Objective:This study is conducted to determine the effects of SOOJI CHIM(Koryo hand acupuncture,KHA)therapy on sleep structures and perimenopause symptoms among insomniacs.Methods:Totally 49 participants who met the i...Objective:This study is conducted to determine the effects of SOOJI CHIM(Koryo hand acupuncture,KHA)therapy on sleep structures and perimenopause symptoms among insomniacs.Methods:Totally 49 participants who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in a two-arm randomized,placebo controlled,patients-blind trial,with 24 cases allocated to a real-KHA group and 25 cases allocated to a sham-KHA group.Patients in each group received corresponding treatment every other day,three times a week for total eight weeks.Both actigraphy and testing of serum hormones level reflected by biological markers such as follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH)and estradiol(E2)were performed at pre-and post-treatment.Additionally,the scores of Pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI)was used for assessing the subjective sleep experience of insomniacs.Meanwhile,adverse effects were monitored and recorded.Results:After eight-week treatment,the global scores of PSQI declined significantly(P<0.05)in the realKHA group but not in the sham-KHA group(P>0.05).According to the outcomes of actigraphy,a striking increase was observed in both sleep efficiency(SE)and total sleep time(TST)in the real-KHA group(both P<0.05)but not in the sham-KHA group(P>0.05).However,no significant changes of sleep awakenings(SA)in both groups was found after treatment(both P>0.05).Meanwhile,FSH and LH in the real-KHA group decreased markedly after intervention(both P<0.05)while those indicators only slightly changed in the sham-KHA group(P>0.05).The fluctuation of E2 levels were not significant in both groups(both P>0.05).No serious adverse event was reported in either real-or sham-KHA group.Conclusion:KHA may be a potential alternative therapy for improving perimenopausal insomnia via down regulating the levels of FSH and LH.展开更多
The main problem of quantum mechanics is to elucidate why the probability density is the modulus square of wave function. For the purpose of solving this problem, we explored the possibility of deducing the fundamenta...The main problem of quantum mechanics is to elucidate why the probability density is the modulus square of wave function. For the purpose of solving this problem, we explored the possibility of deducing the fundamental equation of quantum mechanics by starting with the probability density. To do so, it is necessary to formulate a new theory of quantum mechanics distinguished from the previous ones. Our investigation shows that it is possible to construct quantum mechanics in phase space as an alternative autonomous formulation and such a possibility enables us to study quantum mechanics by starting with the probability density rather than the wave function. This direction of research is contrary to configuration-space formulation of quantum mechanics starting with the wave function. Our work leads to a full understanding of the wave function as the both mathematically and physically sufficient representation of quantum-mechanical state which supplements information on quantum state given solely by the probability density with phase information on quantum state. The final result of our work is that quantum mechanics in phase space satisfactorily elucidates the relation between the wave function and the probability density by using the consistent procedure starting with the probability density, thus corroborating the ontological interpretation of the wave function and withdrawing a main assumption of quantum mechanics.展开更多
Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is from cholangiocytes, and therefore bile is a potentially rich source of biomarkers for CCA. The aim of the study was to identify and validate microRNAs (miRNAs) in bile samples ...Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is from cholangiocytes, and therefore bile is a potentially rich source of biomarkers for CCA. The aim of the study was to identify and validate microRNAs (miRNAs) in bile samples that are differentially expressed between benign biliary disease (BBD) and CCA. Methods: Bile samples from 106 patients with obstructive biliary disease were allocated consecutively to a discovery set (10 patients with BBD and 11 with CCA) and then a validation set (48 patients with BBD and 37 with CCA). An miRNA microarray platform was used to screen 1209 miRNAs in the discovery set. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the pro ling results in the discovery and validation sets. In addition, the levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were determined from patient serum samples. Results: Microarray pro ling showed that miR-30d-5p and miR-92a-3p were signi cantly upregulated in bile from the CCA group compared with those from the BBD group. qRT-PCR results indicated that the expression levels of miR-30d-5p and of miR-92a-3p were signi cantly upregulated in the CCA group compared to the BBD group, validating the miRNA microarray results. Pathway analysis suggested that putative target genes of miR-30d-5p and of miR-92a-3p were involved in CCA-associated signalling path- ways, such as Hippo, Wnt, p53, MAPK, and EGFR. Receiver operating curve analysis revealed that the areas under the curve for bile miR-30d-5p, miR-92a-3p, serum CA19-9, and CEA were 0.730, 0.652, 0.675, and 0.603, respectively, and bile miR-30d-5p showed the best diagnostic performance with a sensitivity of 81.1% and a speci city of 60.5%. Conclusions: The levels of extracellular miR-30d-5p and miR-92a-3p in bile were signi cantly higher in patients with CCA than those in patients with BBD. Bile-derived circulating extracellular miR-30d-5p and miR-92a-3p are potential biomarkers for discriminating CCA from BBD.展开更多
Background: Four factors determine the quality of an implantology kit: 1) Heat generated by the drills;2) Morphology of the osteotomy according to the diameter of the implant;3) Efficiency of collecting autologous bon...Background: Four factors determine the quality of an implantology kit: 1) Heat generated by the drills;2) Morphology of the osteotomy according to the diameter of the implant;3) Efficiency of collecting autologous bone;and 4) Osteotomy execution time. Materials and Methods: This article examines the heat produced by drills during osteotomy, focusing on the effect of the following factors: drilling technique;volume of autologous bone harvested;drilling time;implant primary stability;and the percentage of osseointegrated implants after primary healing. Discussion: The four factors mentioned above are analyzed based on the data obtained for sequential, biological, and One Drill milling techniques. Conclusions: 1) One Drill is the fastest technique for performing the osteotomy;2) All techniques stay within the biological temperature range of living bone, with the lowest increase in temperature achieved using One Drill with irrigation;3) The bone harvested showed no statistically significant differences between biological milling and the One Drill technique, both far superior to the sequential technique;and 4) There is no statistically significant difference in the number of osseointegrated implants among the three techniques analyzed.展开更多
Bimetallic Pt-based catalysts have been extensively investigated to enhance the performance of direct methanol fuel cells(DMFCs) because CO, a by-product, reduces the activity of the pure Pt catalysts. Herein, we synt...Bimetallic Pt-based catalysts have been extensively investigated to enhance the performance of direct methanol fuel cells(DMFCs) because CO, a by-product, reduces the activity of the pure Pt catalysts. Herein, we synthesized Pt-Pb hexagonal nanoplates as a model catalyst for the methanol oxidation reaction(MOR) and further controlled the Pt and Pb distributions on the surface of the nanoplates through acetic acid(HAc) treatment. As a result, we obtained Pt-Pb nanoplates and HAc-treated Pt-Pb nanoplates with homogeneous and heterogeneous distributions of the Pt-Pb alloy surfaces, respectively. We showed that the MOR activity and stability of the Pt-Pb nanoplates improved compared to those of the HAc-treated Pt-Pb nanoplates, mainly due to the enhanced CO tolerance and the modified electronic structure of Pt under the influence of the oxophilic Pb.展开更多
We evaluated the potential of orally fed new food formulations to inhibit biomarkers reported to be involved in the causes of allergic asthma in mice. Asthma, a serious non-communicable disease, affects both adults an...We evaluated the potential of orally fed new food formulations to inhibit biomarkers reported to be involved in the causes of allergic asthma in mice. Asthma, a serious non-communicable disease, affects both adults and children and can be undertreated. New functional foods could provide therapeutic approaches. Here, the anti-asthma mechanism of a new functional food and three isolated fractions produced by bioprocessing black rice bran with shiitake mushroom mycelia was evaluated in mast cells, B cells, and orally fed mice and compared with non-bioprocessed black rice bran. In vitro, the treatments inhibited RBL-2H3 cell degranulation and immunoglobulin E (IgE) production. The in vitro anti-asthma effects were confirmed in orally fed mice following asthma induction by alumina and chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA). The suppression of asthma resulted from the inhibition of inflammation- and immune-related substances, including OVA-specific IgE, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, eotaxin, leukotriene C4, prostaglandin D2, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum. The treatment also reversed the thickening of the lung airway wall. The inflammation and asthma inhibition seems to be regulated by the balance of the T-helper cells’ Th1/Th2 immune response and the inhibition of multiple biomarkers associated with the cause of asthma. Future human clinical studies with adults and children should determine the potential therapeutic value of the anti-asthma effects of the new functional foods.展开更多
In this study, we fabricated a Cerenkov fiber-optic dosimeter (CFOD) without any scintillator to measure Cerenkov radiation signals owing to gamma-rays. The relative depth dose (RDD) distributions of Ir-192 HDR brachy...In this study, we fabricated a Cerenkov fiber-optic dosimeter (CFOD) without any scintillator to measure Cerenkov radiation signals owing to gamma-rays. The relative depth dose (RDD) distributions of Ir-192 HDR brachytherapy source were obtained by using the CFOD based on a subtraction method and the RDD curve was compared with the simulation result of Monte Carlo N-particle extended transport code (MCNPX). Finally, we demonstrated that the CFOD can be used to measure real-time dose information for HDR brachytherapy.展开更多
In this study, we fabricated a sapphire based fiber-optic radiation sensor. To evaluate the fiber- optic radiation sensor, we measured the spectrum and intensity of the luminescence generated from the fiber-optic radi...In this study, we fabricated a sapphire based fiber-optic radiation sensor. To evaluate the fiber- optic radiation sensor, we measured the spectrum and intensity of the luminescence generated from the fiber-optic radiation sensor according to the thickness of the PMMA block by irradiation of gamma rays emitted from a Co-60 source. And the result was compared with the value calculated from the formula of Lambert-Beer.展开更多
Vitamin C and taurine (TR) are well known as active components for fatigue recovery. However, the mechanism of the anti-fatigue effects of vitamin C and TR is still unclear. Our study was designed to evaluate the anti...Vitamin C and taurine (TR) are well known as active components for fatigue recovery. However, the mechanism of the anti-fatigue effects of vitamin C and TR is still unclear. Our study was designed to evaluate the anti-fatigue activities of vitamin C and TR in an animal test for fatigue and to compare the activities between vitamin C and TR. Materials and Methods: Vitamin C, TR or their combination were orally administrated to mice once daily for 15 days, and then metabolic activities such as blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as antioxidant activities such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined (evaluated) after forced swimming test (FST). Results: Compared with the control group, C100, C200, and T50 showed a tendency to decrease mobility in FST. Moreover, TG (C100, C200, T200), LDH (C200), lactic acid (C100) and MDA (C50, C100, C200) levels were inhibited by vitamin C and TR. Conclusions: These results suggest that vitamin C and TR have anti-fatigue activities in mice, with vitamin C providing a stronger effect.展开更多
Forsythia fructus has been shown to have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-aging and whitening effects. Hoechunyangkyeok-san (Forsythia viridissima-prescription) is a traditional herbal medicine, w...Forsythia fructus has been shown to have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-aging and whitening effects. Hoechunyangkyeok-san (Forsythia viridissima-prescription) is a traditional herbal medicine, which has been clinically used for treating febrile and inflammatory disorders. This work was carried out to investigate the skin whitening effects of Forsythia viridissima-prescription extract (a hydrolyzed extract of Hoechunyangkyeok-san: SID White HYC) on skin. The effects of SID White HYC were assessed the melanin contents in B161 melanoma cells and the pigmented equivalent with HMB45 and Fontana Masson staining in 3D skin model. Then, we examined the expression of major pigment enzymes regulating melanin synthesis and melanosome transport related proteins in B16F1 cells. SID White HYC significantly inhibited the melanin synthesis (56.7% and 30.6% inhibition at 100 μg/mL, intracellular and secreted, respectively) in B16F1 cells and 3D skin model. In addition, western blotting analysis showed that SID White HYC reduced the expression of melanin synthesis and melanosome transport related proteins in B16F1 cells. In clinical trials, the cream containing 0.05% SID White HYC showed skin depigmentation effect without any irritation. These results suggest that SID White HYC may be useful inhibition of melanogenesis and melanosome transport. Therefore, SID White HYC may have potential as a skin-whitening ingredient in cosmetics.展开更多
“High nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC)” regions were created by locking iron into sedimentary iron sulfides with hydrogen sulfide available from volcanic eruptions in surrounding oceans. Appropriate locations and de...“High nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC)” regions were created by locking iron into sedimentary iron sulfides with hydrogen sulfide available from volcanic eruptions in surrounding oceans. Appropriate locations and deployment methods for the iron fertilization were far from volcanoes, earthquakes and boundaries of tectonic plates to reduce the chance of iron-locking by volcanic sulfur compounds. The appropriate locations for the large-scale iron fertilization are proposed as Shag Rocks in South Georgia and the Bransfield Strait in Drake Passage in the Southern Ocean due to their high momentum flux causing efficient iron deployment. The iron (Fe) replete compounds, consisting of natural clay, volcanic ash, agar, N</span><sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">-fixing mucilaginous cyanobacteria, carbon black, biodegradable plastic foamed polylactic acid, fine wood chip, and iron-reducing marine bacterium, are deployed in the ocean to stay within a surface depth of 100</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">m for phytoplankton digestion. The deployment method of Fe-replete composite with a duration of at least several years for the successful iron fertilization, is configured to be on the streamline of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). This will result in high momentum flux for its efficient dispersion on the ocean surface where diatom, copepods, krill and humpback whale stay together (~100</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">m). Humpback whales are proposed as a biomarker for the successful iron fertilization in large-scale since humpback whales feed on krill, which in turn feed on cockpods and diatoms. Th展开更多
基金Supported by Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Foundation Project of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning:No.ZYKC20161016Special Project for Clinical Research,Shanghai Municipal Health Commission:No.20174Y0009
文摘Objective:This study is conducted to determine the effects of SOOJI CHIM(Koryo hand acupuncture,KHA)therapy on sleep structures and perimenopause symptoms among insomniacs.Methods:Totally 49 participants who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in a two-arm randomized,placebo controlled,patients-blind trial,with 24 cases allocated to a real-KHA group and 25 cases allocated to a sham-KHA group.Patients in each group received corresponding treatment every other day,three times a week for total eight weeks.Both actigraphy and testing of serum hormones level reflected by biological markers such as follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH)and estradiol(E2)were performed at pre-and post-treatment.Additionally,the scores of Pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI)was used for assessing the subjective sleep experience of insomniacs.Meanwhile,adverse effects were monitored and recorded.Results:After eight-week treatment,the global scores of PSQI declined significantly(P<0.05)in the realKHA group but not in the sham-KHA group(P>0.05).According to the outcomes of actigraphy,a striking increase was observed in both sleep efficiency(SE)and total sleep time(TST)in the real-KHA group(both P<0.05)but not in the sham-KHA group(P>0.05).However,no significant changes of sleep awakenings(SA)in both groups was found after treatment(both P>0.05).Meanwhile,FSH and LH in the real-KHA group decreased markedly after intervention(both P<0.05)while those indicators only slightly changed in the sham-KHA group(P>0.05).The fluctuation of E2 levels were not significant in both groups(both P>0.05).No serious adverse event was reported in either real-or sham-KHA group.Conclusion:KHA may be a potential alternative therapy for improving perimenopausal insomnia via down regulating the levels of FSH and LH.
文摘The main problem of quantum mechanics is to elucidate why the probability density is the modulus square of wave function. For the purpose of solving this problem, we explored the possibility of deducing the fundamental equation of quantum mechanics by starting with the probability density. To do so, it is necessary to formulate a new theory of quantum mechanics distinguished from the previous ones. Our investigation shows that it is possible to construct quantum mechanics in phase space as an alternative autonomous formulation and such a possibility enables us to study quantum mechanics by starting with the probability density rather than the wave function. This direction of research is contrary to configuration-space formulation of quantum mechanics starting with the wave function. Our work leads to a full understanding of the wave function as the both mathematically and physically sufficient representation of quantum-mechanical state which supplements information on quantum state given solely by the probability density with phase information on quantum state. The final result of our work is that quantum mechanics in phase space satisfactorily elucidates the relation between the wave function and the probability density by using the consistent procedure starting with the probability density, thus corroborating the ontological interpretation of the wave function and withdrawing a main assumption of quantum mechanics.
基金supported by grants from a Basic Science Re-search Program through the National Research Foundation of Ko-rea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Tech-nology(2017R1A5A2015541 and 2019R1A2C1007401)’’+1 种基金supported by a grant from the National R&D Program for Cancer Control,Ministry of Health and Welfare,Republic of Ko-rea(1120330)a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korea government(NRF-2013R 1A 1A 2063994)
文摘Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is from cholangiocytes, and therefore bile is a potentially rich source of biomarkers for CCA. The aim of the study was to identify and validate microRNAs (miRNAs) in bile samples that are differentially expressed between benign biliary disease (BBD) and CCA. Methods: Bile samples from 106 patients with obstructive biliary disease were allocated consecutively to a discovery set (10 patients with BBD and 11 with CCA) and then a validation set (48 patients with BBD and 37 with CCA). An miRNA microarray platform was used to screen 1209 miRNAs in the discovery set. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the pro ling results in the discovery and validation sets. In addition, the levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were determined from patient serum samples. Results: Microarray pro ling showed that miR-30d-5p and miR-92a-3p were signi cantly upregulated in bile from the CCA group compared with those from the BBD group. qRT-PCR results indicated that the expression levels of miR-30d-5p and of miR-92a-3p were signi cantly upregulated in the CCA group compared to the BBD group, validating the miRNA microarray results. Pathway analysis suggested that putative target genes of miR-30d-5p and of miR-92a-3p were involved in CCA-associated signalling path- ways, such as Hippo, Wnt, p53, MAPK, and EGFR. Receiver operating curve analysis revealed that the areas under the curve for bile miR-30d-5p, miR-92a-3p, serum CA19-9, and CEA were 0.730, 0.652, 0.675, and 0.603, respectively, and bile miR-30d-5p showed the best diagnostic performance with a sensitivity of 81.1% and a speci city of 60.5%. Conclusions: The levels of extracellular miR-30d-5p and miR-92a-3p in bile were signi cantly higher in patients with CCA than those in patients with BBD. Bile-derived circulating extracellular miR-30d-5p and miR-92a-3p are potential biomarkers for discriminating CCA from BBD.
文摘Background: Four factors determine the quality of an implantology kit: 1) Heat generated by the drills;2) Morphology of the osteotomy according to the diameter of the implant;3) Efficiency of collecting autologous bone;and 4) Osteotomy execution time. Materials and Methods: This article examines the heat produced by drills during osteotomy, focusing on the effect of the following factors: drilling technique;volume of autologous bone harvested;drilling time;implant primary stability;and the percentage of osseointegrated implants after primary healing. Discussion: The four factors mentioned above are analyzed based on the data obtained for sequential, biological, and One Drill milling techniques. Conclusions: 1) One Drill is the fastest technique for performing the osteotomy;2) All techniques stay within the biological temperature range of living bone, with the lowest increase in temperature achieved using One Drill with irrigation;3) The bone harvested showed no statistically significant differences between biological milling and the One Drill technique, both far superior to the sequential technique;and 4) There is no statistically significant difference in the number of osseointegrated implants among the three techniques analyzed.
文摘Bimetallic Pt-based catalysts have been extensively investigated to enhance the performance of direct methanol fuel cells(DMFCs) because CO, a by-product, reduces the activity of the pure Pt catalysts. Herein, we synthesized Pt-Pb hexagonal nanoplates as a model catalyst for the methanol oxidation reaction(MOR) and further controlled the Pt and Pb distributions on the surface of the nanoplates through acetic acid(HAc) treatment. As a result, we obtained Pt-Pb nanoplates and HAc-treated Pt-Pb nanoplates with homogeneous and heterogeneous distributions of the Pt-Pb alloy surfaces, respectively. We showed that the MOR activity and stability of the Pt-Pb nanoplates improved compared to those of the HAc-treated Pt-Pb nanoplates, mainly due to the enhanced CO tolerance and the modified electronic structure of Pt under the influence of the oxophilic Pb.
文摘We evaluated the potential of orally fed new food formulations to inhibit biomarkers reported to be involved in the causes of allergic asthma in mice. Asthma, a serious non-communicable disease, affects both adults and children and can be undertreated. New functional foods could provide therapeutic approaches. Here, the anti-asthma mechanism of a new functional food and three isolated fractions produced by bioprocessing black rice bran with shiitake mushroom mycelia was evaluated in mast cells, B cells, and orally fed mice and compared with non-bioprocessed black rice bran. In vitro, the treatments inhibited RBL-2H3 cell degranulation and immunoglobulin E (IgE) production. The in vitro anti-asthma effects were confirmed in orally fed mice following asthma induction by alumina and chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA). The suppression of asthma resulted from the inhibition of inflammation- and immune-related substances, including OVA-specific IgE, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, eotaxin, leukotriene C4, prostaglandin D2, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum. The treatment also reversed the thickening of the lung airway wall. The inflammation and asthma inhibition seems to be regulated by the balance of the T-helper cells’ Th1/Th2 immune response and the inhibition of multiple biomarkers associated with the cause of asthma. Future human clinical studies with adults and children should determine the potential therapeutic value of the anti-asthma effects of the new functional foods.
文摘In this study, we fabricated a Cerenkov fiber-optic dosimeter (CFOD) without any scintillator to measure Cerenkov radiation signals owing to gamma-rays. The relative depth dose (RDD) distributions of Ir-192 HDR brachytherapy source were obtained by using the CFOD based on a subtraction method and the RDD curve was compared with the simulation result of Monte Carlo N-particle extended transport code (MCNPX). Finally, we demonstrated that the CFOD can be used to measure real-time dose information for HDR brachytherapy.
文摘In this study, we fabricated a sapphire based fiber-optic radiation sensor. To evaluate the fiber- optic radiation sensor, we measured the spectrum and intensity of the luminescence generated from the fiber-optic radiation sensor according to the thickness of the PMMA block by irradiation of gamma rays emitted from a Co-60 source. And the result was compared with the value calculated from the formula of Lambert-Beer.
文摘Vitamin C and taurine (TR) are well known as active components for fatigue recovery. However, the mechanism of the anti-fatigue effects of vitamin C and TR is still unclear. Our study was designed to evaluate the anti-fatigue activities of vitamin C and TR in an animal test for fatigue and to compare the activities between vitamin C and TR. Materials and Methods: Vitamin C, TR or their combination were orally administrated to mice once daily for 15 days, and then metabolic activities such as blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as antioxidant activities such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined (evaluated) after forced swimming test (FST). Results: Compared with the control group, C100, C200, and T50 showed a tendency to decrease mobility in FST. Moreover, TG (C100, C200, T200), LDH (C200), lactic acid (C100) and MDA (C50, C100, C200) levels were inhibited by vitamin C and TR. Conclusions: These results suggest that vitamin C and TR have anti-fatigue activities in mice, with vitamin C providing a stronger effect.
文摘Forsythia fructus has been shown to have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-aging and whitening effects. Hoechunyangkyeok-san (Forsythia viridissima-prescription) is a traditional herbal medicine, which has been clinically used for treating febrile and inflammatory disorders. This work was carried out to investigate the skin whitening effects of Forsythia viridissima-prescription extract (a hydrolyzed extract of Hoechunyangkyeok-san: SID White HYC) on skin. The effects of SID White HYC were assessed the melanin contents in B161 melanoma cells and the pigmented equivalent with HMB45 and Fontana Masson staining in 3D skin model. Then, we examined the expression of major pigment enzymes regulating melanin synthesis and melanosome transport related proteins in B16F1 cells. SID White HYC significantly inhibited the melanin synthesis (56.7% and 30.6% inhibition at 100 μg/mL, intracellular and secreted, respectively) in B16F1 cells and 3D skin model. In addition, western blotting analysis showed that SID White HYC reduced the expression of melanin synthesis and melanosome transport related proteins in B16F1 cells. In clinical trials, the cream containing 0.05% SID White HYC showed skin depigmentation effect without any irritation. These results suggest that SID White HYC may be useful inhibition of melanogenesis and melanosome transport. Therefore, SID White HYC may have potential as a skin-whitening ingredient in cosmetics.
文摘“High nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC)” regions were created by locking iron into sedimentary iron sulfides with hydrogen sulfide available from volcanic eruptions in surrounding oceans. Appropriate locations and deployment methods for the iron fertilization were far from volcanoes, earthquakes and boundaries of tectonic plates to reduce the chance of iron-locking by volcanic sulfur compounds. The appropriate locations for the large-scale iron fertilization are proposed as Shag Rocks in South Georgia and the Bransfield Strait in Drake Passage in the Southern Ocean due to their high momentum flux causing efficient iron deployment. The iron (Fe) replete compounds, consisting of natural clay, volcanic ash, agar, N</span><sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">-fixing mucilaginous cyanobacteria, carbon black, biodegradable plastic foamed polylactic acid, fine wood chip, and iron-reducing marine bacterium, are deployed in the ocean to stay within a surface depth of 100</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">m for phytoplankton digestion. The deployment method of Fe-replete composite with a duration of at least several years for the successful iron fertilization, is configured to be on the streamline of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). This will result in high momentum flux for its efficient dispersion on the ocean surface where diatom, copepods, krill and humpback whale stay together (~100</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;">m). Humpback whales are proposed as a biomarker for the successful iron fertilization in large-scale since humpback whales feed on krill, which in turn feed on cockpods and diatoms. Th
