Phenological research is engaged in monitoring the infuence of climate change on the natural environment.The International Phenological Gardens(IPG)network provides a valuable dataset of standardized tree phenology re...Phenological research is engaged in monitoring the infuence of climate change on the natural environment.The International Phenological Gardens(IPG)network provides a valuable dataset of standardized tree phenology records dating back to the mid-20th century.To make best use of this actively growing record,it is important to investigate how network data can be applied to predict the timing of phenological events in natural populations.This study compared clonally propagated IPG downy birch(Betula pubescens Ehrh.)and hazel(Corylus avellana L.)specimens of central European provenance to nearby wild populations at the western-most margin of the IPG network,in the south-west of Ireland.In addition to monitoring by trained scientists,observations by citizen scientists were included.The order of the timing of phenological events among sites was consistent across 2 years,confrming reproducibility of the results.IPG trees had the earliest B.pubescens leaf unfolding and C.avellana fowering dates of the sites studied.In addition,leaf unfolding occurred later in the wild populations than expected from the temperature responses of the B.pubescens and C.avellana IPG clones.Natural variation in phenology also exceeded the historical change observed at the IPG site,suggesting a potential genetic basis for climate adaptation.Trunk circumference,refecting the age-dependent increase in tree size,was found to infuence C.avellana phenology,with earlier timing of phenological events in larger trees.This fnding highlights tree size as an important consideration in the management of phenological gardens and tree phenology research in general.展开更多
Recent advances in heterojunction and interfacial engineering of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have enabled great progress in developing highly efficient and stable devices.Nevertheless,the effect of halide choice on th...Recent advances in heterojunction and interfacial engineering of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have enabled great progress in developing highly efficient and stable devices.Nevertheless,the effect of halide choice on the formation mechanism,crystallography,and photoelectric properties of the lowdimensional phase still requires further detailed study.In this work,we present key insights into the significance of halide choice when designing passivation strategies comprising large organic spacer salts,clarifying the effect of anions on the formation of quasi-2D/3D heterojunctions.To demonstrate the importance of halide influences,we employ novel neo-pentylammonium halide salts with different halide anions(neoPAX,X=I,Br,or Cl).We find that regardless of halide selection,iodide-based(neoPA)_(2)(FA)_((n-1))PbnI_((3n+1))phases are formed above the perovskite substrate,while the added halide anions diffuse and passivate the perovskite bulk.In addition,we also find the halide choice has an influence on the degree of dimensionality(n).Comparing the three halides,we find that chloride-based salts exhibit superior crystallographic,enhanced carrier transport,and extraction compared to the iodide and bromide analogs.As a result,we report high power conversion efficiency in quasi-2D/3D PSCs,which are optimal when using chloride salts,reaching up to 23.35%,and improving long-term stability.展开更多
基金carried out as part of the LIVE Project(www.ecomuseumlive.eu),which received funding from the European Regional Development Fund through its Ireland Wales Cooperation Programme 2014-2020(contract number C81315).
文摘Phenological research is engaged in monitoring the infuence of climate change on the natural environment.The International Phenological Gardens(IPG)network provides a valuable dataset of standardized tree phenology records dating back to the mid-20th century.To make best use of this actively growing record,it is important to investigate how network data can be applied to predict the timing of phenological events in natural populations.This study compared clonally propagated IPG downy birch(Betula pubescens Ehrh.)and hazel(Corylus avellana L.)specimens of central European provenance to nearby wild populations at the western-most margin of the IPG network,in the south-west of Ireland.In addition to monitoring by trained scientists,observations by citizen scientists were included.The order of the timing of phenological events among sites was consistent across 2 years,confrming reproducibility of the results.IPG trees had the earliest B.pubescens leaf unfolding and C.avellana fowering dates of the sites studied.In addition,leaf unfolding occurred later in the wild populations than expected from the temperature responses of the B.pubescens and C.avellana IPG clones.Natural variation in phenology also exceeded the historical change observed at the IPG site,suggesting a potential genetic basis for climate adaptation.Trunk circumference,refecting the age-dependent increase in tree size,was found to infuence C.avellana phenology,with earlier timing of phenological events in larger trees.This fnding highlights tree size as an important consideration in the management of phenological gardens and tree phenology research in general.
基金X.L.and T.W.are contributed equally to this work.W.Z.acknowledges the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)New Investigator Award(2018EP/R043272/1)+8 种基金Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowships(839136)H.L.acknowledges the Newton Advanced Fellowship(192097)X.L.acknowledges the financial support from Zhengzhou University ScholarshipT.W thanks the University of Surrey Doctoral College for financial supportS.J.S.gratefully acknowledges the support of EPSRC(UK)under grant number EP/N021037/1L.D.thanks the China Scholarship Council and the Cambridge Trusts for fundingR.C.K.and J.A.S.thank the company Xenocs for their ongoing support through the X-ray scattering user program at the University of Sheffield and the EPSRC for funding the purchase of this instrumentZ.W.,Y.S.,and G.S.thank the financial support from Zhengzhou Materials Genome InstituteS.D.S.and K.J.acknowledge the Royal Society for funding。
文摘Recent advances in heterojunction and interfacial engineering of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have enabled great progress in developing highly efficient and stable devices.Nevertheless,the effect of halide choice on the formation mechanism,crystallography,and photoelectric properties of the lowdimensional phase still requires further detailed study.In this work,we present key insights into the significance of halide choice when designing passivation strategies comprising large organic spacer salts,clarifying the effect of anions on the formation of quasi-2D/3D heterojunctions.To demonstrate the importance of halide influences,we employ novel neo-pentylammonium halide salts with different halide anions(neoPAX,X=I,Br,or Cl).We find that regardless of halide selection,iodide-based(neoPA)_(2)(FA)_((n-1))PbnI_((3n+1))phases are formed above the perovskite substrate,while the added halide anions diffuse and passivate the perovskite bulk.In addition,we also find the halide choice has an influence on the degree of dimensionality(n).Comparing the three halides,we find that chloride-based salts exhibit superior crystallographic,enhanced carrier transport,and extraction compared to the iodide and bromide analogs.As a result,we report high power conversion efficiency in quasi-2D/3D PSCs,which are optimal when using chloride salts,reaching up to 23.35%,and improving long-term stability.
