Since its inception,the Internet has been rapidly evolving.With the advancement of science and technology and the explosive growth of the population,the demand for the Internet has been on the rise.Many applications i...Since its inception,the Internet has been rapidly evolving.With the advancement of science and technology and the explosive growth of the population,the demand for the Internet has been on the rise.Many applications in education,healthcare,entertainment,science,and more are being increasingly deployed based on the internet.Concurrently,malicious threats on the internet are on the rise as well.Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)attacks are among the most common and dangerous threats on the internet today.The scale and complexity of DDoS attacks are constantly growing.Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS)have been deployed and have demonstrated their effectiveness in defense against those threats.In addition,the research of Machine Learning(ML)and Deep Learning(DL)in IDS has gained effective results and significant attention.However,one of the challenges when applying ML and DL techniques in intrusion detection is the identification of unknown attacks.These attacks,which are not encountered during the system’s training,can lead to misclassification with significant errors.In this research,we focused on addressing the issue of Unknown Attack Detection,combining two methods:Spatial Location Constraint Prototype Loss(SLCPL)and Fuzzy C-Means(FCM).With the proposed method,we achieved promising results compared to traditional methods.The proposed method demonstrates a very high accuracy of up to 99.8%with a low false positive rate for known attacks on the Intrusion Detection Evaluation Dataset(CICIDS2017)dataset.Particularly,the accuracy is also very high,reaching 99.7%,and the precision goes up to 99.9%for unknown DDoS attacks on the DDoS Evaluation Dataset(CICDDoS2019)dataset.The success of the proposed method is due to the combination of SLCPL,an advanced Open-Set Recognition(OSR)technique,and FCM,a traditional yet highly applicable clustering technique.This has yielded a novel method in the field of unknown attack detection.This further expands the trend of applying DL and ML techniques in the development of intrusion d展开更多
Objective To explore the role and the possible molecular mechanisms of natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody played and involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Methods Natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antib...Objective To explore the role and the possible molecular mechanisms of natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody played and involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Methods Natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody 3A6 was generated by using standard hybridoma production techniques. Influence of 3A6 on formation of foam cells was observed by Oil Red O staining and affinity of Na125I-conjugated oxLDL on the naive and LPS-activated macrophages. After LPS stimulation on macrophages, anti-TLR4 neutralizing mAb, p38MAPK specific inhibitor SB203580, NF-kB specific inhibitor PDTC or RNAi targeting Fcα/μ receptor (Fcamr) were applied, respectively. Results Natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody 3 A6 were found specifically inhibit the binding of CuoxLDL to naive macrophages but not the binding of CuoxLDL to LPS-activated macrophages. It also promoted the formation of CuoxLDL-mediated foam macrophages. 3A6 F(ab')2 or pre-incubation with un-related IgM inhibited the binding of 3A6/CuoxLDL complex to LPS-activated macrophages. LPS up-regulated the expression of Fcamr in macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was attenuated by treatment with anti-TLR4. LPS induced the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and translocation of NF-kB p65, contributing to the up-regulated expression of Fcα/μ receptor in macrophages. Conclusions Natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody 3A6 specifically inhibited the binding of CuoxLDL to naive macrophages in vitro. However, LPS, through the Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 receptor, activated the p38MAPK and NF-kB pathways and up-regulated the expression of Fcα/μ receptor in macrophages, which promoted the binding of 3A6/CuoxLDL complex to macrophages through binding with Fc fragments and the formation of foam macrophages. Therefore, our findings provide a new explanation why bacterial infection deteriorates the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.展开更多
目的探讨BridgePoint系统支持下正向内膜下重回真腔技术(ADR)开通冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变(CTO)的安全性、有效性和预后。方法连续入选自2016年4月至2018年12月于西京医院接受BridgePoint系统开通CTO病变的患者87例,进行回顾性分析。...目的探讨BridgePoint系统支持下正向内膜下重回真腔技术(ADR)开通冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变(CTO)的安全性、有效性和预后。方法连续入选自2016年4月至2018年12月于西京医院接受BridgePoint系统开通CTO病变的患者87例,进行回顾性分析。记录入选患者的一般资料、CTO病变的影像学特征及术中相关参数。观察入选患者的短期预后,包括技术成功(达TIMI 3级血流及残余狭窄<30%)率、手术成功[住院期间无主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生]率、并发症以及住院期间MACE。MACE包括死亡、再发心肌梗死、靶血管重建(TVR)和心脏压塞等。于出院后30 d及6、12、24和36个月,通过门诊或电话随访入选患者MACE发生情况。结果87例患者中,男性75例(86%),年龄(61±10)岁,J-CTO评分为(2.49±0.52)分。6例患者采用BridgePoint系统直接行ADR术,均成功。81例患者行BridgePoint系统补救性ADR术,其中62例成功,BridgePoint系统ADR术成功率为78.2%(68/87);19例患者于手术失败后通过正向/逆向技术补救,成功9例,失败10例。技术成功率为88.5%(77/87)。冠状动脉穿孔2例(2.3%),1例置入覆膜支架,1例心包填塞后给予心包穿刺;围手术期心肌梗死1例,猝死1例,心脏压塞1例。住院期间入选患者MACE发生率为3.4%(3/87),手术成功率为85.1%(74/87)。手术时间为(175±72)min,对比剂剂量为(449±155)ml。随访17(11,26)个月,86例患者完成了随访,30 d MACE发生率为4.7%(4/86),6个月为10.5%(9/86),17个月为17.4%(15/86)。结论BridgePoint系统开通冠状动脉CTO的成功率较高,安全、可行,临床预后较好。展开更多
基金This research was partly supported by the National Science and Technology Council,Taiwan with Grant Numbers 112-2221-E-992-045,112-2221-E-992-057-MY3 and 112-2622-8-992-009-TD1.
文摘Since its inception,the Internet has been rapidly evolving.With the advancement of science and technology and the explosive growth of the population,the demand for the Internet has been on the rise.Many applications in education,healthcare,entertainment,science,and more are being increasingly deployed based on the internet.Concurrently,malicious threats on the internet are on the rise as well.Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)attacks are among the most common and dangerous threats on the internet today.The scale and complexity of DDoS attacks are constantly growing.Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS)have been deployed and have demonstrated their effectiveness in defense against those threats.In addition,the research of Machine Learning(ML)and Deep Learning(DL)in IDS has gained effective results and significant attention.However,one of the challenges when applying ML and DL techniques in intrusion detection is the identification of unknown attacks.These attacks,which are not encountered during the system’s training,can lead to misclassification with significant errors.In this research,we focused on addressing the issue of Unknown Attack Detection,combining two methods:Spatial Location Constraint Prototype Loss(SLCPL)and Fuzzy C-Means(FCM).With the proposed method,we achieved promising results compared to traditional methods.The proposed method demonstrates a very high accuracy of up to 99.8%with a low false positive rate for known attacks on the Intrusion Detection Evaluation Dataset(CICIDS2017)dataset.Particularly,the accuracy is also very high,reaching 99.7%,and the precision goes up to 99.9%for unknown DDoS attacks on the DDoS Evaluation Dataset(CICDDoS2019)dataset.The success of the proposed method is due to the combination of SLCPL,an advanced Open-Set Recognition(OSR)technique,and FCM,a traditional yet highly applicable clustering technique.This has yielded a novel method in the field of unknown attack detection.This further expands the trend of applying DL and ML techniques in the development of intrusion d
文摘Objective To explore the role and the possible molecular mechanisms of natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody played and involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Methods Natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody 3A6 was generated by using standard hybridoma production techniques. Influence of 3A6 on formation of foam cells was observed by Oil Red O staining and affinity of Na125I-conjugated oxLDL on the naive and LPS-activated macrophages. After LPS stimulation on macrophages, anti-TLR4 neutralizing mAb, p38MAPK specific inhibitor SB203580, NF-kB specific inhibitor PDTC or RNAi targeting Fcα/μ receptor (Fcamr) were applied, respectively. Results Natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody 3 A6 were found specifically inhibit the binding of CuoxLDL to naive macrophages but not the binding of CuoxLDL to LPS-activated macrophages. It also promoted the formation of CuoxLDL-mediated foam macrophages. 3A6 F(ab')2 or pre-incubation with un-related IgM inhibited the binding of 3A6/CuoxLDL complex to LPS-activated macrophages. LPS up-regulated the expression of Fcamr in macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was attenuated by treatment with anti-TLR4. LPS induced the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and translocation of NF-kB p65, contributing to the up-regulated expression of Fcα/μ receptor in macrophages. Conclusions Natural anti-oxLDL IgM monoclonal antibody 3A6 specifically inhibited the binding of CuoxLDL to naive macrophages in vitro. However, LPS, through the Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 receptor, activated the p38MAPK and NF-kB pathways and up-regulated the expression of Fcα/μ receptor in macrophages, which promoted the binding of 3A6/CuoxLDL complex to macrophages through binding with Fc fragments and the formation of foam macrophages. Therefore, our findings provide a new explanation why bacterial infection deteriorates the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
文摘目的探讨BridgePoint系统支持下正向内膜下重回真腔技术(ADR)开通冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变(CTO)的安全性、有效性和预后。方法连续入选自2016年4月至2018年12月于西京医院接受BridgePoint系统开通CTO病变的患者87例,进行回顾性分析。记录入选患者的一般资料、CTO病变的影像学特征及术中相关参数。观察入选患者的短期预后,包括技术成功(达TIMI 3级血流及残余狭窄<30%)率、手术成功[住院期间无主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生]率、并发症以及住院期间MACE。MACE包括死亡、再发心肌梗死、靶血管重建(TVR)和心脏压塞等。于出院后30 d及6、12、24和36个月,通过门诊或电话随访入选患者MACE发生情况。结果87例患者中,男性75例(86%),年龄(61±10)岁,J-CTO评分为(2.49±0.52)分。6例患者采用BridgePoint系统直接行ADR术,均成功。81例患者行BridgePoint系统补救性ADR术,其中62例成功,BridgePoint系统ADR术成功率为78.2%(68/87);19例患者于手术失败后通过正向/逆向技术补救,成功9例,失败10例。技术成功率为88.5%(77/87)。冠状动脉穿孔2例(2.3%),1例置入覆膜支架,1例心包填塞后给予心包穿刺;围手术期心肌梗死1例,猝死1例,心脏压塞1例。住院期间入选患者MACE发生率为3.4%(3/87),手术成功率为85.1%(74/87)。手术时间为(175±72)min,对比剂剂量为(449±155)ml。随访17(11,26)个月,86例患者完成了随访,30 d MACE发生率为4.7%(4/86),6个月为10.5%(9/86),17个月为17.4%(15/86)。结论BridgePoint系统开通冠状动脉CTO的成功率较高,安全、可行,临床预后较好。
