Background： Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head （NONFH） is a debilitating disease that represents a significant financial burden for both individuals and healthcare systems. Despite its significance, how...Background： Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head （NONFH） is a debilitating disease that represents a significant financial burden for both individuals and healthcare systems. Despite its significance, however, its prevalence in the Chinese general population remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of NONFH and its associated risk factors in the Chinese population. Methods： A nationally representative survey of 30,030 respondents was undertaken from June 2012 to August 2013. All participants underwent a questionnaire investigation, physical examination of hip, and bilateral hip joint X-ray and/or magnetic resonance imaging exalnination. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting to test serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein （HDL） and low-density lipoprotein （LDL） levels. We then used multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate the associations between various metabolic, demographic, and lifestyle-related variables and NONFH. Results： NONFH was diagnosed in 218 subjects （0.725%） and the estimated NONFH cases were 8.12 million among Chinesepeople aged 15 years and over. The prevalence of NONFH was significantly higher in males than in females （1.02% vs. 0.51%, x^2 = 24.997, P 〈 0.001 ）. Among NONFH patients, North residents were subjected to higher prevalence of NONFH than that of South residents （0.85% vs. 0.61%,x^2= 5.847, P = 0.016）. Our multivariate regression analysis showed that high blood levels oftriglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and non-H DL-cholesterol, male, urban residence, family history of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. heavy smoking, alcohol abuse and glucocorticoid intake, overweight, and obesity were all significantly associated with an increased risk of NONFH. Conclusions： Our findings highlight that NONFH is a significantpublic health challenge in China and underscore the need for policy measures on the national level. Furthermore, NONFH shares a number of risk 展开更多
Background and Aims:Hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)loss is seldom achieved with nucleos(t)ide analog(NA)therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients but may be enhanced by switching to finite pegylated-interferon(Peg-IF...Background and Aims:Hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)loss is seldom achieved with nucleos(t)ide analog(NA)therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients but may be enhanced by switching to finite pegylated-interferon(Peg-IFN)alfa-2a.We assessed HBsAg loss with 48-and 96-week Peg-IFN alfa-2a in chronic hepatitis B patients with partial response to a previous NA.Methods:Hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)-positive patients who achieved HBeAg loss and hepatitis B virus DNA<200 IU/mL with previous adefovir,lamivudine or entecavir treatment were randomized 1:1 to receive Peg-IFN alfa-2a for 48(n=153)or 96 weeks(n=150).The primary endpoint of this study was HBsAg loss at end of treatment.The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is NCT01464281.Results:At the end of 48 and 96 weeks'treatment,14.4%(22/153)and 20.7%(31/150)of patients,respectively,who switched from NA to Peg-IFN alfa-2a cleared HBsAg.Rates were similar irrespective of prior NA or baseline HBeAg seroconversion.Among those who cleared HBsAg by the end of 48 and 96 weeks'treatment,77.8%(14/18)and 71.4%(20/28),respectively,sustained HBsAg loss for a further 48 weeks.Baseline HBsAg<1500 IU/mL and week 24 HBsAg<200 IU/mL were associated with the highest rates of HBsAg loss at the end of both 48-and 96-week treatment(51.4%and 58.7%,respectively).Importantly,extending treatment from 48 to 96 weeks enabled 48.3%(14/29)more patients to achieve HBsAg loss.Conclusions:Patients on long-term NA who are unlikely to meet therapeutic goals can achieve high rates of HBsAg loss by switching to Peg-IFN alfa-2a.HBsAg loss rates may be improved for some patients by extending treatment from 48 to 96 weeks,although the differences in our study cohort were not statistically significant.Baseline and on-treatment HBsAg may predict HBsAg loss with Peg-IFN alfa-2a.展开更多
Esophageal cancer is one of the most fatal diseases worldwide mainly because of its rapid progression and poor prognosis.Although the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has markedly risen in North America and Euro...Esophageal cancer is one of the most fatal diseases worldwide mainly because of its rapid progression and poor prognosis.Although the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has markedly risen in North America and Europe in the past several decades, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is still the predominant subtype of esophageal cancer, especially in China. It accounts for more than 90% of all esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases in China. Geographical differentiation is one of the most distinctive characteristics of esophageal cancer. The progression, risk factors, and prognosis of these two subtypes of esophageal cancer differ. This study reviews the epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China, thereby providing systematic references for policy-makers who will decide on issues of esophageal cancer prevention and control.展开更多
踝关节骨折是创伤骨科常见骨折之一。通过引入加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念,对围手术期处理措施进行全面优化,可以进一步提高患者诊疗效果。为规范ERAS临床路径在踝关节骨折中的应用,基于前期研究经验,以循...踝关节骨折是创伤骨科常见骨折之一。通过引入加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念,对围手术期处理措施进行全面优化,可以进一步提高患者诊疗效果。为规范ERAS临床路径在踝关节骨折中的应用,基于前期研究经验,以循证医学证据为依据,经过全国专家组反复讨论,编制该专家共识,供全国创伤骨科医师在临床工作中参考。该共识适用于所有进行择期手术治疗的成人新鲜踝关节骨折患者。共识共包含25条推荐意见,就踝关节骨折患者急诊处理、术前准备、术中处理以及术后恢复进行了全面介绍。展开更多
A thorough understanding of the genetic basis of rice grain traits is critical for the improvement of rice （Oryza sativa L.） varieties. In this study, we generated an F2 population by crossing the large-grain japoni...A thorough understanding of the genetic basis of rice grain traits is critical for the improvement of rice （Oryza sativa L.） varieties. In this study, we generated an F2 population by crossing the large-grain japonica cultivar CW23 with Peiai 64 （PA64）, an elite indica small-grain cultivar. Using QTL analysis, 17 QTLs for five grain traits were detected on four different chromosomes. Eight of the QTLs were newly-identified in this study. In particular, qGL3-1, a newly-identified grain length QTL with the highest LOD value and largest phenotypic variation, was fine-mapped to the 17 kb region of chromosome 3. A serine/threonine protein phosphatase gene encoding a repeat domain containing two Kelch motifs was identified as the unique candidate gene corresponding to this QTL. A comparison of PA64 and CW23 sequences revealed a single nucleotide substitution （C→A） at position 1092 in exon 10, resulting in replacement of Asp （D） in PA64 with Glu （E） in CW23 for the 364th amino acid. This variation is located at the D position of the conserved sequence motif AVLDT of the Kelch repeat. Genetic analysis of a near-isogenic line （NIL） for qGL3-1 revealed that the allele qGL3-1 from CW23 has an additive or partly dominant effect, and is suitable for use in molecular marker-assisted selection.展开更多
文摘Background： Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head （NONFH） is a debilitating disease that represents a significant financial burden for both individuals and healthcare systems. Despite its significance, however, its prevalence in the Chinese general population remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of NONFH and its associated risk factors in the Chinese population. Methods： A nationally representative survey of 30,030 respondents was undertaken from June 2012 to August 2013. All participants underwent a questionnaire investigation, physical examination of hip, and bilateral hip joint X-ray and/or magnetic resonance imaging exalnination. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting to test serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein （HDL） and low-density lipoprotein （LDL） levels. We then used multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate the associations between various metabolic, demographic, and lifestyle-related variables and NONFH. Results： NONFH was diagnosed in 218 subjects （0.725%） and the estimated NONFH cases were 8.12 million among Chinesepeople aged 15 years and over. The prevalence of NONFH was significantly higher in males than in females （1.02% vs. 0.51%, x^2 = 24.997, P 〈 0.001 ）. Among NONFH patients, North residents were subjected to higher prevalence of NONFH than that of South residents （0.85% vs. 0.61%,x^2= 5.847, P = 0.016）. Our multivariate regression analysis showed that high blood levels oftriglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and non-H DL-cholesterol, male, urban residence, family history of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. heavy smoking, alcohol abuse and glucocorticoid intake, overweight, and obesity were all significantly associated with an increased risk of NONFH. Conclusions： Our findings highlight that NONFH is a significantpublic health challenge in China and underscore the need for policy measures on the national level. Furthermore, NONFH shares a number of risk
基金The authors would like to thank the patients and their families for their contribution to this studyThis study was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2008ZX10002-006,2012ZX10002007001,2017ZX10202203-007,2017ZX10202203-008)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81171561,30972584)This study was also supported in part by Shanghai Roche Pharmaceuticals LtdWriting assistance was provided by Stefanie Chuah,from Mudskipper Business Ltd,funded by F Hoffmann-La Roche
文摘Background and Aims:Hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)loss is seldom achieved with nucleos(t)ide analog(NA)therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients but may be enhanced by switching to finite pegylated-interferon(Peg-IFN)alfa-2a.We assessed HBsAg loss with 48-and 96-week Peg-IFN alfa-2a in chronic hepatitis B patients with partial response to a previous NA.Methods:Hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)-positive patients who achieved HBeAg loss and hepatitis B virus DNA<200 IU/mL with previous adefovir,lamivudine or entecavir treatment were randomized 1:1 to receive Peg-IFN alfa-2a for 48(n=153)or 96 weeks(n=150).The primary endpoint of this study was HBsAg loss at end of treatment.The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is NCT01464281.Results:At the end of 48 and 96 weeks'treatment,14.4%(22/153)and 20.7%(31/150)of patients,respectively,who switched from NA to Peg-IFN alfa-2a cleared HBsAg.Rates were similar irrespective of prior NA or baseline HBeAg seroconversion.Among those who cleared HBsAg by the end of 48 and 96 weeks'treatment,77.8%(14/18)and 71.4%(20/28),respectively,sustained HBsAg loss for a further 48 weeks.Baseline HBsAg<1500 IU/mL and week 24 HBsAg<200 IU/mL were associated with the highest rates of HBsAg loss at the end of both 48-and 96-week treatment(51.4%and 58.7%,respectively).Importantly,extending treatment from 48 to 96 weeks enabled 48.3%(14/29)more patients to achieve HBsAg loss.Conclusions:Patients on long-term NA who are unlikely to meet therapeutic goals can achieve high rates of HBsAg loss by switching to Peg-IFN alfa-2a.HBsAg loss rates may be improved for some patients by extending treatment from 48 to 96 weeks,although the differences in our study cohort were not statistically significant.Baseline and on-treatment HBsAg may predict HBsAg loss with Peg-IFN alfa-2a.
文摘Esophageal cancer is one of the most fatal diseases worldwide mainly because of its rapid progression and poor prognosis.Although the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has markedly risen in North America and Europe in the past several decades, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is still the predominant subtype of esophageal cancer, especially in China. It accounts for more than 90% of all esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases in China. Geographical differentiation is one of the most distinctive characteristics of esophageal cancer. The progression, risk factors, and prognosis of these two subtypes of esophageal cancer differ. This study reviews the epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China, thereby providing systematic references for policy-makers who will decide on issues of esophageal cancer prevention and control.
文摘踝关节骨折是创伤骨科常见骨折之一。通过引入加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念,对围手术期处理措施进行全面优化,可以进一步提高患者诊疗效果。为规范ERAS临床路径在踝关节骨折中的应用,基于前期研究经验,以循证医学证据为依据,经过全国专家组反复讨论,编制该专家共识,供全国创伤骨科医师在临床工作中参考。该共识适用于所有进行择期手术治疗的成人新鲜踝关节骨折患者。共识共包含25条推荐意见,就踝关节骨折患者急诊处理、术前准备、术中处理以及术后恢复进行了全面介绍。
文摘以全球变暖为主要特征的气候变化已成为全球性环境问题,对全球可持续发展带来严峻挑战。2015年《巴黎协定》确定了自2020年后国家自主贡献的减排方式,并从2023年开始每5 a开展一次全球碳盘点。2019年第49届IPCC全会明确增加了基于卫星遥感的排放清单校验方法。欧盟、美国、日本、加拿大等正在大力发展温室气体排放的MVS(Monitoring and Verification Support)能力。本文调研分析了全球碳盘点对卫星遥感技术的需求,介绍了全球碳盘点卫星遥感的技术原理,梳理了温室气体卫星遥感、生态系统碳源汇卫星遥感估算、人为源碳排放卫星遥感、碳通量同化估算等全球碳盘点卫星遥感核心环节的研究现状与进展,分析了当前卫星遥感技术对全球碳盘点任务的支撑能力,并结合国内外发展趋势,针对性地提出中国的碳监测卫星计划方案,并展望了中国开展全球碳盘点卫星遥感监测重点任务,期望为中国全球碳盘点卫星遥感体系建设提供思路与方案。
基金supported by grants from the Geneti-cally Modified Organisms Breeding Major Projects of China(2011ZX08001-004-009)the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(30900881)+2 种基金the Jiangxi Province Major Science and Technology Projects and Super Hybrid Rice BreedingDemonstration and Dissemination Projects(20114ABF03105)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Y2006D22)
文摘A thorough understanding of the genetic basis of rice grain traits is critical for the improvement of rice （Oryza sativa L.） varieties. In this study, we generated an F2 population by crossing the large-grain japonica cultivar CW23 with Peiai 64 （PA64）, an elite indica small-grain cultivar. Using QTL analysis, 17 QTLs for five grain traits were detected on four different chromosomes. Eight of the QTLs were newly-identified in this study. In particular, qGL3-1, a newly-identified grain length QTL with the highest LOD value and largest phenotypic variation, was fine-mapped to the 17 kb region of chromosome 3. A serine/threonine protein phosphatase gene encoding a repeat domain containing two Kelch motifs was identified as the unique candidate gene corresponding to this QTL. A comparison of PA64 and CW23 sequences revealed a single nucleotide substitution （C→A） at position 1092 in exon 10, resulting in replacement of Asp （D） in PA64 with Glu （E） in CW23 for the 364th amino acid. This variation is located at the D position of the conserved sequence motif AVLDT of the Kelch repeat. Genetic analysis of a near-isogenic line （NIL） for qGL3-1 revealed that the allele qGL3-1 from CW23 has an additive or partly dominant effect, and is suitable for use in molecular marker-assisted selection.
