Background: The increasing prevalence of colorectal cancer(CRC) in China and the paucity of information about relevant expenditure highlight the necessity of better understanding the financial burden and effect of CRC...Background: The increasing prevalence of colorectal cancer(CRC) in China and the paucity of information about relevant expenditure highlight the necessity of better understanding the financial burden and effect of CRC diagnosis and treatment. We performed a survey to quantify the direct medical and non-medical expenditure as well as the resulting financial burden of CRC patients in China.Methods: We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional survey in 37 tertiary hospitals in 13 provinces across China between 2012 and 2014. Each enrolled patient was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. All expenditure data were inflated to the 2014 Chinese Yuan(CNY; 1 CNY = 0.163 USD). We quantified the overall expenditure and financial burden and by subgroup(hospital type, age at diagnosis, sex, education, occupation, insurance type, household income, clinical stage, pathologic type, and therapeutic regimen). We then performed generalized linear modeling to determine the factors associated with overall expenditure.Results: A total of 2356 patients with a mean age of 57.4 years were included, 57.1 % of whom were men; 13.9% of patients had stage I cancer; and the average previous-year household income was 54,525 CNY.The overall average direct expenditure per patient was estimated to be 67,408 CNY, and the expenditures for stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ disease were 56,099 CNY, 59,952 CNY, 67,292 CNY, and 82,729 CNY, respectively. Non-medical expenditure accounted for 8.3%of the overall expenditure. The 1-year out-of-pocket expenditure of a newly diagnosed patient was 32,649 CNY, which accounted for 59.9% of their previous-year household income and caused 75.0% of families to suffer an unmanageable financial burden. Univariate analysis showed that financial burden and overall expenditure differed in almost all subgroups(P < 0.05), except for sex. Multivariate analysis showed that patients who were treated in specialized hospitals and those who were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma or diagnosed at a later stage were likely to spen展开更多
Objective： To test the influence of homocysteine on the production and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2） and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-2 （TIMP-2） and on cell migration of cultur...Objective： To test the influence of homocysteine on the production and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2） and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-2 （TIMP-2） and on cell migration of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMCs）. Also, to explore whether rosuvastatin can alter the abnormal secretion and activation of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 and migration of VSMCs induced by homocysteine. Methods： Rat VSMCs were incubated with different concentrations of homocysteine （50-5000 μmol/L）. Western blotting and gelatin zymography were used to investigate the expressions and activities of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in VSMCs in culture medium when induced with homocysteine for 24, 48, and 72 h. Transwell chambers were employed to test the migratory ability of VSMCs when incubated with homocysteine for 48 h. Different concentrations of rosuvastatin （10^-9-10^-5 mol/L） were added when VSMCs were induced with 1 000 pmol/L homocysteine. The expressions and activities of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were examined after incubating for 24, 48, and 72 h, and the migration of VSMCs was also examined after incubating for 48 h. Results： Homocysteine （50-1000 μmol/L） increased the production and activation of MMP-2 and expression of TIMP-2 in a dose-dependent manner. However, when incubated with 5000 pmol/L homocysteine, the expression of MMP-2 was up-regulated, but its activity was down-regulated. Increased homocysteine-induced production and ac- tivation of MMP-2 were reduced by rosuvastatin in a dose-dependent manner whereas secretion of TIMP-2 was not significantly altered by rosuvastatin. Homocysteine （50-5000 μmol/L） stimulated the migration of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner, but this effect was eliminated by rosuvastatin. Conclusions： Homocysteine （50-1000 μmol/L） significantly increased the production and activation of MMP-2, the expression of TIMP-2, and the migration of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Additional extracellular rosuvastatin can decrease the excessive expression an展开更多
Correlating dynamic structural transformation of catalysts with the surface intermediate species under operating conditions is critical for updating the understanding of structure–performance relationships.Here,we pr...Correlating dynamic structural transformation of catalysts with the surface intermediate species under operating conditions is critical for updating the understanding of structure–performance relationships.Here,we probe the electrochemical potentialdependent surface structures and adsorbed intermediates on PtRu binary alloy nanocatalysts to revisit its synergistic mechanisms for CO electrooxidation enhanced activity.In-situ spectral characteristics by using modified shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,show that in acidic solution,when the potential is positively scanned from 0.1 V to 1.5 V relative to reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),the surface of the alloy catalyst evolves from metallic PtRu to adsorbed oxygen gradually covering and accumulating on Ru sites(denoted as PtRuO_(x),x≤2),forming segregated RuO_(2),and finally forming a threedimensional oxide layer(denoted as 3D PtRuO_(4)).Moreover,molecular evidence associated with periodic density functional theory calculations reveals that electronic effects promote ruthenium to become more oxidizable and oxophilic.In particular,we found here that ^(*)O and ^(*)OH at surface RuO_(x) sites are highly efficient CO oxidation active species in comparison to the same entities adsorbed on metallic Ru sites.This work sheds light on the complex surface dynamic process of practical Pt-based binary nanocatalysts and improves the understanding of synergistic mechanism for the development of fuel cell devices.展开更多
Er^3＋ doped SrTiO3 ultrafine powders were prepared by solid state reaction in a molten NaCl flux. The structural properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and Fo...Er^3＋ doped SrTiO3 ultrafine powders were prepared by solid state reaction in a molten NaCl flux. The structural properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The Stokes emission spectra of Er^3＋ in SrTiO3：Er^3＋ ranging from green to near infrared region were investigated under 514.5 nm laser excitation. The green and red upconverted luminescence spectra of Er^3＋ were measured under excitation into the 419/2 level by 785 nm laser. The upconversion mechanisms were studied in detail through laser power dependence and Er^3＋ ion concentration dependence of upconverted emissions, and results show that excited state absorption and energy transfer process are the possible mechanisms for the upconversion. The upconversion properties indicate that SrTiO3：Er^3＋ may be used in upconversion phosphors.展开更多
基金supported by the grants from the Beijing Hope Run Special Fund(#LC2012YF44)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81402740)+1 种基金Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20131106120014)The National Health and Family Planning Committee of P.R.China
文摘Background: The increasing prevalence of colorectal cancer(CRC) in China and the paucity of information about relevant expenditure highlight the necessity of better understanding the financial burden and effect of CRC diagnosis and treatment. We performed a survey to quantify the direct medical and non-medical expenditure as well as the resulting financial burden of CRC patients in China.Methods: We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional survey in 37 tertiary hospitals in 13 provinces across China between 2012 and 2014. Each enrolled patient was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. All expenditure data were inflated to the 2014 Chinese Yuan(CNY; 1 CNY = 0.163 USD). We quantified the overall expenditure and financial burden and by subgroup(hospital type, age at diagnosis, sex, education, occupation, insurance type, household income, clinical stage, pathologic type, and therapeutic regimen). We then performed generalized linear modeling to determine the factors associated with overall expenditure.Results: A total of 2356 patients with a mean age of 57.4 years were included, 57.1 % of whom were men; 13.9% of patients had stage I cancer; and the average previous-year household income was 54,525 CNY.The overall average direct expenditure per patient was estimated to be 67,408 CNY, and the expenditures for stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ disease were 56,099 CNY, 59,952 CNY, 67,292 CNY, and 82,729 CNY, respectively. Non-medical expenditure accounted for 8.3%of the overall expenditure. The 1-year out-of-pocket expenditure of a newly diagnosed patient was 32,649 CNY, which accounted for 59.9% of their previous-year household income and caused 75.0% of families to suffer an unmanageable financial burden. Univariate analysis showed that financial burden and overall expenditure differed in almost all subgroups(P < 0.05), except for sex. Multivariate analysis showed that patients who were treated in specialized hospitals and those who were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma or diagnosed at a later stage were likely to spen
基金Project supported by the Health Ministry Scientific Research Fund of China (No. WKJ2011-2-018)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. Y2100535)+3 种基金the Key Social Development Project of Zhejiang Province (No. 2010A23010)the Science and Technology Projects of Shaoxing (No. 2011A23011)the Science and Technology Plan Project of Zhejiang Province (No. 2012C33040)the Zhejiang Provincial Program for the Cultivation of High-Level Innovative Health Talents, China
文摘Objective： To test the influence of homocysteine on the production and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2） and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-2 （TIMP-2） and on cell migration of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMCs）. Also, to explore whether rosuvastatin can alter the abnormal secretion and activation of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 and migration of VSMCs induced by homocysteine. Methods： Rat VSMCs were incubated with different concentrations of homocysteine （50-5000 μmol/L）. Western blotting and gelatin zymography were used to investigate the expressions and activities of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in VSMCs in culture medium when induced with homocysteine for 24, 48, and 72 h. Transwell chambers were employed to test the migratory ability of VSMCs when incubated with homocysteine for 48 h. Different concentrations of rosuvastatin （10^-9-10^-5 mol/L） were added when VSMCs were induced with 1 000 pmol/L homocysteine. The expressions and activities of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were examined after incubating for 24, 48, and 72 h, and the migration of VSMCs was also examined after incubating for 48 h. Results： Homocysteine （50-1000 μmol/L） increased the production and activation of MMP-2 and expression of TIMP-2 in a dose-dependent manner. However, when incubated with 5000 pmol/L homocysteine, the expression of MMP-2 was up-regulated, but its activity was down-regulated. Increased homocysteine-induced production and ac- tivation of MMP-2 were reduced by rosuvastatin in a dose-dependent manner whereas secretion of TIMP-2 was not significantly altered by rosuvastatin. Homocysteine （50-5000 μmol/L） stimulated the migration of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner, but this effect was eliminated by rosuvastatin. Conclusions： Homocysteine （50-1000 μmol/L） significantly increased the production and activation of MMP-2, the expression of TIMP-2, and the migration of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Additional extracellular rosuvastatin can decrease the excessive expression an
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQ21B030010 and LQ24B030014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22102150,22172146,22303085,21872126 and 21573198)。
文摘Correlating dynamic structural transformation of catalysts with the surface intermediate species under operating conditions is critical for updating the understanding of structure–performance relationships.Here,we probe the electrochemical potentialdependent surface structures and adsorbed intermediates on PtRu binary alloy nanocatalysts to revisit its synergistic mechanisms for CO electrooxidation enhanced activity.In-situ spectral characteristics by using modified shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,show that in acidic solution,when the potential is positively scanned from 0.1 V to 1.5 V relative to reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),the surface of the alloy catalyst evolves from metallic PtRu to adsorbed oxygen gradually covering and accumulating on Ru sites(denoted as PtRuO_(x),x≤2),forming segregated RuO_(2),and finally forming a threedimensional oxide layer(denoted as 3D PtRuO_(4)).Moreover,molecular evidence associated with periodic density functional theory calculations reveals that electronic effects promote ruthenium to become more oxidizable and oxophilic.In particular,we found here that ^(*)O and ^(*)OH at surface RuO_(x) sites are highly efficient CO oxidation active species in comparison to the same entities adsorbed on metallic Ru sites.This work sheds light on the complex surface dynamic process of practical Pt-based binary nanocatalysts and improves the understanding of synergistic mechanism for the development of fuel cell devices.
基金This work was supported by the Department of Education of Zhejiang Province （No.20060496） and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province （No.Y406309）.
文摘Er^3＋ doped SrTiO3 ultrafine powders were prepared by solid state reaction in a molten NaCl flux. The structural properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The Stokes emission spectra of Er^3＋ in SrTiO3：Er^3＋ ranging from green to near infrared region were investigated under 514.5 nm laser excitation. The green and red upconverted luminescence spectra of Er^3＋ were measured under excitation into the 419/2 level by 785 nm laser. The upconversion mechanisms were studied in detail through laser power dependence and Er^3＋ ion concentration dependence of upconverted emissions, and results show that excited state absorption and energy transfer process are the possible mechanisms for the upconversion. The upconversion properties indicate that SrTiO3：Er^3＋ may be used in upconversion phosphors.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21872126)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LQ21B030010)。
文摘网络药理学结合体内实验探究“麻黄-葶苈子”药对治疗哮喘的作用机制,为临床用药提供理论依据。首先,利用网络药理学预测“麻黄-葶苈子”治疗哮喘的潜在靶点,构建“中药-活性成分-靶点-通路-疾病”的关系网络,并对潜在靶点进行Gene Oncology(GO)功能分析和Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)信号通路富集分析,分子对接模拟关键候选活性成分与核心基因的结合活性。然后,通过腹腔注射卵白蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)致敏液和雾化激发构建OVA哮喘大鼠模型,分为正常组、模型组、地塞米松组(dexamethasone,DEX,0.075 mg·kg^(-1))和“麻黄-葶苈子”药对组(MT,配伍比例1∶1.5),苏木素-伊红(HE)、马松(Masson)和过碘酸雪夫(PAS)染色观察“麻黄-葶苈子”对哮喘大鼠肺脏和气管病理变化及杯状细胞增生情况的影响,酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测大鼠血清中转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、白细胞介素6(IL6)和白细胞介素10(IL10)水平,进而通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和Western blot法检测网络药理学预测的核心基因丝裂原活化蛋白激酶8(MAPK8)、cyclin D1(CCND1)、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、IL6、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)和蛋白激酶B(Akt)的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。网络药理学分析表明“麻黄-葶苈子”治疗哮喘的潜在核心基因为MAPK8、CCND1、IL6和EGFR,并且可能与PI3K/Akt信号通路相关,“麻黄-葶苈子”药对中活性成分槲皮素和β-谷甾醇作用于哮喘的靶点较多,且分子对接结果显示槲皮素和β-谷甾醇与MAPK、PI3K和Akt具有较好的结合活性;体内实验结果表明“麻黄-葶苈子”可有效改善OVA哮喘大鼠症状,改善肺部组织病理变化,减少杯状细胞产生,减轻哮喘大鼠炎症反应,抑制MAPK8、CCND1、EGFR和IL6的表达,调节PI3K/Akt信号通路。因此,推测“麻黄-葶苈子”可能通过调节PI3K/Akt信号通路改善大鼠哮喘症状,抑制哮喘大鼠炎症反应,槲皮素�
