In a world where data is increasingly important for making breakthroughs,microelectronics is a field where data is sparse and hard to acquire.Only a few entities have the infrastructure that is required to automate th...In a world where data is increasingly important for making breakthroughs,microelectronics is a field where data is sparse and hard to acquire.Only a few entities have the infrastructure that is required to automate the fabrication and testing of semiconductor devices.This infrastructure is crucial for generating sufficient data for the use of new information technologies.This situation generates a cleavage between most of the researchers and the industry.To address this issue,this paper will introduce a widely applicable approach for creating custom datasets using simulation tools and parallel computing.The multi-I-V curves that we obtained were processed simultaneously using convolutional neural networks,which gave us the ability to predict a full set of device characteristics with a single inference.We prove the potential of this approach through two concrete examples of useful deep learning models that were trained using the generated data.We believe that this work can act as a bridge between the state-of-the-art of data-driven methods and more classical semiconductor research,such as device engineering,yield engineering or process monitoring.Moreover,this research gives the opportunity to anybody to start experimenting with deep neural networks and machine learning in the field of microelectronics,without the need for expensive experimentation infrastructure.展开更多
Optical activation of neurons requires genetic manipulation or the use of chemical photoactivators with undesirable side effects.As a solution to these disadvantages,here,we demonstrate optically evoked neuronal activ...Optical activation of neurons requires genetic manipulation or the use of chemical photoactivators with undesirable side effects.As a solution to these disadvantages,here,we demonstrate optically evoked neuronal activity in mouse cortical neurons in acute slices and in vivo by nonlinear excitation of gold nanoparticles.In addition,we use this approach to stimulate individual epitheliomuscular cells and evoke body contractions in Hydra vulgaris.To achieve this,we use a low-power pulsed near-infrared excitation at the double-wavelength of the plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles,which enables optical sectioning and allows for high spatial precision and large penetration depth.The effect is explained by second-harmonic Mie scattering,demonstrating light absorption by a second-order nonlinear process,which enables photothermal stimulation of the cells.Our approach also minimizes photodamage,demonstrating a major advancement towards precise and harmless photoactivation for neuroscience and human therapeutics.展开更多
Background &Aims: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by over 1000 mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and presents with a widely variable phenotype. Genotype phenotype stud...Background &Aims: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by over 1000 mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and presents with a widely variable phenotype. Genotype phenotype studies identified CFTR mutations that were associated with pancreatic sufficiency (PS). Residual Cl-channel function was shown for selected PS mutations in heterologous cells. However, the functional consequences of most CFTR mutations in native epithelia are not well established. Methods: To elucidate the relationships between epithelial CFTR function, CFTR genotype, and patient phenotype, we measured cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)mediated Cl-secretion in rectal biopsy specimens from 45 CF patients who had at least 1 non F508 mutation carrying a wide spectrum of CFTR mutations. We compared CFTR genotypes and clinical manifestations of CF patients who expressed residual CFTR mediated Cl-secretion with patients in whom Cl-secretion was absent. Results: Residual anion secretion was detected in 40%of CF patients, and was associated with later disease onset (P <0.0001), higher frequency of PS (P <0.0001), and less severe lung disease (P <0.05). Clinical outcomes correlated with the magnitude of residual CFTR activity, which was in the range of 12%-54%of controls. Conclusions: Specific CFTR mutations confer residual CFTR function to rectal epithelia, which is related closely to a mild disease phenotype. Quantification of rectal CFTR mediated Cl-secretion may be a sensitive test to predict the prognosis of CF disease and identify CF patients who would benefit from therapeutic strategies that would increase residual CFTR activity.展开更多
文摘In a world where data is increasingly important for making breakthroughs,microelectronics is a field where data is sparse and hard to acquire.Only a few entities have the infrastructure that is required to automate the fabrication and testing of semiconductor devices.This infrastructure is crucial for generating sufficient data for the use of new information technologies.This situation generates a cleavage between most of the researchers and the industry.To address this issue,this paper will introduce a widely applicable approach for creating custom datasets using simulation tools and parallel computing.The multi-I-V curves that we obtained were processed simultaneously using convolutional neural networks,which gave us the ability to predict a full set of device characteristics with a single inference.We prove the potential of this approach through two concrete examples of useful deep learning models that were trained using the generated data.We believe that this work can act as a bridge between the state-of-the-art of data-driven methods and more classical semiconductor research,such as device engineering,yield engineering or process monitoring.Moreover,this research gives the opportunity to anybody to start experimenting with deep neural networks and machine learning in the field of microelectronics,without the need for expensive experimentation infrastructure.
基金supported by The Raymond&Beverly Sackler Center,NIMH(R01MH101218)the Howard Hughes International Student Research Fellowshipsupported in part by the U.S.Army Research Office under contract number W911NF-12-1-0594(MURI).
文摘Optical activation of neurons requires genetic manipulation or the use of chemical photoactivators with undesirable side effects.As a solution to these disadvantages,here,we demonstrate optically evoked neuronal activity in mouse cortical neurons in acute slices and in vivo by nonlinear excitation of gold nanoparticles.In addition,we use this approach to stimulate individual epitheliomuscular cells and evoke body contractions in Hydra vulgaris.To achieve this,we use a low-power pulsed near-infrared excitation at the double-wavelength of the plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles,which enables optical sectioning and allows for high spatial precision and large penetration depth.The effect is explained by second-harmonic Mie scattering,demonstrating light absorption by a second-order nonlinear process,which enables photothermal stimulation of the cells.Our approach also minimizes photodamage,demonstrating a major advancement towards precise and harmless photoactivation for neuroscience and human therapeutics.
文摘Background &Aims: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by over 1000 mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and presents with a widely variable phenotype. Genotype phenotype studies identified CFTR mutations that were associated with pancreatic sufficiency (PS). Residual Cl-channel function was shown for selected PS mutations in heterologous cells. However, the functional consequences of most CFTR mutations in native epithelia are not well established. Methods: To elucidate the relationships between epithelial CFTR function, CFTR genotype, and patient phenotype, we measured cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)mediated Cl-secretion in rectal biopsy specimens from 45 CF patients who had at least 1 non F508 mutation carrying a wide spectrum of CFTR mutations. We compared CFTR genotypes and clinical manifestations of CF patients who expressed residual CFTR mediated Cl-secretion with patients in whom Cl-secretion was absent. Results: Residual anion secretion was detected in 40%of CF patients, and was associated with later disease onset (P <0.0001), higher frequency of PS (P <0.0001), and less severe lung disease (P <0.05). Clinical outcomes correlated with the magnitude of residual CFTR activity, which was in the range of 12%-54%of controls. Conclusions: Specific CFTR mutations confer residual CFTR function to rectal epithelia, which is related closely to a mild disease phenotype. Quantification of rectal CFTR mediated Cl-secretion may be a sensitive test to predict the prognosis of CF disease and identify CF patients who would benefit from therapeutic strategies that would increase residual CFTR activity.
