Chitosan was modified by conjugating coupling with linolenic acid through the 1-ethyl-3-（3-dimethylami- nopropyyl） carbodiimide （EDC）-mediated reaction. The degree of substitution 1.8% （ i.e. 1.8 linolenic acid g...Chitosan was modified by conjugating coupling with linolenic acid through the 1-ethyl-3-（3-dimethylami- nopropyyl） carbodiimide （EDC）-mediated reaction. The degree of substitution 1.8% （ i.e. 1.8 linolenic acid group per 100 anhydroglucose units） was measured by ^1H NMR. The critical aggregation concentration （CAC） of the self-aggregate of hydrophobically modified chitosan was determined by measuring the fluorescence intensity of the pyrene as a fluorescent probe. The CAC value in phosphate-buffered saline （PBS） solution （pH 7.4） was 5 × 10^-2 mg mL^-1. The average particle size of selfaggregates of hydrophobically modified chitosan in PBS solution （pH7.4） was 210.8 nm with a unimodal size distribution ranging from 100 to 500 nm. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） study showed that the formation of near spherical shape nanoparticles has enough structural integrity. The loading ability of hydrophibically modified chitosan （LA-chitosan） was investigated by using bovine serum albumin （BSA） as the model. The loading capacity of self-aggregated nanoparticles increases （ 19.85 % ± 0.04 % to 37.57 % ± 0.25 % ） with the concentration of BSA （0.1-0.5 mg mL^-1 ）.展开更多
Background：Oenanthe javanica （O.javanica） has been known to have high antioxidant properties via scavenging reactive oxygen species.We examined the effect of O.javanica extract （OJE） on antioxidant enzymes in the...Background：Oenanthe javanica （O.javanica） has been known to have high antioxidant properties via scavenging reactive oxygen species.We examined the effect of O.javanica extract （OJE） on antioxidant enzymes in the rat liver.Methods：We examined the effect of the OJE on copper,zinc-superoxide dismutase （SOD1）,manganese superoxide dismutase （SOD2）,catalase （CAT）,and glutathione peroxidase （GPx） in the rat liver using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis.Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups;（1） normal diet fed group （normal-group）,（2） diet containing ascorbic acid （AA）-fed group （AA-group） as a positive control,（3） diet containing OJE-fed group （OJE-group）.Results：In this study,no histopathological finding in the rat liver was found in all the experimental groups.Numbers of SOD1,SOD2,CAT,and GPx immunoreactive cells and their protein levels were significantly increased in the AA-fed group compared with those in the normal-group.On the other hand,in the OJE-group,numbers of SOD1,SOD2,CAT,and GPx immunoreactive cells in the liver were significantly increased by about 190%,478%,685%,and 346%,respectively,compared with those in the AA-group.In addition,protein levels of SOD 1,SOD2,CAT,and GPx in the OJE-group were also significantly much higher than those in the AA-group.Conclusion：OJE significantly increased expressions of SOD 1 and SOD2,CAT,and GPx in the liver cells of the rat,and these suggests that significant enhancements of endogenous enzymatic antioxidants by OJE might be a legitimate strategy for decreasing oxidative stresses in the liver.展开更多
In this study, we tried to verify the neuroprotective effect of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne（CIL） extract, which has been used as a botanical drug in East Asia, against ischemic damage and to explore the underlying m...In this study, we tried to verify the neuroprotective effect of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne（CIL） extract, which has been used as a botanical drug in East Asia, against ischemic damage and to explore the underlying mechanism involving the anti-inflammatory approach. A gerbil was given CIL extract for 7 consecutive days followed by bilateral carotid artery occlusion to make a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model. Then, we found that CIL extracts protected pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region（CA1） from ischemic damage using neuronal nucleus immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence. Accordingly, interleukin-13 immunoreactivities in the CA1 pyramidal neurons of CIL-pretreated animals were maintained or increased after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. These findings indicate that the pre-treatment of CIL can attenuate neuronal damage/death in the brain after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion via an anti-inflammatory approach.展开更多
Vitamin C and taurine (TR) are well known as active components for fatigue recovery. However, the mechanism of the anti-fatigue effects of vitamin C and TR is still unclear. Our study was designed to evaluate the anti...Vitamin C and taurine (TR) are well known as active components for fatigue recovery. However, the mechanism of the anti-fatigue effects of vitamin C and TR is still unclear. Our study was designed to evaluate the anti-fatigue activities of vitamin C and TR in an animal test for fatigue and to compare the activities between vitamin C and TR. Materials and Methods: Vitamin C, TR or their combination were orally administrated to mice once daily for 15 days, and then metabolic activities such as blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as antioxidant activities such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined (evaluated) after forced swimming test (FST). Results: Compared with the control group, C100, C200, and T50 showed a tendency to decrease mobility in FST. Moreover, TG (C100, C200, T200), LDH (C200), lactic acid (C100) and MDA (C50, C100, C200) levels were inhibited by vitamin C and TR. Conclusions: These results suggest that vitamin C and TR have anti-fatigue activities in mice, with vitamin C providing a stronger effect.展开更多
Whole-genome shogun sequence(WGS)data generated by next-generation sequencing(NGS)platforms are a valuable resource for crop improvement.We produced 5–6×WGS coverage of 44 Brassica oleracea breeding lines repres...Whole-genome shogun sequence(WGS)data generated by next-generation sequencing(NGS)platforms are a valuable resource for crop improvement.We produced 5–6×WGS coverage of 44 Brassica oleracea breeding lines representing seven subspecies/morphotypes:cabbage,broccoli,cauliflower,kailan,kale,Brussels sprout,and kohlrabi to systematically evaluate the nuclear and chloroplast(Cp)diversity in the 44 B.oleracea breeding lines.We then exploited the impact of low-coverage NGS by evaluating nuclear genome diversity and assembly,annotation of complete chloroplast(Cp)genomes and 45 S nuclear ribosomal DNA(45S nrDNA)sequences,and copy number variation for major repeats.Nuclear genome diversity analysis has revealed a total of 496463 SNPs and 37493 indels in the nuclear genome across the 44 accessions.Interestingly,some SNPs showed subspecies enrichment at certain chromosomal regions.The assembly of complete Cp genomes contained 153361–153372 bp with 37 variants including SNPs and indels.The 45S nrDNA transcription unit was 5802 bp long with a total of 31 SNPs from the 44 lines.The phylogenetic tree inferred from the nuclear and Cp genomes coincided and clustered broccoli,cauliflower,and kailan in one group and cabbage,Brussels sprout,kale,and kohlrabi in another group.The morphotypes diverged during the last 0.17 million years.The Cp genome diversity reflected the unique cytoplasm of each subspecies,and revealed that the cytoplasm of many breeding lines was replaced and intermingled via inter-subspecies crosses during the breeding process instead.The polymorphic Cp markers provide a classification system for the cytoplasm types in B.oleracea.Furthermore,copy numbers of major transposable elements(TEs)showed high diversity among the 44 accessions,indicating that many TEs have become active recently.Overall,we demonstrated a comprehensive utilization of low-coverage NGS data and might shed light on the genetic diversity and evolution of diverse B.oleracea morphotypes.展开更多
Background： Water dropwort （Oenanthejavanica） as a popular traditional medicine in Asia shows various biological properties including antioxidant activity. In this study, we firstly examined the neuroprotective eff...Background： Water dropwort （Oenanthejavanica） as a popular traditional medicine in Asia shows various biological properties including antioxidant activity. In this study, we firstly examined the neuroprotective effect of Oenanthejavanica extract （OJE） in the hippocampal comus ammonis 1 region （CA 1 region） of the gerbil subjected to transient cerebral ischemia. Methods： Gerbils were established by the occlusion of common carotid arteries for 5 min. The neuroprotective effect of OJE was estimated by cresyl violet staining. In addition, 4 antioxidants （copper, zinc superoxide dismutase [SOD], manganese SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase） immunoreactivities were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results： Pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region showed neuronal death at 5 days postischemia; at this point in time, all antioxidants immunoreactivities disappeared in CA1 pyramidal neurons and showed 100 mg/kg, OJE protected CA 1 pyramidal neurons from ischemic damage in many nonpyramidal cells. Treatment with 200 mg/kg, not In addition, 200 mg/kg OJE treatment increased or maintained antioxidants immunoreactivities. Especially, among the antioxidants, glutathione peroxidase immunoreactivity was effectively increased in the CA 1 pyramidal neurons of the OJE-treated sham-operated and ischemia-operated groups. Conclusion： Our present results indicate that treatment with OJE can protect neurons from transient ischemic damage and that the neuroprotective effect may be closely associated with increased or maintained intracellular antioxidant enzymes by OJE.展开更多
Background Oenanthe javanica is an aquatic perennial herb originated from East Asia.Nowadays,the effects of Oenanthe javanica have been proven in various disease models.Studies regarding the antioxidant effect of Oena...Background Oenanthe javanica is an aquatic perennial herb originated from East Asia.Nowadays,the effects of Oenanthe javanica have been proven in various disease models.Studies regarding the antioxidant effect of Oenanthe javanica in the kidney are still unclear.Methods This study was therefore performed to investigate the effect of the Oenanthe javanica extract （OJE） in the rat kidney using immunohistochemistry for antioxidant enzymes,copper,zinc-superoxide dismutase （SOD1）,manganese superoxide dismutase （SOD2）,catalase （CAT） and glutathione peroxidase （GPx）.Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups：（1） normal diet fed-group （normal-group）,（2） diet containing ascorbic acid （AA）-fed group （AA-group） as a positive control,（3） diet containing OJE-fed group （OJE-group）.AA and OJE were supplied during 28 days.Results The side-effects were not observed in all the groups.Immunoreactivities of SOD1,SOD2,CAT and GPx were easily detected in the distal tubules of the kidney,and their immunoreactivities in the AA-and OJE-groups were increased to about 1.4-1.5 times and 2 times,respectively,compared with those in the normal-group.Conclusion OJE significantly increased expressions of SOD1 ＆ 2,CAT and GPx immunoreactivities in the distal tubules of the rat kidney,and this finding suggests that significant enhancements of endogenous enzymatic antioxidants by OJE treatment may be a legitimate strategy for decreasing oxidative stresses in the kidney.展开更多
Ischemic injury to the bowel is a well known disease entity that has a wide spectrum of pathological and clinical findings. A sudden drop in the colonic blood supply is essential to its development. We encountered a 4...Ischemic injury to the bowel is a well known disease entity that has a wide spectrum of pathological and clinical findings. A sudden drop in the colonic blood supply is essential to its development. We encountered a 41-year-old male patient, who presented with abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. A colonoscopy showed markedly edematous mucosa with tortuous dilatation of the veins and a deep ulceration at the rectosigmoid junction. On an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan and CT angiography, the mesenteric and splenic veins were absent with numerous venous collaterals for drainage. The patient gradually responded to oral aminosalicylate therapy, and was in remission after nine months. In most cases, non-occlusive ischemic injury is caused by idiopathic form and occlusive ischemia is caused by abnormalities of arteries and acute venous thrombosis. However, chronic venous insufficiency due to obstruction of macrovascular mesenteric vein rarely causes ischemia of the bowel. This report describes the first case of ischemic colitis caused by obstruction of the mesenteric and splenic veins.展开更多
CD4^(+)T cells play major roles in the adaptive immune system,which requires antigen recognition,costimulation,and cytokines for its elaborate orchestration.Recent studies have provided new insight into the importance...CD4^(+)T cells play major roles in the adaptive immune system,which requires antigen recognition,costimulation,and cytokines for its elaborate orchestration.Recent studies have provided new insight into the importance of the supramolecular activation cluster(SMAC),which comprises concentric circles and is involved in the amplification of CD4^(+)T cell activation.However,the underlying mechanism of SMAC formation remains poorly understood.Here,we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of CD4^(+)T cells left unstimulated and stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies to identify novel proteins involved in their regulation.We found that intraflagellar transport 20(IFT20),previously known as cilia-forming protein,was upregulated in antibody-stimulated CD4^(+)T cells compared to unstimulated CD4^(+)T cells.We also found that IFT20 interacted with tumor susceptibility gene 101(TSG101),a protein that endocytoses ubiquitinated T-cell receptors.The interaction between IFT20 and TSG101 promoted SMAC formation,which led to amplification of AKT-mTOR signaling.However,IFT20-deficient CD4^(+)T cells showed SMAC malformation,resulting in reduced CD4^(+)T cell proliferation,aerobic glycolysis,and cellular respiration.Finally,mice with T-cell-specific IFT20 deficiency exhibited reduced allergen-induced airway inflammation.Thus,our data suggest that the IFT20-TSG101 axis regulates AKT-mTOR signaling via SMAC formation.展开更多
c-Fos is a good biological marker for detecting the pathogenesis of central nervous system disorders. Few studies are reported on the change in myocardial infarction-induced c-Fos expression in the paralimbic regions....c-Fos is a good biological marker for detecting the pathogenesis of central nervous system disorders. Few studies are reported on the change in myocardial infarction-induced c-Fos expression in the paralimbic regions. Thus, in this study, we investigated the changes in c-Fos expression in the rat cingulate and piriform cortices after myocardial infarction. Neuronal degeneration in cingulate and piriform cortices after myocardial infarction was detected using cresyl violet staining, Neu N immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining. c-Fos-immunoreactive cells were observed in cingulate and piriform cortices at 3 days after myocardial infarction and peaked at 7 and 14 days after myocardial infarction. But they were hardly observed at 56 days after myocardial infarction. The chronological change of c-Fos expression determined by western blot analysis was basically the same as that of c-Fos immunoreactivity. These results indicate that myocardial infarction can cause the chronological change of immediate-early response gene c-Fos protein expression, which might be associated with the neural activity induced by myocardial infarction.展开更多
Electrical conductivity(EC)of soil-water extracts is commonly used to assess soil salinity.However,its conversion to the EC of saturated soil paste extracts(ECe),the standard measure of soil salinity,is currently requ...Electrical conductivity(EC)of soil-water extracts is commonly used to assess soil salinity.However,its conversion to the EC of saturated soil paste extracts(ECe),the standard measure of soil salinity,is currently required for practical applications.Although many regression models can be used to obtain ECe from the EC of soil-water extracts,the application of a site-specific model to different sites is not straightforward due to confounding soil factors such as soil texture.This study was conducted to develop a universal regression model to estimate a conversion factor(CF)for predicting EC_(e) from EC of soil-water extracts at a 1:5 ratio(EC_(1:5)),by employing a site-specific soil texture(i.e.,sand content).A regression model,CF=8.9105e^(0.0106sand)/1.2984(r^(2)=0.97,P<0.001),was developed based on the results of coastal saline soil surveys(n=173)and laboratory experiments using artificial saline soils with different textures(n=6,sand content=10%-65%)and salinity levels(n=7,salinity=1-24 dS m^(-1)).Model performance was validated using an independent dataset and demonstrated that EC_(e) prediction using the developed model is more suitable for highly saline soils than for low saline soils.The feasibility of the regression model should be tested at other sites.Other soil factors affecting EC conversion factor also need to be explored to revise and improve the model through further studies.展开更多
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract that are most commonly found in the stomach. Although GISTs can spread to the liver and peritoneum, metastasis to the skeleta...Gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract that are most commonly found in the stomach. Although GISTs can spread to the liver and peritoneum, metastasis to the skeletal muscle is very rare and only four cases have previously been reported. These cases involved concurrent skeletal metastases of primary GISTs or liver metastases. Here, we report the first case of a distant recurrence in the brachialis muscle after complete remission of an extra-luminal gastric GIST following a wedge resection of the stomach, omental excision, and adjuvant imatinib therapy for one year. Ten months after therapy completion, the patient presented with swelling and tenderness in the left arm. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large mass in the brachialis muscle, which showed positivity for c-kit and CD34 upon pathologic examination. This is the first reported case of a solitary distant recurrence of a GIST in the muscle after complete remission had been achieved.展开更多
Low survival rate occurs in patients who initially experience a spontaneous return of circulation after cardiac arrest（CA）. In this study, we induced asphyxial CA in adult male Sprague-Daley rats, maintained their b...Low survival rate occurs in patients who initially experience a spontaneous return of circulation after cardiac arrest（CA）. In this study, we induced asphyxial CA in adult male Sprague-Daley rats, maintained their body temperature at 37 ± 0.5°C, and then observed the survival rate during the post-resuscitation phase. We examined neuronal damage in the hippocampus using cresyl violet（CV） and Fluore-Jade B（F-J B） staining, and pro-inflammatory response using ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1（Iba-1）, glial fibrillary acidic protein（GFAP）, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha（TNF-α） immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus after asphyxial CA in rats under normothermia. Our results show that the survival rate decreased gradually post-CA（about 63% at 6 hours, 37% at 1 day, and 8% at 2 days post-CA）. Rats were sacrificed at these points in time post-CA, and no neuronal damage was found in the hippocampus until 1 day post-CA. However, some neurons in the stratum pyramidale of the CA region in the hippocampus were dead 2 days post-CA. Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia in the CA1 region did not change until 1 day postCA, and they were activated（enlarged cell bodies with short and thicken processes） in all layers 2 days postCA. Meanwhile, GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes did not change significantly until 2 days post-CA. TNF-α immunoreactivity decreased significantly in neurons of the stratum pyramidale in the CA1 region 6 hours post-CA, decreased gradually until 1 day post-CA, and increased significantly again 2 days post-CA. These findings suggest that low survival rate of normothermic rats in the early period of asphyxia-induced CA is related to increased TNF-α immunoreactivity, but not to neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 region.展开更多
AIM： Many cirrhotic patients have muscular symptoms and rhabdomyolysis. However, myopathy associated with liver cirrhosis has not been established as a disease entity. We evaluated the clinical significance of acute ...AIM： Many cirrhotic patients have muscular symptoms and rhabdomyolysis. However, myopathy associated with liver cirrhosis has not been established as a disease entity. We evaluated the clinical significance of acute myopathy associated with liver cirrhosis. METHODS： We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 5440 cirrhotic patients who had been admitted to Gyeongsang National University Hospital from August 1997 to January 2003. Among these, 99 developed acute myopathies, and they were analyzed with respect to clinical and laboratory parameters, and outcomes. RESULTS： The Child-Pugh classification at the time of myopathy onset was A in 3（3.1%） cases, B in 33（33.3%）, and C in 63 （63.6%）. Infection was identified as the most predisposing factor to myopathy. Fifty percent of 18 idiopathic cases who were tested for influenza antibody were positive. Forty-two of the 99 cases were complicated by acute renal failure, and 25 （59.5%） of these expired. Apart from 6 cases lost to follow-up, 64 of 93 recovered, giving a mortality rate of 31.2%. Mortality was higher in Child-Pugh class C than in B or A. CONCLUSION： Acute myopathy can develop as a serious complication in liver cirrhosis. Its frequency, severity and mortality depend on underlying liver function, and are higher in decompensated liver cirrhosis. Influenza should be considered as an etiologic factor in idiopathic cases. It is proposed that acute myopathy associated with liver cirrhosis be called ＇hepatic myopathy; and that careful monitoring for hepatic myopathy is necessary in the patients with advanced liver cirrhosis.展开更多
The tumor suppressor p63 is one of p53 family members and plays a vital role as a regulator of neuronal apoptosis in the development of the nervous system. However, the role of p63 in mature neuronal death has not bee...The tumor suppressor p63 is one of p53 family members and plays a vital role as a regulator of neuronal apoptosis in the development of the nervous system. However, the role of p63 in mature neuronal death has not been addressed yet. In this study, we first compared ischemia-induced effects on p63 expression in the hippocampal regions （CA1-3） between the young and adult gerbils subjected to 5 minutes of transient global cerebral ischemia. Neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region of young gerbils was significantly slow compared with that in the adult gerbils after transient global cerebral ischemia, p63 immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in the sham-operated young group was significantly low compared with that in the sham-operated adult group, p63 immunoreactivity was apparently changed in ischemic hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in both ischemia-operated young and adult groups. In the ischemia-operated adult groups, p63 immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons was significantly decreased at 4 days post-ischemia; however, p63 immunoreactivity in the ischemia-operated young group was significantly higher than that in the ischemia-operated adult group. At 7 days post-ischemia, p63 immunoreactivity was decreased in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in both ischemia-operated young and adult groups. Change patterns of p63 level in the hippocampal CA1 region of adult and young gerbils after ischemic damage were similar to those observed in the immunohistochemical results. These findings indicate that higher and longer-term expression of p63 in the hippocampal CA1 region of the young gerbils after ischemia/reperfusion may be related to more delayed neuronal death compared to that in the adults.展开更多
The goal of our research was to compare the pharmacokinetics and evaluate the bioequivalence of two brands of cephradine 500 mg capsules in 24 normal Korean volunteers. The plasma samples were acquired at 13 time poin...The goal of our research was to compare the pharmacokinetics and evaluate the bioequivalence of two brands of cephradine 500 mg capsules in 24 normal Korean volunteers. The plasma samples were acquired at 13 time points for 8 h after administration. The concentrations of cephradine in human plasma were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Isocratic mobile phase which consisted of acetonitrile, methanol, and 20 mM potassium phosphate (15/5/80, v/v/v, pH 3.48) was used to separate the analytical column cosmosil cholester (250 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm). Analytes were detected in ultraviolet (260 nm). The novel analytical method was described as simple sample preparation, a short retention time (less than 6 min) and making it suitable for use in clinical trials. Pharmacokinetic parameters, such as AUC0-t (20.54 vs 18.42 μg·h/mL), AUC0-infinity (21.22 vs 19.14 μg·h/mL), Cmax (12.69 vs 12.81 μg/mL), Tmax (1.22 vs 0.92 h), half-life (1.02 vs 1.13 h), extrapolation (3.22% vs 3.75%), and Ke (0.73 vs 0.69 h–1) were determined for the reference and test drugs in plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters with a 90% confidence interval were 87% - 95% for AUC0-t and 91% - 115% for Cmax. They were satisfied within the bioequivalence range 80% - 125% of the KFDA guidelines. Therefore, our HPLC method was well applied in a bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic study of two formulations in normal subjects.展开更多
Ischemic preconditioning（IPC） is a condition of sublethal transient global ischemia and exhibits neuroprotective effects against subsequent lethal ischemic insult.We,in this study,examined the neuroprotective effect...Ischemic preconditioning（IPC） is a condition of sublethal transient global ischemia and exhibits neuroprotective effects against subsequent lethal ischemic insult.We,in this study,examined the neuroprotective effects of IPC and its effects on immunoreactive changes of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD） 1 and SOD2,catalase（CAT） and glutathione peroxidase（GPX） in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after transient forebrain ischemia.Pyramidal neurons of the stratum pyramidale（SP） in the hippocampal CA1 region of animals died 5 days after lethal transient ischemia without IPC（8.6%（ratio of remanent neurons） of the sham-operated group）;however,IPC prevented the pyramidal neurons from subsequent lethal ischemic injury（92.3%（ratio of remanent neurons） of the sham-operated group）.SOD1,SOD2,CAT and GPX immunoreactivities in the sham-operated animals were easily detected in pyramidal neurons in the stratum pyramidale（SP） of the hippocampal CA1 region,while all of these immunoreactivities were rarely detected in the stratum pyramidale at 5 days after lethal transient ischemia without IPC.Meanwhile,their immunoreactivities in the sham-operated animals with IPC were similar to（SOD1,SOD2 and CAT） or higher（GPX） than those in the sham-operated animals without IPC.Furthermore,their immunoreactivities in the stratum pyramidale of the ischemia-operated animals with IPC were steadily maintained after lethal ischemia/reperfusion.Results of western blot analysis for SOD1,SOD2,CAT and GPX were similar to immunohistochemical data.In conclusion,IPC maintained or increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes in the stratum pyramidale of the hippocampal CA1 region after subsequent lethal transient forebrain ischemia and IPC exhibited neuroprotective effects in the hippocampal CA1 region against transient forebrain ischemia.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(30370344)Korea Science and Engineering Foundation(19992-220-009-4)supported this study
文摘Chitosan was modified by conjugating coupling with linolenic acid through the 1-ethyl-3-（3-dimethylami- nopropyyl） carbodiimide （EDC）-mediated reaction. The degree of substitution 1.8% （ i.e. 1.8 linolenic acid group per 100 anhydroglucose units） was measured by ^1H NMR. The critical aggregation concentration （CAC） of the self-aggregate of hydrophobically modified chitosan was determined by measuring the fluorescence intensity of the pyrene as a fluorescent probe. The CAC value in phosphate-buffered saline （PBS） solution （pH 7.4） was 5 × 10^-2 mg mL^-1. The average particle size of selfaggregates of hydrophobically modified chitosan in PBS solution （pH7.4） was 210.8 nm with a unimodal size distribution ranging from 100 to 500 nm. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） study showed that the formation of near spherical shape nanoparticles has enough structural integrity. The loading ability of hydrophibically modified chitosan （LA-chitosan） was investigated by using bovine serum albumin （BSA） as the model. The loading capacity of self-aggregated nanoparticles increases （ 19.85 % ± 0.04 % to 37.57 % ± 0.25 % ） with the concentration of BSA （0.1-0.5 mg mL^-1 ）.
文摘Background：Oenanthe javanica （O.javanica） has been known to have high antioxidant properties via scavenging reactive oxygen species.We examined the effect of O.javanica extract （OJE） on antioxidant enzymes in the rat liver.Methods：We examined the effect of the OJE on copper,zinc-superoxide dismutase （SOD1）,manganese superoxide dismutase （SOD2）,catalase （CAT）,and glutathione peroxidase （GPx） in the rat liver using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis.Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups;（1） normal diet fed group （normal-group）,（2） diet containing ascorbic acid （AA）-fed group （AA-group） as a positive control,（3） diet containing OJE-fed group （OJE-group）.Results：In this study,no histopathological finding in the rat liver was found in all the experimental groups.Numbers of SOD1,SOD2,CAT,and GPx immunoreactive cells and their protein levels were significantly increased in the AA-fed group compared with those in the normal-group.On the other hand,in the OJE-group,numbers of SOD1,SOD2,CAT,and GPx immunoreactive cells in the liver were significantly increased by about 190%,478%,685%,and 346%,respectively,compared with those in the AA-group.In addition,protein levels of SOD 1,SOD2,CAT,and GPx in the OJE-group were also significantly much higher than those in the AA-group.Conclusion：OJE significantly increased expressions of SOD 1 and SOD2,CAT,and GPx in the liver cells of the rat,and these suggests that significant enhancements of endogenous enzymatic antioxidants by OJE might be a legitimate strategy for decreasing oxidative stresses in the liver.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning(NRF-2013R1A2A2A01068190)Hallym University Specialization Fund(HRF-S-13)
文摘In this study, we tried to verify the neuroprotective effect of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne（CIL） extract, which has been used as a botanical drug in East Asia, against ischemic damage and to explore the underlying mechanism involving the anti-inflammatory approach. A gerbil was given CIL extract for 7 consecutive days followed by bilateral carotid artery occlusion to make a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model. Then, we found that CIL extracts protected pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region（CA1） from ischemic damage using neuronal nucleus immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence. Accordingly, interleukin-13 immunoreactivities in the CA1 pyramidal neurons of CIL-pretreated animals were maintained or increased after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. These findings indicate that the pre-treatment of CIL can attenuate neuronal damage/death in the brain after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion via an anti-inflammatory approach.
文摘Vitamin C and taurine (TR) are well known as active components for fatigue recovery. However, the mechanism of the anti-fatigue effects of vitamin C and TR is still unclear. Our study was designed to evaluate the anti-fatigue activities of vitamin C and TR in an animal test for fatigue and to compare the activities between vitamin C and TR. Materials and Methods: Vitamin C, TR or their combination were orally administrated to mice once daily for 15 days, and then metabolic activities such as blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as antioxidant activities such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined (evaluated) after forced swimming test (FST). Results: Compared with the control group, C100, C200, and T50 showed a tendency to decrease mobility in FST. Moreover, TG (C100, C200, T200), LDH (C200), lactic acid (C100) and MDA (C50, C100, C200) levels were inhibited by vitamin C and TR. Conclusions: These results suggest that vitamin C and TR have anti-fatigue activities in mice, with vitamin C providing a stronger effect.
基金Golden Seed Project(Center for Horticultural Seed Development,Grant No.213003-04-1-SB430)Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Rural Affairs(MAFRA)+1 种基金Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries(MOF)“Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science&Technology Development(Grant No.PJ013238)”Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea。
文摘Whole-genome shogun sequence(WGS)data generated by next-generation sequencing(NGS)platforms are a valuable resource for crop improvement.We produced 5–6×WGS coverage of 44 Brassica oleracea breeding lines representing seven subspecies/morphotypes:cabbage,broccoli,cauliflower,kailan,kale,Brussels sprout,and kohlrabi to systematically evaluate the nuclear and chloroplast(Cp)diversity in the 44 B.oleracea breeding lines.We then exploited the impact of low-coverage NGS by evaluating nuclear genome diversity and assembly,annotation of complete chloroplast(Cp)genomes and 45 S nuclear ribosomal DNA(45S nrDNA)sequences,and copy number variation for major repeats.Nuclear genome diversity analysis has revealed a total of 496463 SNPs and 37493 indels in the nuclear genome across the 44 accessions.Interestingly,some SNPs showed subspecies enrichment at certain chromosomal regions.The assembly of complete Cp genomes contained 153361–153372 bp with 37 variants including SNPs and indels.The 45S nrDNA transcription unit was 5802 bp long with a total of 31 SNPs from the 44 lines.The phylogenetic tree inferred from the nuclear and Cp genomes coincided and clustered broccoli,cauliflower,and kailan in one group and cabbage,Brussels sprout,kale,and kohlrabi in another group.The morphotypes diverged during the last 0.17 million years.The Cp genome diversity reflected the unique cytoplasm of each subspecies,and revealed that the cytoplasm of many breeding lines was replaced and intermingled via inter-subspecies crosses during the breeding process instead.The polymorphic Cp markers provide a classification system for the cytoplasm types in B.oleracea.Furthermore,copy numbers of major transposable elements(TEs)showed high diversity among the 44 accessions,indicating that many TEs have become active recently.Overall,we demonstrated a comprehensive utilization of low-coverage NGS data and might shed light on the genetic diversity and evolution of diverse B.oleracea morphotypes.
文摘Background： Water dropwort （Oenanthejavanica） as a popular traditional medicine in Asia shows various biological properties including antioxidant activity. In this study, we firstly examined the neuroprotective effect of Oenanthejavanica extract （OJE） in the hippocampal comus ammonis 1 region （CA 1 region） of the gerbil subjected to transient cerebral ischemia. Methods： Gerbils were established by the occlusion of common carotid arteries for 5 min. The neuroprotective effect of OJE was estimated by cresyl violet staining. In addition, 4 antioxidants （copper, zinc superoxide dismutase [SOD], manganese SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase） immunoreactivities were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results： Pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region showed neuronal death at 5 days postischemia; at this point in time, all antioxidants immunoreactivities disappeared in CA1 pyramidal neurons and showed 100 mg/kg, OJE protected CA 1 pyramidal neurons from ischemic damage in many nonpyramidal cells. Treatment with 200 mg/kg, not In addition, 200 mg/kg OJE treatment increased or maintained antioxidants immunoreactivities. Especially, among the antioxidants, glutathione peroxidase immunoreactivity was effectively increased in the CA 1 pyramidal neurons of the OJE-treated sham-operated and ischemia-operated groups. Conclusion： Our present results indicate that treatment with OJE can protect neurons from transient ischemic damage and that the neuroprotective effect may be closely associated with increased or maintained intracellular antioxidant enzymes by OJE.
文摘Background Oenanthe javanica is an aquatic perennial herb originated from East Asia.Nowadays,the effects of Oenanthe javanica have been proven in various disease models.Studies regarding the antioxidant effect of Oenanthe javanica in the kidney are still unclear.Methods This study was therefore performed to investigate the effect of the Oenanthe javanica extract （OJE） in the rat kidney using immunohistochemistry for antioxidant enzymes,copper,zinc-superoxide dismutase （SOD1）,manganese superoxide dismutase （SOD2）,catalase （CAT） and glutathione peroxidase （GPx）.Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups：（1） normal diet fed-group （normal-group）,（2） diet containing ascorbic acid （AA）-fed group （AA-group） as a positive control,（3） diet containing OJE-fed group （OJE-group）.AA and OJE were supplied during 28 days.Results The side-effects were not observed in all the groups.Immunoreactivities of SOD1,SOD2,CAT and GPx were easily detected in the distal tubules of the kidney,and their immunoreactivities in the AA-and OJE-groups were increased to about 1.4-1.5 times and 2 times,respectively,compared with those in the normal-group.Conclusion OJE significantly increased expressions of SOD1 ＆ 2,CAT and GPx immunoreactivities in the distal tubules of the rat kidney,and this finding suggests that significant enhancements of endogenous enzymatic antioxidants by OJE treatment may be a legitimate strategy for decreasing oxidative stresses in the kidney.
文摘Ischemic injury to the bowel is a well known disease entity that has a wide spectrum of pathological and clinical findings. A sudden drop in the colonic blood supply is essential to its development. We encountered a 41-year-old male patient, who presented with abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. A colonoscopy showed markedly edematous mucosa with tortuous dilatation of the veins and a deep ulceration at the rectosigmoid junction. On an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan and CT angiography, the mesenteric and splenic veins were absent with numerous venous collaterals for drainage. The patient gradually responded to oral aminosalicylate therapy, and was in remission after nine months. In most cases, non-occlusive ischemic injury is caused by idiopathic form and occlusive ischemia is caused by abnormalities of arteries and acute venous thrombosis. However, chronic venous insufficiency due to obstruction of macrovascular mesenteric vein rarely causes ischemia of the bowel. This report describes the first case of ischemic colitis caused by obstruction of the mesenteric and splenic veins.
基金the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2021M3A9D3026428)the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea.J.Jeong is a recipient of funding from the Global Ph.D.Fellowship Program(NRF-2019H1A2A1076865)of the National Research Foundation of Korea.
文摘CD4^(+)T cells play major roles in the adaptive immune system,which requires antigen recognition,costimulation,and cytokines for its elaborate orchestration.Recent studies have provided new insight into the importance of the supramolecular activation cluster(SMAC),which comprises concentric circles and is involved in the amplification of CD4^(+)T cell activation.However,the underlying mechanism of SMAC formation remains poorly understood.Here,we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of CD4^(+)T cells left unstimulated and stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies to identify novel proteins involved in their regulation.We found that intraflagellar transport 20(IFT20),previously known as cilia-forming protein,was upregulated in antibody-stimulated CD4^(+)T cells compared to unstimulated CD4^(+)T cells.We also found that IFT20 interacted with tumor susceptibility gene 101(TSG101),a protein that endocytoses ubiquitinated T-cell receptors.The interaction between IFT20 and TSG101 promoted SMAC formation,which led to amplification of AKT-mTOR signaling.However,IFT20-deficient CD4^(+)T cells showed SMAC malformation,resulting in reduced CD4^(+)T cell proliferation,aerobic glycolysis,and cellular respiration.Finally,mice with T-cell-specific IFT20 deficiency exhibited reduced allergen-induced airway inflammation.Thus,our data suggest that the IFT20-TSG101 axis regulates AKT-mTOR signaling via SMAC formation.
基金supported by Hallym University Research Fund,No.01-2012-10
文摘c-Fos is a good biological marker for detecting the pathogenesis of central nervous system disorders. Few studies are reported on the change in myocardial infarction-induced c-Fos expression in the paralimbic regions. Thus, in this study, we investigated the changes in c-Fos expression in the rat cingulate and piriform cortices after myocardial infarction. Neuronal degeneration in cingulate and piriform cortices after myocardial infarction was detected using cresyl violet staining, Neu N immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining. c-Fos-immunoreactive cells were observed in cingulate and piriform cortices at 3 days after myocardial infarction and peaked at 7 and 14 days after myocardial infarction. But they were hardly observed at 56 days after myocardial infarction. The chronological change of c-Fos expression determined by western blot analysis was basically the same as that of c-Fos immunoreactivity. These results indicate that myocardial infarction can cause the chronological change of immediate-early response gene c-Fos protein expression, which might be associated with the neural activity induced by myocardial infarction.
基金support of the Cooperative Research Program of Agriculture Science and Technology Development,Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea(No.PJ0138732021)。
文摘Electrical conductivity(EC)of soil-water extracts is commonly used to assess soil salinity.However,its conversion to the EC of saturated soil paste extracts(ECe),the standard measure of soil salinity,is currently required for practical applications.Although many regression models can be used to obtain ECe from the EC of soil-water extracts,the application of a site-specific model to different sites is not straightforward due to confounding soil factors such as soil texture.This study was conducted to develop a universal regression model to estimate a conversion factor(CF)for predicting EC_(e) from EC of soil-water extracts at a 1:5 ratio(EC_(1:5)),by employing a site-specific soil texture(i.e.,sand content).A regression model,CF=8.9105e^(0.0106sand)/1.2984(r^(2)=0.97,P<0.001),was developed based on the results of coastal saline soil surveys(n=173)and laboratory experiments using artificial saline soils with different textures(n=6,sand content=10%-65%)and salinity levels(n=7,salinity=1-24 dS m^(-1)).Model performance was validated using an independent dataset and demonstrated that EC_(e) prediction using the developed model is more suitable for highly saline soils than for low saline soils.The feasibility of the regression model should be tested at other sites.Other soil factors affecting EC conversion factor also need to be explored to revise and improve the model through further studies.
文摘Gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract that are most commonly found in the stomach. Although GISTs can spread to the liver and peritoneum, metastasis to the skeletal muscle is very rare and only four cases have previously been reported. These cases involved concurrent skeletal metastases of primary GISTs or liver metastases. Here, we report the first case of a distant recurrence in the brachialis muscle after complete remission of an extra-luminal gastric GIST following a wedge resection of the stomach, omental excision, and adjuvant imatinib therapy for one year. Ten months after therapy completion, the patient presented with swelling and tenderness in the left arm. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large mass in the brachialis muscle, which showed positivity for c-kit and CD34 upon pathologic examination. This is the first reported case of a solitary distant recurrence of a GIST in the muscle after complete remission had been achieved.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)the Ministry of Education(NRF-2014R1A1A2057263)+2 种基金by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT&Future Planning(NRF-2017R1A2B4009079&NRF-2017R1A2B4008403)by the Bio-Synergy Research Project(NRF-2015M3A9C4076322)of the Ministry of ScienceICT and Future Planning through the National Research Foundation
文摘Low survival rate occurs in patients who initially experience a spontaneous return of circulation after cardiac arrest（CA）. In this study, we induced asphyxial CA in adult male Sprague-Daley rats, maintained their body temperature at 37 ± 0.5°C, and then observed the survival rate during the post-resuscitation phase. We examined neuronal damage in the hippocampus using cresyl violet（CV） and Fluore-Jade B（F-J B） staining, and pro-inflammatory response using ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1（Iba-1）, glial fibrillary acidic protein（GFAP）, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha（TNF-α） immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus after asphyxial CA in rats under normothermia. Our results show that the survival rate decreased gradually post-CA（about 63% at 6 hours, 37% at 1 day, and 8% at 2 days post-CA）. Rats were sacrificed at these points in time post-CA, and no neuronal damage was found in the hippocampus until 1 day post-CA. However, some neurons in the stratum pyramidale of the CA region in the hippocampus were dead 2 days post-CA. Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia in the CA1 region did not change until 1 day postCA, and they were activated（enlarged cell bodies with short and thicken processes） in all layers 2 days postCA. Meanwhile, GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes did not change significantly until 2 days post-CA. TNF-α immunoreactivity decreased significantly in neurons of the stratum pyramidale in the CA1 region 6 hours post-CA, decreased gradually until 1 day post-CA, and increased significantly again 2 days post-CA. These findings suggest that low survival rate of normothermic rats in the early period of asphyxia-induced CA is related to increased TNF-α immunoreactivity, but not to neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 region.
文摘AIM： Many cirrhotic patients have muscular symptoms and rhabdomyolysis. However, myopathy associated with liver cirrhosis has not been established as a disease entity. We evaluated the clinical significance of acute myopathy associated with liver cirrhosis. METHODS： We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 5440 cirrhotic patients who had been admitted to Gyeongsang National University Hospital from August 1997 to January 2003. Among these, 99 developed acute myopathies, and they were analyzed with respect to clinical and laboratory parameters, and outcomes. RESULTS： The Child-Pugh classification at the time of myopathy onset was A in 3（3.1%） cases, B in 33（33.3%）, and C in 63 （63.6%）. Infection was identified as the most predisposing factor to myopathy. Fifty percent of 18 idiopathic cases who were tested for influenza antibody were positive. Forty-two of the 99 cases were complicated by acute renal failure, and 25 （59.5%） of these expired. Apart from 6 cases lost to follow-up, 64 of 93 recovered, giving a mortality rate of 31.2%. Mortality was higher in Child-Pugh class C than in B or A. CONCLUSION： Acute myopathy can develop as a serious complication in liver cirrhosis. Its frequency, severity and mortality depend on underlying liver function, and are higher in decompensated liver cirrhosis. Influenza should be considered as an etiologic factor in idiopathic cases. It is proposed that acute myopathy associated with liver cirrhosis be called ＇hepatic myopathy; and that careful monitoring for hepatic myopathy is necessary in the patients with advanced liver cirrhosis.
基金supported by 2013 Research Grant from Kangwon National University(120131480)Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2014R1A6A3A01056005)
文摘The tumor suppressor p63 is one of p53 family members and plays a vital role as a regulator of neuronal apoptosis in the development of the nervous system. However, the role of p63 in mature neuronal death has not been addressed yet. In this study, we first compared ischemia-induced effects on p63 expression in the hippocampal regions （CA1-3） between the young and adult gerbils subjected to 5 minutes of transient global cerebral ischemia. Neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region of young gerbils was significantly slow compared with that in the adult gerbils after transient global cerebral ischemia, p63 immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in the sham-operated young group was significantly low compared with that in the sham-operated adult group, p63 immunoreactivity was apparently changed in ischemic hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in both ischemia-operated young and adult groups. In the ischemia-operated adult groups, p63 immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons was significantly decreased at 4 days post-ischemia; however, p63 immunoreactivity in the ischemia-operated young group was significantly higher than that in the ischemia-operated adult group. At 7 days post-ischemia, p63 immunoreactivity was decreased in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in both ischemia-operated young and adult groups. Change patterns of p63 level in the hippocampal CA1 region of adult and young gerbils after ischemic damage were similar to those observed in the immunohistochemical results. These findings indicate that higher and longer-term expression of p63 in the hippocampal CA1 region of the young gerbils after ischemia/reperfusion may be related to more delayed neuronal death compared to that in the adults.
文摘The goal of our research was to compare the pharmacokinetics and evaluate the bioequivalence of two brands of cephradine 500 mg capsules in 24 normal Korean volunteers. The plasma samples were acquired at 13 time points for 8 h after administration. The concentrations of cephradine in human plasma were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Isocratic mobile phase which consisted of acetonitrile, methanol, and 20 mM potassium phosphate (15/5/80, v/v/v, pH 3.48) was used to separate the analytical column cosmosil cholester (250 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm). Analytes were detected in ultraviolet (260 nm). The novel analytical method was described as simple sample preparation, a short retention time (less than 6 min) and making it suitable for use in clinical trials. Pharmacokinetic parameters, such as AUC0-t (20.54 vs 18.42 μg·h/mL), AUC0-infinity (21.22 vs 19.14 μg·h/mL), Cmax (12.69 vs 12.81 μg/mL), Tmax (1.22 vs 0.92 h), half-life (1.02 vs 1.13 h), extrapolation (3.22% vs 3.75%), and Ke (0.73 vs 0.69 h–1) were determined for the reference and test drugs in plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters with a 90% confidence interval were 87% - 95% for AUC0-t and 91% - 115% for Cmax. They were satisfied within the bioequivalence range 80% - 125% of the KFDA guidelines. Therefore, our HPLC method was well applied in a bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic study of two formulations in normal subjects.
基金supported by a Priority Research Center Program grant(No.NRF-2009-0093812)through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning2015 Research Grant from Kangwon National UniversityBasic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(No.NRF-2014R1A1A2057013)
文摘Ischemic preconditioning（IPC） is a condition of sublethal transient global ischemia and exhibits neuroprotective effects against subsequent lethal ischemic insult.We,in this study,examined the neuroprotective effects of IPC and its effects on immunoreactive changes of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD） 1 and SOD2,catalase（CAT） and glutathione peroxidase（GPX） in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after transient forebrain ischemia.Pyramidal neurons of the stratum pyramidale（SP） in the hippocampal CA1 region of animals died 5 days after lethal transient ischemia without IPC（8.6%（ratio of remanent neurons） of the sham-operated group）;however,IPC prevented the pyramidal neurons from subsequent lethal ischemic injury（92.3%（ratio of remanent neurons） of the sham-operated group）.SOD1,SOD2,CAT and GPX immunoreactivities in the sham-operated animals were easily detected in pyramidal neurons in the stratum pyramidale（SP） of the hippocampal CA1 region,while all of these immunoreactivities were rarely detected in the stratum pyramidale at 5 days after lethal transient ischemia without IPC.Meanwhile,their immunoreactivities in the sham-operated animals with IPC were similar to（SOD1,SOD2 and CAT） or higher（GPX） than those in the sham-operated animals without IPC.Furthermore,their immunoreactivities in the stratum pyramidale of the ischemia-operated animals with IPC were steadily maintained after lethal ischemia/reperfusion.Results of western blot analysis for SOD1,SOD2,CAT and GPX were similar to immunohistochemical data.In conclusion,IPC maintained or increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes in the stratum pyramidale of the hippocampal CA1 region after subsequent lethal transient forebrain ischemia and IPC exhibited neuroprotective effects in the hippocampal CA1 region against transient forebrain ischemia.
