The presence of anticancer clerodane diterpenoids is a chemotaxonomic marker for the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Scutellaria barbata,although the molecular mechanisms behind clerodane biosynthesis are unknown....The presence of anticancer clerodane diterpenoids is a chemotaxonomic marker for the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Scutellaria barbata,although the molecular mechanisms behind clerodane biosynthesis are unknown.Here,we report a high-quality assembly of the 414.98 Mb genome of S.barbata into 13 pseudochromosomes.Using phylogenomic and biochemical data,we mapped the plastidial metabolism of kaurene(gibberellins),abietane,and clerodane diterpenes in three species of the family Lamiaceae(Scutellaria barbata,Scutellaria baicalensis,and Salvia splendens),facilitating the identification of genes involved in the biosynthesis of the clerodanes,kolavenol,and isokolavenol.We show that clerodane biosynthesis evolved through recruitment and neofunctionalization of genes from gibberellin and abietane metabolism.Despite the assumed monophyletic origin of clerodane biosynthesis,which is widespread in species of the Lamiaceae,our data show distinct evolutionary lineages and suggest polyphyletic origins of clerodane biosynthesis in the family Lamiaceae.Our study not only provides significant insights into the evolution of clerodane biosynthetic pathways in the mint family,Lamiaceae,but also will facilitate the production of anticancer clerodanes through future metabolic engineering efforts.展开更多
The integrated microwave photonic filter(MPF),as a compelling candidate for next-generation radio-frequency(RF)applications,has been widely investigated for decades.However,most integrated MPFs reported thus far have ...The integrated microwave photonic filter(MPF),as a compelling candidate for next-generation radio-frequency(RF)applications,has been widely investigated for decades.However,most integrated MPFs reported thus far have merely incorporated passive photonic components onto a chip-scale platform,while all necessary active devices are still bulk and discrete.Though few attempts to higher photonic integration of MPFs have been executed,the achieved filtering performances are fairly limited,which impedes the pathway to practical deployments.Here,we demonstrate,for the first time to our knowledge,an all-integrated MPF combined with high filtering performances,through hybrid integration of an In P chip-based laser and a monolithic silicon photonic circuit consisting of a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator,a high-Q ring resonator,and a photodetector.This integrated MPF exhibits a high spectral resolution as narrow as 360 MHz,a wide-frequency tunable range covering the S-band to K-band(3 to 25 GHz),and a large rejection ratio of>40 d B.Moreover,the filtering response can be agilely switched between the bandpass and band-stop function with a transient respond time(48μs).Compared with previous MPFs in a similar integration level,the obtained spectral resolution in this work is dramatically improved by nearly one order of magnitude,while the valid frequency tunable range is broadened more than twice,which can satisfy the essential filtering requirements in actual RF systems.As a paradigm demonstration oriented to real-world scenarios,high-resolution RF filtering of realistic microwave signals aiming for interference rejection and channel selection is performed.Our work points out a feasible route to a miniaturized,high-performance,and cost-effective MPF leveraging hybrid integration approach,thus enabling a range of RF applications from wireless communication to radar toward the higher-frequency region,more compact size,and lower power consumption.展开更多
基金the Royal Society for the Newton Advanced Fellowship awarded to E.C.T.(NAF\R2\192001)and CEPAMS Funding(Project CPM19)for support of the collaboration project‘‘Scutellaria Anticancer Metabolites’’for C.M.and E.C.T.C.M.was also supported by the Institute Strategic Programme‘‘Molecules from Nature’’(BB/P012523/1)from the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.E.C.T.was also supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB27020204)International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(153D31KYSB 20160074)Ministry of Science and Technology for Foreign Expert Project 2019(G20190113016),the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality for Shanghai Talent Recruitment Programs.A.L.M.M.was supported by the CAS PIFI Fellowship and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation for Postdoctoral International Exchange Program Fellowship.H.L.is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China through Young Scientists Fund(32200313).
文摘The presence of anticancer clerodane diterpenoids is a chemotaxonomic marker for the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Scutellaria barbata,although the molecular mechanisms behind clerodane biosynthesis are unknown.Here,we report a high-quality assembly of the 414.98 Mb genome of S.barbata into 13 pseudochromosomes.Using phylogenomic and biochemical data,we mapped the plastidial metabolism of kaurene(gibberellins),abietane,and clerodane diterpenes in three species of the family Lamiaceae(Scutellaria barbata,Scutellaria baicalensis,and Salvia splendens),facilitating the identification of genes involved in the biosynthesis of the clerodanes,kolavenol,and isokolavenol.We show that clerodane biosynthesis evolved through recruitment and neofunctionalization of genes from gibberellin and abietane metabolism.Despite the assumed monophyletic origin of clerodane biosynthesis,which is widespread in species of the Lamiaceae,our data show distinct evolutionary lineages and suggest polyphyletic origins of clerodane biosynthesis in the family Lamiaceae.Our study not only provides significant insights into the evolution of clerodane biosynthetic pathways in the mint family,Lamiaceae,but also will facilitate the production of anticancer clerodanes through future metabolic engineering efforts.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(61635001,62001010)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFB2206100)+1 种基金Beijing Key Research and Development Project(Z19110004819006)China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20200017)。
文摘The integrated microwave photonic filter(MPF),as a compelling candidate for next-generation radio-frequency(RF)applications,has been widely investigated for decades.However,most integrated MPFs reported thus far have merely incorporated passive photonic components onto a chip-scale platform,while all necessary active devices are still bulk and discrete.Though few attempts to higher photonic integration of MPFs have been executed,the achieved filtering performances are fairly limited,which impedes the pathway to practical deployments.Here,we demonstrate,for the first time to our knowledge,an all-integrated MPF combined with high filtering performances,through hybrid integration of an In P chip-based laser and a monolithic silicon photonic circuit consisting of a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator,a high-Q ring resonator,and a photodetector.This integrated MPF exhibits a high spectral resolution as narrow as 360 MHz,a wide-frequency tunable range covering the S-band to K-band(3 to 25 GHz),and a large rejection ratio of>40 d B.Moreover,the filtering response can be agilely switched between the bandpass and band-stop function with a transient respond time(48μs).Compared with previous MPFs in a similar integration level,the obtained spectral resolution in this work is dramatically improved by nearly one order of magnitude,while the valid frequency tunable range is broadened more than twice,which can satisfy the essential filtering requirements in actual RF systems.As a paradigm demonstration oriented to real-world scenarios,high-resolution RF filtering of realistic microwave signals aiming for interference rejection and channel selection is performed.Our work points out a feasible route to a miniaturized,high-performance,and cost-effective MPF leveraging hybrid integration approach,thus enabling a range of RF applications from wireless communication to radar toward the higher-frequency region,more compact size,and lower power consumption.
