In the 2015 review paper‘Petawatt Class Lasers Worldwide’a comprehensive overview of the current status of highpower facilities of>200 TW was presented.This was largely based on facility specifications,with some ...In the 2015 review paper‘Petawatt Class Lasers Worldwide’a comprehensive overview of the current status of highpower facilities of>200 TW was presented.This was largely based on facility specifications,with some description of their uses,for instance in fundamental ultra-high-intensity interactions,secondary source generation,and inertial confinement fusion(ICF).With the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to Professors Donna Strickland and Gerard Mourou for the development of the technique of chirped pulse amplification(CPA),which made these lasers possible,we celebrate by providing a comprehensive update of the current status of ultra-high-power lasers and demonstrate how the technology has developed.We are now in the era of multi-petawatt facilities coming online,with 100 PW lasers being proposed and even under construction.In addition to this there is a pull towards development of industrial and multi-disciplinary applications,which demands much higher repetition rates,delivering high-average powers with higher efficiencies and the use of alternative wavelengths:mid-IR facilities.So apart from a comprehensive update of the current global status,we want to look at what technologies are to be deployed to get to these new regimes,and some of the critical issues facing their development.展开更多
Irisin is a polypeptide hormone derived from the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin-type III domain- containing 5 （FNDC5） protein. Once released to circulation upon exercise or cold exposure, irisin stimulates brow...Irisin is a polypeptide hormone derived from the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin-type III domain- containing 5 （FNDC5） protein. Once released to circulation upon exercise or cold exposure, irisin stimulates browning of white adipose tissue （WAT） and uncoupling protein I （UCP1） expression, leading to an increase in total body energy expenditure by augmented UCPl-mediated thermogenesis. It is currently unknown whether irisin is secreted by bone upon exercise or whether it regulates bone metabolism in vivo. In this study, we found that 2 weeks of voluntary wheel-running exercise induced high levels of FNDC5 messenger RNA as well as FNDC5/irisin protein expression in murine bone tissues. Increased immunoreactivity due to exercise-induced FNDC5/irisin expression was detected in different regions of exercised femoral bones, including growth plate, trabecular bone, cortical bone, articular cartilage, and bone-tendon interface. Exercise also increased expression of osteogenic markers in bone and that of UCP1 in WAT, and led to bodyweight loss. Irisin intraperitoneal （IP） administration resulted in increased trabecular and cortical bone thickness and osteoblasts numbers, and concurrently induced UCP1 expression in subcutaneous WAT. Lentiviral FNDC5 IP administration increased cortical bone thickness. In vitro studies in bone cells revealed irisin increases osteoblastogenesis and mineralization, and inhibits receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand （RANKL）- induced osteoclastogenesis. Taken together, our findings show that voluntary exercise increases irisin production in bone, and that an increase in circulating irisin levels enhances osteogenesis in mice.展开更多
Diabetes mellitus(DM) significantly increases the risk of heart disease,and DMrelated healthcare expenditure is predominantly for the management of cardiovascular complications.Diabetic heart disease is a conglomerati...Diabetes mellitus(DM) significantly increases the risk of heart disease,and DMrelated healthcare expenditure is predominantly for the management of cardiovascular complications.Diabetic heart disease is a conglomeration of coronary artery disease(CAD),cardiac autonomic neuropathy(CAN),and diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM).The Framingham study clearly showed a 2 to 4-fold excess risk of CAD in patients with DM.Pathogenic mechanisms,clinical presentation,and management options for DM-associated CAD are somewhat different from CAD among nondiabetics.Higher prevalence at a lower age and more aggressive disease in DM-associated CAD make diabetic individuals more vulnerable to premature death.Although common among diabetic individuals,CAN and DCM are often under-recognised and undiagnosed cardiac complications.Structural and functional alterations in the myocardial innervation related to uncontrolled diabetes result in damage to cardiac autonomic nerves,causing CAN.Similarly,damage to the cardiomyocytes from complex pathophysiological processes of uncontrolled DM results in DCM,a form of cardiomyopathy diagnosed in the absence of other causes for structural heart disease.Though optimal management of DM from early stages of the disease can reduce the risk of diabetic heart disease,it is often impractical in the real world due to many reasons.Therefore,it is imperative for every clinician involved in diabetes care to have a good understanding of the pathophysiology,clinical picture,diagnostic methods,and management of diabetes-related cardiac illness,to reduce morbidity and mortality among patients.This clinical review is to empower the global scientific fraternity with up-to-date knowledge on diabetic heart disease.展开更多
BACKGROUND Bleeding esophageal varices(BEV)is a potentially life-threatening complication in patients with portal hypertension with mortality rates as high as 25%within six weeks of the index variceal bleed.After cont...BACKGROUND Bleeding esophageal varices(BEV)is a potentially life-threatening complication in patients with portal hypertension with mortality rates as high as 25%within six weeks of the index variceal bleed.After control of the initial bleeding episode patients should enter a long-term surveillance program with endoscopic intervention combined with non-selectiveβ-blockers to prevent further bleeding and eradicate EV.AIM To assess the efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)in controlling acute variceal bleeding,preventing variceal recurrence and rebleeding and achieving complete eradication of esophageal varices(EV)in patients who present with BEV.METHODS A prospectively documented single-center database was used to retrospectively identify all patients with BEV who were treated with EVL between 2000 and 2018.Control of acute bleeding,variceal recurrence,rebleeding,eradication and survival were analyzed using Baveno assessment criteria.RESULTS One hundred and forty patients(100 men,40 women;mean age 50 years;range,21-84 years;Child-Pugh grade A=32;B=48;C=60)underwent 160 emergency and 298 elective EVL interventions during a total of 928 endoscopy sessions.One hundred and fourteen(81%)of the 140 patients had variceal bleeding that was effectively controlled during the index banding procedure and never bled again from EV,while 26(19%)patients had complicated and refractory variceal bleeding.EVL controlled the acute sentinel variceal bleed during the first endoscopic intervention in 134 of 140 patients(95.7%).Six patients required balloon tamponade for control and 4 other patients rebled in hospital.Overall 5-d endoscopic failure to control variceal bleeding was 7.1%(n=10)and four patients required a salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.Index admission mortality was 14.2%(n=20).EV were completely eradicated in 50 of 111 patients(45%)who survived>3 mo of whom 31 recurred and 3 rebled.Sixteen(13.3%)of 120 surviving patients subsequently had 21 EV rebleeding episodes and 10 patients bled from oth展开更多
Fungi are an understudied,biotechnologically valuable group of organisms.Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit,and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi,bacteria,and a...Fungi are an understudied,biotechnologically valuable group of organisms.Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit,and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi,bacteria,and animals,fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms.The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry.Moreover,fungi can be grown with relative ease,making production at scale viable.The search for fungal biodiversity,and the construction of a living fungi collection,both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products.This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology.We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers.We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products.Fungi have provided the world with penicillin,lovastatin,and other globally significant medicines,and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.展开更多
Aims In this study,we examined the effects of Solidago altissima(hereafter Solidago)and two species in the genus Verbesina,Verbesina virginica and Verbesina occidentalis(hereafter Verbesina),on the structure of an old...Aims In this study,we examined the effects of Solidago altissima(hereafter Solidago)and two species in the genus Verbesina,Verbesina virginica and Verbesina occidentalis(hereafter Verbesina),on the structure of an old-field plant community and establishment by an invasive plant species,Lespedeza cuneata(hereafter Lespedeza).Methods We removed Solidago,Verbesina and both Solidago and Verbesina from 4m^(-2)plots in an intact old-field community during two growing seasons.We then quantified the effects of these removals on richness,evenness,diversity and composition of the subdominant plant community.We also measured the total aboveground biomass and the aboveground biomass of the subdominant community.To assess how these removals affected establishment by Lespedeza,we planted 20 seeds in each plot and tracked seedling emergence and survival for one growing season.Important Findings Subdominant community evenness and Shannon diversity were higher in plots from which Solidago and Verbesina were removed relative to control plots.However,there were no effects of dominant species removal on species richness or composition of the subdominant community.Total aboveground biomass was not affected by dominant species removal,suggesting that the community of subdominant species exhibited compensation.In fact,subdominant community biomass was greater when Solidago,but not Verbesina,was removed.Light availability was also greater in plots where Solidago was removed relative to control plots throughout the growing season.In addition,removal of dominant species,in particular Solidago,indirectly reduced the emergence,but not survival,of Lespedeza seedlings by directly promoting subdominant community biomass.Taken together,our results suggest that dominant old-field plant species affect subdominant community structure and indirectly promote establishment by Lespedeza.展开更多
The energy norm convergence rate of the finite element solution of the heat equation is reduced by the time-regularity of the exact solution. This paper presents an adaptive finite element treatment of time-dependent ...The energy norm convergence rate of the finite element solution of the heat equation is reduced by the time-regularity of the exact solution. This paper presents an adaptive finite element treatment of time-dependent singularities on the one-dimensional heat equation. The method is based on a Fourier decomposition of the solution and an extraction formula of the coefficients of the singularities coupled with a predictor-corrector algorithm. The method recovers the optimal convergence rate of the finite element method on a quasi-uniform mesh refinement. Numerical results are carried out to show the efficiency of the method.展开更多
Aims The direct effects of atmospheric and climatic change factors—atmospheric[CO_(2)],air temperature and changes in precipitation—can shape plant community composition and alter ecosystem function.It is essential ...Aims The direct effects of atmospheric and climatic change factors—atmospheric[CO_(2)],air temperature and changes in precipitation—can shape plant community composition and alter ecosystem function.It is essential to understand how these factors interact to make better predictions about how ecosystems may respond to change.We investigated the direct and interactive effects of[CO_(2)],warming and altered soil moisture in open-top chambers(OTCs)enclosing a constructed old-field community to test how these factors shape plant communities.Materials and methods The experimental facility in Oak Ridge,TN,USA,made use of 4-m diameter OTCs and rain shelters to manipulate[CO_(2)](ambient,ambient+300 ppm),air temperature(ambient,ambient+3.5C)and soil moisture(wet,dry).The plant communities within the chambers comprised seven common old-field species,including grasses,forbs and legumes.We tracked foliar cover for each species and calculated community richness,evenness and diversity from 2003 to 2005.Important findings This work resulted in three main findings:(1)warming had speciesspecific effects on foliar cover that varied through time and were altered by soil moisture treatments;(2)[CO_(2)]had little effect on individual species or the community;(3)diversity,evenness and richness were influenced most by soil moisture,primarily reflecting the response of one dominant species.We conclude that individualistic species responses to atmospheric and climatic change can alter community composition and that plant populations and communities should be considered as part of analyses of terrestrial ecosystem response to climate change.However,prediction of plant community responses may be difficult given interactions between factors and changes in response through time.展开更多
目的从疫情期间居家健身热潮出发,结合智能、医疗、体育、健康相关政策背景,了解基于体感交互及其相关技术的智能健身相关研究现状与发展趋势。方法以Cnki数据库和Web of science数据库作为数据来源,使用科学计量方法,运用Citespace以及...目的从疫情期间居家健身热潮出发,结合智能、医疗、体育、健康相关政策背景,了解基于体感交互及其相关技术的智能健身相关研究现状与发展趋势。方法以Cnki数据库和Web of science数据库作为数据来源,使用科学计量方法,运用Citespace以及VOSviewer文献数据可视化分析软件进行关键词时间线知识图谱的绘制,并分析国内外相关领域研究热点及异同,探究当前国内体感交互技术与智能健身研究发展的优势与局限。结论根据分析可知,目前我国体感交互技术应用的领域较广,其结合智能健身的应用与研究尚有很大的发展空间,提出体感交互智能健身与“互联网+”产业相结合、智能健身硬件深度开发与人因科学研究相结合、智能健身与智能医疗健康相结合3个发展方向建议。总结我国体感交互技术应用的趋势为:由体感交互智能健身逐步发展到更高层次的智能化体医结合体系。展开更多
Amongst the important phenomena in neurophysiology, nerve pulse generation and propagation is fundamental. Scientists have studied this phenomena using mathematical models based on experimental observations on the phy...Amongst the important phenomena in neurophysiology, nerve pulse generation and propagation is fundamental. Scientists have studied this phenomena using mathematical models based on experimental observations on the physiological processes in the nerve cell. Widely used models include: the Hodgkin-Huxley (H-H) model, which is based entirely on the electrical activity of the nerve cell;and the Heimburg and Jackson (H-J), model based on the thermodynamic activity of the nerve cell. These classes of models do not, individually, give a complete picture of the processes that lead to nerve pulse generation and propagation. Recently, a hybrid model proposed by Mengnjo, Dikandé and Ngwa (M-D-N), takes into consideration both the electrical and thermodynamic activities of the nerve cell. In their work, the first three bound states of the model are analytically computed and they showed great resemblance to some of the experimentally observed pulse profiles. With these bound states, the M-D-N model reduces to an initial value problem of a linear parabolic partial differential equation with variable coefficients. In this work we consider the resulting initial value problem and, using the theory of function spaces, propose and prove conditions under which such equations will admit unique solutions. We then verify that the resulting initial value problem from the M-D-N model satisfies these conditions and so has a unique solution. Given that the derived initial value problem is complex and there are no known analytic techniques that can be deployed to obtain its solution, we designed a numerical experiment to estimate the solutions. The simulations revealed that the unique solution is a stable pulse that propagates in the x-t plane with constant velocity and maintains the shape of the initial profile.展开更多
Background: Electronic cigarettes were originally designed to reduce adult dependency on normal cigarettes and as a tobacco cessation tool to substitute traditional cigarettes. But it has become the most popular among...Background: Electronic cigarettes were originally designed to reduce adult dependency on normal cigarettes and as a tobacco cessation tool to substitute traditional cigarettes. But it has become the most popular among teenagers. Rationale: To investigate the immediate adverse respiratory effect of short-term electronic cigarette vapor inhalation. Method: Twenty-five subjects were randomly selected and used in this study. The respiratory resistance values were evaluated and used for comparison. The subjects were asked to breathe into the Airflow Perturbation Device (APD) for evaluation of their respiratory resistance before vaping (in triplicate). The same subjects, a minute later, were then asked to use one poke (3 seconds) of the e-Cigarette device to inhale e-Cigarette vapor with nicotine from a pod with 59 mg/ml nicotine. Immediately following the e-Cigarette use, their respiratory resistance was measured again (in triplicate). Results: Comparing the respiratory resistance values before and immediately after exposure to e-Cigarette vapor showed that their respiratory resistance increased almost immediately. Conclusion: Although there are long-term studies showing that the e-Cigarette is as harmful as regular cigarettes, this study showed a nearly immediate effect of using the e-Cigarette that significantly increased the respiratory resistance of the user. Very short exposure time to e-Cigarette vapor (3 seconds only), caused an immediate adverse physiologic effect in respiratory resistance.展开更多
BACKGROUND Distal humerus elbow fractures are one of the most common traumatic fractures seen in pediatric patients and present as three main types:Supracondylar(SC),lateral condyle(LC),and medial epicondyle(ME)fractu...BACKGROUND Distal humerus elbow fractures are one of the most common traumatic fractures seen in pediatric patients and present as three main types:Supracondylar(SC),lateral condyle(LC),and medial epicondyle(ME)fractures.AIM To evaluate the epidemiology of pediatric distal humerus fractures(SC,LC,and ME)from an American insurance claims database.METHODS A retrospective review was performed on patients 17 years and younger with the ICD 9 and 10 codes for SC,LC and ME fractures based on the IBM Truven MarketScan®Commercial and IBM Truven MarketScan Medicare Supplemental databases.Patients from 2015 to 2020 were queried for treatments,patient age,sex,length of hospitalization,and comorbidities.RESULTS A total of 1133 SC,154 LC,and 124 ME fractures were identified.SC fractures had the highest percentage of operation at 83%,followed by LC(78%)and ME fractures(41%).Male patients were,on average,older than female patients for both SC and ME fractures.CONCLUSION In the insurance claims databases used,SC fractures were the most reported,followed by LC fractures,and finally ME fractures.Age was identified to be a factor for how a pediatric distal humerus fractures,with patients with SC and LC fractures being younger than those with ME fractures.The peak age per injury per sex was similar to reported historic central tendencies,despite reported trends for younger physiologic development.展开更多
文摘In the 2015 review paper‘Petawatt Class Lasers Worldwide’a comprehensive overview of the current status of highpower facilities of>200 TW was presented.This was largely based on facility specifications,with some description of their uses,for instance in fundamental ultra-high-intensity interactions,secondary source generation,and inertial confinement fusion(ICF).With the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to Professors Donna Strickland and Gerard Mourou for the development of the technique of chirped pulse amplification(CPA),which made these lasers possible,we celebrate by providing a comprehensive update of the current status of ultra-high-power lasers and demonstrate how the technology has developed.We are now in the era of multi-petawatt facilities coming online,with 100 PW lasers being proposed and even under construction.In addition to this there is a pull towards development of industrial and multi-disciplinary applications,which demands much higher repetition rates,delivering high-average powers with higher efficiencies and the use of alternative wavelengths:mid-IR facilities.So apart from a comprehensive update of the current global status,we want to look at what technologies are to be deployed to get to these new regimes,and some of the critical issues facing their development.
基金supported by a R01DE21464 through the National Institutes of Healthan Innovation in Oral Care Award through International Association for Dental Research and Glaxo Smith Kline Consumer Healthcare+2 种基金an Award through International Team of Implantology to JCby GZUCM Science Fund for Creative Research Groups(2016KYTD10)GZUCM Torch Program(A1-AFD015142Z08)to JZ
文摘Irisin is a polypeptide hormone derived from the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin-type III domain- containing 5 （FNDC5） protein. Once released to circulation upon exercise or cold exposure, irisin stimulates browning of white adipose tissue （WAT） and uncoupling protein I （UCP1） expression, leading to an increase in total body energy expenditure by augmented UCPl-mediated thermogenesis. It is currently unknown whether irisin is secreted by bone upon exercise or whether it regulates bone metabolism in vivo. In this study, we found that 2 weeks of voluntary wheel-running exercise induced high levels of FNDC5 messenger RNA as well as FNDC5/irisin protein expression in murine bone tissues. Increased immunoreactivity due to exercise-induced FNDC5/irisin expression was detected in different regions of exercised femoral bones, including growth plate, trabecular bone, cortical bone, articular cartilage, and bone-tendon interface. Exercise also increased expression of osteogenic markers in bone and that of UCP1 in WAT, and led to bodyweight loss. Irisin intraperitoneal （IP） administration resulted in increased trabecular and cortical bone thickness and osteoblasts numbers, and concurrently induced UCP1 expression in subcutaneous WAT. Lentiviral FNDC5 IP administration increased cortical bone thickness. In vitro studies in bone cells revealed irisin increases osteoblastogenesis and mineralization, and inhibits receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand （RANKL）- induced osteoclastogenesis. Taken together, our findings show that voluntary exercise increases irisin production in bone, and that an increase in circulating irisin levels enhances osteogenesis in mice.
文摘Diabetes mellitus(DM) significantly increases the risk of heart disease,and DMrelated healthcare expenditure is predominantly for the management of cardiovascular complications.Diabetic heart disease is a conglomeration of coronary artery disease(CAD),cardiac autonomic neuropathy(CAN),and diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM).The Framingham study clearly showed a 2 to 4-fold excess risk of CAD in patients with DM.Pathogenic mechanisms,clinical presentation,and management options for DM-associated CAD are somewhat different from CAD among nondiabetics.Higher prevalence at a lower age and more aggressive disease in DM-associated CAD make diabetic individuals more vulnerable to premature death.Although common among diabetic individuals,CAN and DCM are often under-recognised and undiagnosed cardiac complications.Structural and functional alterations in the myocardial innervation related to uncontrolled diabetes result in damage to cardiac autonomic nerves,causing CAN.Similarly,damage to the cardiomyocytes from complex pathophysiological processes of uncontrolled DM results in DCM,a form of cardiomyopathy diagnosed in the absence of other causes for structural heart disease.Though optimal management of DM from early stages of the disease can reduce the risk of diabetic heart disease,it is often impractical in the real world due to many reasons.Therefore,it is imperative for every clinician involved in diabetes care to have a good understanding of the pathophysiology,clinical picture,diagnostic methods,and management of diabetes-related cardiac illness,to reduce morbidity and mortality among patients.This clinical review is to empower the global scientific fraternity with up-to-date knowledge on diabetic heart disease.
文摘BACKGROUND Bleeding esophageal varices(BEV)is a potentially life-threatening complication in patients with portal hypertension with mortality rates as high as 25%within six weeks of the index variceal bleed.After control of the initial bleeding episode patients should enter a long-term surveillance program with endoscopic intervention combined with non-selectiveβ-blockers to prevent further bleeding and eradicate EV.AIM To assess the efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)in controlling acute variceal bleeding,preventing variceal recurrence and rebleeding and achieving complete eradication of esophageal varices(EV)in patients who present with BEV.METHODS A prospectively documented single-center database was used to retrospectively identify all patients with BEV who were treated with EVL between 2000 and 2018.Control of acute bleeding,variceal recurrence,rebleeding,eradication and survival were analyzed using Baveno assessment criteria.RESULTS One hundred and forty patients(100 men,40 women;mean age 50 years;range,21-84 years;Child-Pugh grade A=32;B=48;C=60)underwent 160 emergency and 298 elective EVL interventions during a total of 928 endoscopy sessions.One hundred and fourteen(81%)of the 140 patients had variceal bleeding that was effectively controlled during the index banding procedure and never bled again from EV,while 26(19%)patients had complicated and refractory variceal bleeding.EVL controlled the acute sentinel variceal bleed during the first endoscopic intervention in 134 of 140 patients(95.7%).Six patients required balloon tamponade for control and 4 other patients rebled in hospital.Overall 5-d endoscopic failure to control variceal bleeding was 7.1%(n=10)and four patients required a salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.Index admission mortality was 14.2%(n=20).EV were completely eradicated in 50 of 111 patients(45%)who survived>3 mo of whom 31 recurred and 3 rebled.Sixteen(13.3%)of 120 surviving patients subsequently had 21 EV rebleeding episodes and 10 patients bled from oth
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant No.XDB31000000Naritsada Thongklang would like to thank Thailand research fund grants“Study of saprobic Agaricales in Thailand to find new industrial mushroom products”(Grant No.DBG6180015)+6 种基金Mae Fah Luang University grant“Optimal conditions for domestication and biological activities of selected species of Ganoderrma”(Grant No.621C1535)K.D.Hyde and Naritsada Thongklang would like to thanks to Thailand research fund grants“Domestication and bioactive evaluation of Thai Hymenopellis,Oudemansiella,Xerula and Volvariella species(basidiomycetes)”(Grant No.DBG6180033)K.D.Hyde thanks the financial support from the Visiting Professor grant at Chiang Mai University,Thailand and KIB.The authors acknowledge the contribution of M.M.Vasanthakumari,K.M.Manasa and P.Rajani,in various stages of preparation of the manuscript.Samantha C.Karunarathna thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(Number 2018PC0006)the National Science Foundation.Associate Professor R Jeewon thanks University of Mauritius for support.Binu C.Samarakoon offers her sincere gratitude to the“National Research Council of Thailand”(NRCT Grant No.256108A3070006)for the financial supportPeter E Mortimer would like to thank the National Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for financial support under the following Grants:41761144055,41771063,Y4ZK111B01M.Doilom would like to thank Chiang Mai University,the 5th batch of Postdoctoral Orientation Training Personnel in Yunnan Province and the 64th batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.T.S.Suryanarayanan thanks the United States-India Educational Foundation(USIEF)New Delhi and the Fulbright Scholar Program(USA)for the award of a Fulbright-Nehru Senior Researcher grant to conduct research in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,The Ohio State University,USA.Thanks to Research and Researchers for Industri
文摘Fungi are an understudied,biotechnologically valuable group of organisms.Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit,and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi,bacteria,and animals,fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms.The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry.Moreover,fungi can be grown with relative ease,making production at scale viable.The search for fungal biodiversity,and the construction of a living fungi collection,both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products.This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology.We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers.We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products.Fungi have provided the world with penicillin,lovastatin,and other globally significant medicines,and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.
文摘Aims In this study,we examined the effects of Solidago altissima(hereafter Solidago)and two species in the genus Verbesina,Verbesina virginica and Verbesina occidentalis(hereafter Verbesina),on the structure of an old-field plant community and establishment by an invasive plant species,Lespedeza cuneata(hereafter Lespedeza).Methods We removed Solidago,Verbesina and both Solidago and Verbesina from 4m^(-2)plots in an intact old-field community during two growing seasons.We then quantified the effects of these removals on richness,evenness,diversity and composition of the subdominant plant community.We also measured the total aboveground biomass and the aboveground biomass of the subdominant community.To assess how these removals affected establishment by Lespedeza,we planted 20 seeds in each plot and tracked seedling emergence and survival for one growing season.Important Findings Subdominant community evenness and Shannon diversity were higher in plots from which Solidago and Verbesina were removed relative to control plots.However,there were no effects of dominant species removal on species richness or composition of the subdominant community.Total aboveground biomass was not affected by dominant species removal,suggesting that the community of subdominant species exhibited compensation.In fact,subdominant community biomass was greater when Solidago,but not Verbesina,was removed.Light availability was also greater in plots where Solidago was removed relative to control plots throughout the growing season.In addition,removal of dominant species,in particular Solidago,indirectly reduced the emergence,but not survival,of Lespedeza seedlings by directly promoting subdominant community biomass.Taken together,our results suggest that dominant old-field plant species affect subdominant community structure and indirectly promote establishment by Lespedeza.
文摘The energy norm convergence rate of the finite element solution of the heat equation is reduced by the time-regularity of the exact solution. This paper presents an adaptive finite element treatment of time-dependent singularities on the one-dimensional heat equation. The method is based on a Fourier decomposition of the solution and an extraction formula of the coefficients of the singularities coupled with a predictor-corrector algorithm. The method recovers the optimal convergence rate of the finite element method on a quasi-uniform mesh refinement. Numerical results are carried out to show the efficiency of the method.
基金Research was sponsored by the US Department of Energy,Office of Science,Biological and Environmental Research Program,Grant No.DE-FG02-02ER63366the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Tennessee,and conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory,which is managed by UT Battelle,LLC,for the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.
文摘Aims The direct effects of atmospheric and climatic change factors—atmospheric[CO_(2)],air temperature and changes in precipitation—can shape plant community composition and alter ecosystem function.It is essential to understand how these factors interact to make better predictions about how ecosystems may respond to change.We investigated the direct and interactive effects of[CO_(2)],warming and altered soil moisture in open-top chambers(OTCs)enclosing a constructed old-field community to test how these factors shape plant communities.Materials and methods The experimental facility in Oak Ridge,TN,USA,made use of 4-m diameter OTCs and rain shelters to manipulate[CO_(2)](ambient,ambient+300 ppm),air temperature(ambient,ambient+3.5C)and soil moisture(wet,dry).The plant communities within the chambers comprised seven common old-field species,including grasses,forbs and legumes.We tracked foliar cover for each species and calculated community richness,evenness and diversity from 2003 to 2005.Important findings This work resulted in three main findings:(1)warming had speciesspecific effects on foliar cover that varied through time and were altered by soil moisture treatments;(2)[CO_(2)]had little effect on individual species or the community;(3)diversity,evenness and richness were influenced most by soil moisture,primarily reflecting the response of one dominant species.We conclude that individualistic species responses to atmospheric and climatic change can alter community composition and that plant populations and communities should be considered as part of analyses of terrestrial ecosystem response to climate change.However,prediction of plant community responses may be difficult given interactions between factors and changes in response through time.
文摘目的从疫情期间居家健身热潮出发,结合智能、医疗、体育、健康相关政策背景,了解基于体感交互及其相关技术的智能健身相关研究现状与发展趋势。方法以Cnki数据库和Web of science数据库作为数据来源,使用科学计量方法,运用Citespace以及VOSviewer文献数据可视化分析软件进行关键词时间线知识图谱的绘制,并分析国内外相关领域研究热点及异同,探究当前国内体感交互技术与智能健身研究发展的优势与局限。结论根据分析可知,目前我国体感交互技术应用的领域较广,其结合智能健身的应用与研究尚有很大的发展空间,提出体感交互智能健身与“互联网+”产业相结合、智能健身硬件深度开发与人因科学研究相结合、智能健身与智能医疗健康相结合3个发展方向建议。总结我国体感交互技术应用的趋势为:由体感交互智能健身逐步发展到更高层次的智能化体医结合体系。
文摘Amongst the important phenomena in neurophysiology, nerve pulse generation and propagation is fundamental. Scientists have studied this phenomena using mathematical models based on experimental observations on the physiological processes in the nerve cell. Widely used models include: the Hodgkin-Huxley (H-H) model, which is based entirely on the electrical activity of the nerve cell;and the Heimburg and Jackson (H-J), model based on the thermodynamic activity of the nerve cell. These classes of models do not, individually, give a complete picture of the processes that lead to nerve pulse generation and propagation. Recently, a hybrid model proposed by Mengnjo, Dikandé and Ngwa (M-D-N), takes into consideration both the electrical and thermodynamic activities of the nerve cell. In their work, the first three bound states of the model are analytically computed and they showed great resemblance to some of the experimentally observed pulse profiles. With these bound states, the M-D-N model reduces to an initial value problem of a linear parabolic partial differential equation with variable coefficients. In this work we consider the resulting initial value problem and, using the theory of function spaces, propose and prove conditions under which such equations will admit unique solutions. We then verify that the resulting initial value problem from the M-D-N model satisfies these conditions and so has a unique solution. Given that the derived initial value problem is complex and there are no known analytic techniques that can be deployed to obtain its solution, we designed a numerical experiment to estimate the solutions. The simulations revealed that the unique solution is a stable pulse that propagates in the x-t plane with constant velocity and maintains the shape of the initial profile.
文摘Background: Electronic cigarettes were originally designed to reduce adult dependency on normal cigarettes and as a tobacco cessation tool to substitute traditional cigarettes. But it has become the most popular among teenagers. Rationale: To investigate the immediate adverse respiratory effect of short-term electronic cigarette vapor inhalation. Method: Twenty-five subjects were randomly selected and used in this study. The respiratory resistance values were evaluated and used for comparison. The subjects were asked to breathe into the Airflow Perturbation Device (APD) for evaluation of their respiratory resistance before vaping (in triplicate). The same subjects, a minute later, were then asked to use one poke (3 seconds) of the e-Cigarette device to inhale e-Cigarette vapor with nicotine from a pod with 59 mg/ml nicotine. Immediately following the e-Cigarette use, their respiratory resistance was measured again (in triplicate). Results: Comparing the respiratory resistance values before and immediately after exposure to e-Cigarette vapor showed that their respiratory resistance increased almost immediately. Conclusion: Although there are long-term studies showing that the e-Cigarette is as harmful as regular cigarettes, this study showed a nearly immediate effect of using the e-Cigarette that significantly increased the respiratory resistance of the user. Very short exposure time to e-Cigarette vapor (3 seconds only), caused an immediate adverse physiologic effect in respiratory resistance.
文摘BACKGROUND Distal humerus elbow fractures are one of the most common traumatic fractures seen in pediatric patients and present as three main types:Supracondylar(SC),lateral condyle(LC),and medial epicondyle(ME)fractures.AIM To evaluate the epidemiology of pediatric distal humerus fractures(SC,LC,and ME)from an American insurance claims database.METHODS A retrospective review was performed on patients 17 years and younger with the ICD 9 and 10 codes for SC,LC and ME fractures based on the IBM Truven MarketScan®Commercial and IBM Truven MarketScan Medicare Supplemental databases.Patients from 2015 to 2020 were queried for treatments,patient age,sex,length of hospitalization,and comorbidities.RESULTS A total of 1133 SC,154 LC,and 124 ME fractures were identified.SC fractures had the highest percentage of operation at 83%,followed by LC(78%)and ME fractures(41%).Male patients were,on average,older than female patients for both SC and ME fractures.CONCLUSION In the insurance claims databases used,SC fractures were the most reported,followed by LC fractures,and finally ME fractures.Age was identified to be a factor for how a pediatric distal humerus fractures,with patients with SC and LC fractures being younger than those with ME fractures.The peak age per injury per sex was similar to reported historic central tendencies,despite reported trends for younger physiologic development.
