)ratios of pillar strength.Although the W/H ratios of the specimens were not directly considered during testing,the equivalent W/H ratios of a pillar as a function of the confining stresses were estimated using an existing empirical solution.According to this relationship,theW/H atwhich in-situ pillar behavior would be expected to transition from brittle to ductile is identified.
文摘This contribution describes development and application of a user-friendly finite element program,UT3PC, to address three important problems in underground coal mine design:(1) safety of main entries,(2) barrier pillar size needed for entry protection, and(3) safety of bleeder entries during the advance of an adjacent longwall panel.While the finite element method is by far the most popular engineering design tool of the digital age, widespread use by the mining community has been impeded by the relatively high cost of and the need for lengthy specialized training in numerical methods.Implementation of UT3PC overcomes these impediments in three easy steps.First, a material properties file is prepared for the considered site.Next, mesh generation is automatic through an interactive process.A third and last step is simply execution of the program.Examples using data from several western coal mines illustrate the ease of using the application for analysis of main entries, barrier pillars, and bleeder entry safety.
文摘The objective of this study was to determine if zinc, when added in combination with ractopamine hydrochloride (RH), would stabilize the interaction of RH with the <em>β</em>-adrenergic receptor, as indicated by altered cAMP concentrations, mRNA quantity, or protein abundance. Cultured bovine skeletal muscle cells were established and treated after 120 h for 6, 24, and 96 h with differentiation media of specific treatments. Treatments were applied in a factorial arrangement with two levels of zinc (0 μM or 1 μM) and two levels of RH (0 μM or 10 μM) in differentiation media. cAMP levels were measured at 6, 24, and 96 h, while mRNA and protein were measured at 24 and 96 h. At 6 h, no differences (<em>P</em> > 0.05) were detected in cAMP levels between the treatments. However, at 24 h the 10 μM RH, 1 μM zinc treatment had the greatest concentrations of cAMP (<em>P</em> < 0.05). At 96 h the 10 μM RH, 0 μM zinc treatment had a lower concentration of cAMP (<em>P</em> = 0.05) compared to the control. No differences were detected in mRNA (<em>β</em>1-adrenergic receptor, <em>β</em>2-adenergic receptor, AMPKα, myosin heavy chain I, myosin heavy chain IIA, and myosin heavy chain IIX) concentrations between treatments. Protein quantity of the<em> β</em>1-adrenergic receptor and <em>β</em>2-adrenergic receptor did not differ between treatments. These results indicate that zinc, in combination with RH, may help sustain the RH response during prolonged exposure as indicated by increased cAMP concentrations.
