Background: Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a common benign tumor of the appendicular and axial skeleton that represents 5% of all primary bone tumors. In recent years, the combination of conventional aggressive curettage w...Background: Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a common benign tumor of the appendicular and axial skeleton that represents 5% of all primary bone tumors. In recent years, the combination of conventional aggressive curettage with targeted adjuvant anti-osteoclastic agents including bisphosphonates and denosumab have led to lower recurrence rates in patients with GCT in a small number of retrospective case series. Furthermore, efficacy of the same anti-osteoclastic agents has been shown in cases of unresectable GCT of bone, leading to decreased rates of tumor progression and stabilization of disease. This review assesses whether the current literature weakly, moderately, or strongly supports a targeted systemic treatment as the standard of care in patients with GCT. Methods: We conducted a current search of the MEDLINE database for literature pertaining to systemic GCT treatment. Our inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) studies that reported on a series of patients with resectable or unresectable cases of GCT;2) a subset of patients must have been treated with systemic bisphosphonate or RANK-L inhibitor therapy;3) each series had a minimum of 10 patients with histopathologically confirmed GCT;4) each series stated their follow-up period. Results: Overall 6 studies, reporting on a total of 487 patients, were selected for inclusion in this review. For analysis, these 6 retrospective studies were subdivided into series where all GCT patients had resectable tumors (n = 4) and series where patients had a mix of resectable and unresectable tumors (n = 2). The overall recurrence rate of GCT in patients with resectable tumors treated with adjuvant systemic bisphosphonates was 6.7% compared to 48.4% in patients not treated with adjuvant systemic bisphosphonates (p 0.0001). In patients with both resectable and unresectable primary aggressive, recurrent, or metastatic GCT disease, systemic bisphosphonate and denosumab demonstrated good efficacy with decreased rates of disease progression and recurrence. In general the side effects 展开更多
This article considers universal optimality of digital nets and lattice designs in a regression model. Based on the equivalence theorem for matrix means and majorization theory,the necessary and sufficient conditions ...This article considers universal optimality of digital nets and lattice designs in a regression model. Based on the equivalence theorem for matrix means and majorization theory,the necessary and sufficient conditions for lattice designs being φp-and universally optimal in trigonometric function and Chebyshev polynomial regression models are obtained. It is shown that digital nets are universally optimal for both complete and incomplete Walsh function regression models under some specified conditions,and are also universally optimal for complete Haar wavelet regression models but may not for incomplete Haar wavelet regression models.展开更多
Suppose that X has density f(x,θ)=exp(θx-ψ(θ)} (with respect to some measure v),where θ∈(θ,θ),∞≤θ≤+∞.Consider the problem of testing the hypothesis θ≤θ0 against θ≥θ1 for some given θ0 and θ1 (θ&...Suppose that X has density f(x,θ)=exp(θx-ψ(θ)} (with respect to some measure v),where θ∈(θ,θ),∞≤θ≤+∞.Consider the problem of testing the hypothesis θ≤θ0 against θ≥θ1 for some given θ0 and θ1 (θ<θ0<θ1<θ).A class of truncated sequential tests is introduced with type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ error probabilities not exceeding a and β,respectively.The expected sample sizes of these tests are shown to be asymptotically minimal for all θ as α+β↓0展开更多
文摘Background: Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a common benign tumor of the appendicular and axial skeleton that represents 5% of all primary bone tumors. In recent years, the combination of conventional aggressive curettage with targeted adjuvant anti-osteoclastic agents including bisphosphonates and denosumab have led to lower recurrence rates in patients with GCT in a small number of retrospective case series. Furthermore, efficacy of the same anti-osteoclastic agents has been shown in cases of unresectable GCT of bone, leading to decreased rates of tumor progression and stabilization of disease. This review assesses whether the current literature weakly, moderately, or strongly supports a targeted systemic treatment as the standard of care in patients with GCT. Methods: We conducted a current search of the MEDLINE database for literature pertaining to systemic GCT treatment. Our inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) studies that reported on a series of patients with resectable or unresectable cases of GCT;2) a subset of patients must have been treated with systemic bisphosphonate or RANK-L inhibitor therapy;3) each series had a minimum of 10 patients with histopathologically confirmed GCT;4) each series stated their follow-up period. Results: Overall 6 studies, reporting on a total of 487 patients, were selected for inclusion in this review. For analysis, these 6 retrospective studies were subdivided into series where all GCT patients had resectable tumors (n = 4) and series where patients had a mix of resectable and unresectable tumors (n = 2). The overall recurrence rate of GCT in patients with resectable tumors treated with adjuvant systemic bisphosphonates was 6.7% compared to 48.4% in patients not treated with adjuvant systemic bisphosphonates (p 0.0001). In patients with both resectable and unresectable primary aggressive, recurrent, or metastatic GCT disease, systemic bisphosphonate and denosumab demonstrated good efficacy with decreased rates of disease progression and recurrence. In general the side effects
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10671007)National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB512605)+2 种基金Hong Kong Research Grants Council (Grant No. RGC/HKBU/2030/99P)Hong Kong Baptist University (Grant No. FRG/00-01/II-62)US National Science Foundation (Grant No. NSF-DMS-0713848)
文摘This article considers universal optimality of digital nets and lattice designs in a regression model. Based on the equivalence theorem for matrix means and majorization theory,the necessary and sufficient conditions for lattice designs being φp-and universally optimal in trigonometric function and Chebyshev polynomial regression models are obtained. It is shown that digital nets are universally optimal for both complete and incomplete Walsh function regression models under some specified conditions,and are also universally optimal for complete Haar wavelet regression models but may not for incomplete Haar wavelet regression models.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and a Hong Kong UPGC-RGC grant.
文摘Suppose that X has density f(x,θ)=exp(θx-ψ(θ)} (with respect to some measure v),where θ∈(θ,θ),∞≤θ≤+∞.Consider the problem of testing the hypothesis θ≤θ0 against θ≥θ1 for some given θ0 and θ1 (θ<θ0<θ1<θ).A class of truncated sequential tests is introduced with type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ error probabilities not exceeding a and β,respectively.The expected sample sizes of these tests are shown to be asymptotically minimal for all θ as α+β↓0
