In recent years,as living standards have continued to improve,the number of diabetes patients in China,along with the incidence of complications associated with the disease,has been increasing.Among these complication...In recent years,as living standards have continued to improve,the number of diabetes patients in China,along with the incidence of complications associated with the disease,has been increasing.Among these complications,diabetic foot disease is one of the main causes of disability and death in diabetic patients.Due to the differences in economy,culture,religion and level of medical care available across different regions,preventive and treatment methods and curative results for diabetic foot vary greatly.In multidisciplinary models built around diabetic foot,the timely assessment and diagnosis of wounds and appropriate methods of prevention and treatment with internal and external surgery are key to clinical practice for this pathology.In 2019,under the leadership of the Jiangsu Medical Association and Chinese Diabetes Society,the writing group for the Guidelines on multidisciplinary approaches for the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease(2020 edition)was established with the participation of scholars from the specialist areas of endocrinology,burn injury,vascular surgery,orthopedics,foot and ankle surgery and cardiology.Drawing lessons from diabetic foot guidelines from other countries,this guide analyses clinical practices for diabetic foot,queries the theoretical basis and grades and gives recommendations based on the characteristics of the pathology in China.This paper begins with assessments and diagnoses of diabetic foot,then describes treatments for diabetic foot in detail,and ends with protections for high-risk feet and the prevention of ulcers.This manuscript covers the disciplines of internal medicine,surgical,nursing and rehabilitation and describes a total of 50 recommendations that we hope will provide procedures and protocols for clinicians dealing with diabetic foot.展开更多
Ginsenosides, the main pharmacologically active natural compounds in ginseng （Panax ginseng）, are mostly the glycosylated products of protopanaxadiol （PPD） and protopanaxatriol （PPT）. No uridine diphosphate glyc...Ginsenosides, the main pharmacologically active natural compounds in ginseng （Panax ginseng）, are mostly the glycosylated products of protopanaxadiol （PPD） and protopanaxatriol （PPT）. No uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase （UGT）, which catalyzes PPT to produce PPT-type ginsenosides, has yet been reported. Here, we show that UGTPgl, which has been demonstrated to regio-specifically glycosylate the C20-OH of PPD, also specifically glycosylates the C20-OH of PPT to produce bioactive ginsenoside FI. We report the characterization of four novel UGT genes isolated from P. ginseng, sharing high deduced amino acid identity （〉84%） with UGTPgl. We demonstrate that UGTPgl00 specifically glycosylates the C6-OH of PPT to produce bioactive ginsenoside Rhl, and UGTPgl01 catalyzes PPT to produce F1, followed by the generation of ginsenoside Rgl from FI. However, UGTPgl02 and UGTPgl03 were found to have no detectable activity on PPT. Through structural modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified several key amino acids of these UGTs that may play important roles in determining their activities and substrate regio-specificities. Moreover, we constructed yeast recombinants to biosynthesize F1 and Rhl by introducing the genetically engineered PPT-producing pathway and UGTPgl or UGTPgl00. Our study reveals the possible biosynthetic pathways of PPT-type ginsenosides in Panax plants, and provides a sound manufacturing approach for bioactive PPT-type ginsenosides in yeast via synthetic biology strategies.展开更多
A field investigation of arboviruses was conducted in Dejiang, Guizhou Province in the summer of 2016. A total of 8,795 mosquitoes, belonging to four species of three genera, and 1,300 midges were collected. The mosqu...A field investigation of arboviruses was conducted in Dejiang, Guizhou Province in the summer of 2016. A total of 8,795 mosquitoes, belonging to four species of three genera, and 1,300 midges were collected. The mosquito samples were identified on site according to their morphology, and the pooled samples were ground and centrifuged in the laboratory. The supernatant was incubated with mosquito tissue culture cells(C6/36) and mammalian cells(BHK-21) for virus isolation. The results indicated that 40%(3,540/8,795) were Anopheles sinensis, 30%(2,700/8,795) were Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, and 29%(2,530/8,795)were Armigeres subbalbeatus. Furthermore, a total of eight virus isolates were obtained, and genome sequencing revealed two Zika viruses(ZIKVs) isolated from Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Armigeres subbalbeatus, respectively; three Japanese encephalitis viruses(JEVs) isolated from Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus; two Banna viruses(BAVs) isolated from Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Anopheles sinensis, respectively; and one densovirus(DNV) isolated from Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus.The ZIKVs isolated from the Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Armigeres subbalbeatus mosquitoes represent the first ZIKV isolates in China's Mainland. This discovery presents new challenges for the prevention and control of ZIKV in China, and prompts international cooperation on this global issue.展开更多
Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) are members of the neutral proteinase family. They were previously thought to be anti-fibrotic because of their ability to degrade and remodel of extracellular matrix. However, recent s...Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) are members of the neutral proteinase family. They were previously thought to be anti-fibrotic because of their ability to degrade and remodel of extracellular matrix. However, recent studies have shown that MMPs are implicated in initiation and progression of kidney fibrosis through tubular cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition(EMT) as well as activation of resident fibroblasts, endothelial-mesenchymal transition(Endo MT) and pericyte-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Interstitial macrophage infiltration has also been shown to correlate with the severity of kidney fibrosis in various chronic kidney diseases. MMPs secreted by macrophages, especially MMP-9, hasbeen shown by us to be profibrotic by induction of tubular cells EMT. EMT is mainly induced by transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β). However, MMP-9 was found by us and others to be up-regulated by TGF-β1 in kidney tubular epithelial cells and secreted by activated macrophages, resulting in EMT and ultimately kidney fibrosis. Therefore, MMP-9 may serve as a potential therapeutic target to prevent kidney fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. This review, by a particular focus on EMT, seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of MMPs, especially MMP-9, in kidney fibrosis.展开更多
Adipose-derived stem cells and bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells were co-cultured with untreated or Aβ1-40-treated PC12 cells, or grown in supernatant derived from untreated or Aβ1-40-treated PC12 cells. Analys...Adipose-derived stem cells and bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells were co-cultured with untreated or Aβ1-40-treated PC12 cells, or grown in supernatant derived from untreated or Aβ1-40-treated PC12 cells. Analysis by western blot and quantitative real-time PCR showed that protein levels of Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2, and mRNA levels of miR/125a/3p were decreased, while expression of insulin-like growth factor-2 and neuron specific enolase was increased. In comparison the generation of neuron specific enolase-positive cells was most successful when adipose-derived stem cells were co-cultured with Aβ1-40-treated PC12 cells. Our results demonstrate that adipose-derived stem cells and bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells exhibit trends of neuronal-like cell differentiation after co-culture with Aβ1-40-treated PC12 cells. This process may relate to a downregulation of miR-125a-3p mRNA expression and increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-2 expression.展开更多
The upper ocean thermohaline structures in the region of the Chukchi Plateauare analyzed with the hydrographic data collected by the Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditionin the summer of 2003. Three types of the...The upper ocean thermohaline structures in the region of the Chukchi Plateauare analyzed with the hydrographic data collected by the Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditionin the summer of 2003. Three types of the Pacific-origin water were found in the upper ocean,Alaska Coastal Water (ACW), summer Bering Sea Water (sBSW) and winter Bering Sea Water (wBSW) areindicated by two maximums temperature and one minimum temperature, piling up from the upper to thelower respectively. The extreme warm ACW with a maximum temperature of 1.62℃ was found in thesouthwestern Canada Basin at a depth of about 50 m. A pathway of the ACW into the basin from itsadjacent area did not existed in the expedition period. So it is speculated that the extreme warmfeature of the ACW was formed locally in 2003. The relative weak ACW occurred to the east of theChukchi Cap and in the southern Chukchi Abyssal Plain. The latter one might originate from a warmdownwelling that existed in a small canyon at the shelf break of the Chukchi Sea. The sBSW withoutthe ACW was found only at the southwestern flank of the Chukchi Cap. The ACW and the sBSW were notfound in the northernmost station at 81°N,which indicates the north boundary of the upperPacific-origin water in the Canada Basin. The wBSW, which existed in all deep stations, was exactlyuniform at temperature. The difference of the core potential temperature of the wBSW in the deepregions is only 0.08℃.展开更多
Rapeseed (Brassica napus),an important oilseed crop,has adapted to diverse climate zones and latitudes by forming three main ecotype groups,namely winter,semiwinter,and spring types. However,genetic variations underly...Rapeseed (Brassica napus),an important oilseed crop,has adapted to diverse climate zones and latitudes by forming three main ecotype groups,namely winter,semiwinter,and spring types. However,genetic variations underlying the divergence of these ecotypes are largely unknown. Here,we report the global pattern of genetic polymorphisms in rapeseed determined by resequencing a worldwide collection of 991 germplasm accessions.A total of 5.56 and 5.53 million singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)as Well as 1.86 and 1.92 million InDels were identified by mapping reads to the reference genomes of "Darmor-bzh"and "Tapidor,"respectively.We generated a map of allelic drift paths that shows splits and mixtures of the main populations,and revealed an asymmetric evolution of the two subgenomes of B.napus by calculating the genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium parameters.Selective-sweep analysis revealed genetic changes in genes orthologous to those regulating various aspects of plant development and response to stresses.A genome-wide association study identified SNPs in the promoter regions of FLOWERING LOCUS T and FLOWERING LOCUS C orthologs that corresponded to the different rapeseed ecotype groups. Our study provides important insights into the genomic footprints of rapeseed evolution and flowering-time divergence among three ecotype groups,and will facilitate screening of molecular markers for accelerating rapeseed breeding.展开更多
Strong DC coupling with weak AC and large-scale renewable energy integration are the two significant characteristics of ultra-high-voltage AC/DC(UHVAC/DC)hybrid power grids in China.Strong coupling between AC and DC g...Strong DC coupling with weak AC and large-scale renewable energy integration are the two significant characteristics of ultra-high-voltage AC/DC(UHVAC/DC)hybrid power grids in China.Strong coupling between AC and DC grids and the different integration performance of renewable energy sources have profoundly changed the stability characteristics of the power system.The traditional stability control system is inadequate for the stability control of UHVAC/DC power grids.This paper analyzes the requirements for constructing an integrated defense system in a UHVAC/DC hybrid power grid(i.e.power system protection).The definition,connotation,and designing principles of power system protection are put forward.The relationship between the power system protection and the traditional three-defense lines is investigated.The design principles,general hardware structure and main functions of a power system protection are presented.Key problems and technologies are specified in the construction of the power system protection.展开更多
On the gradient observational data of the atmospheric surface layer from September 1997 to December 1998 collected by two sets of Automatic Weather Station (AWS) installed in Gaize and Shiquanhe on the western Tibetan...On the gradient observational data of the atmospheric surface layer from September 1997 to December 1998 collected by two sets of Automatic Weather Station (AWS) installed in Gaize and Shiquanhe on the western Tibetan Plateau, mean surface roughness lengths at the two stations above are determined to be 2.7 and 2.9 cm, respectively. The bulk transfer coefficients each day are computed by the profile-flux method, means of the bulk transfer coefficient for momentum (i.e. drag coefficient) in 1998 are 4.83×10-3 and 4.75×103 at the two stations. The surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat each day are further estimated by the bulk formulas, annual mean of these fluxes is 3.4×10-2 and 1.8×102N/m2, 73.1 and 67.2 W/m2, 15.4 and 2.9 W/m2, respectively. The diurnal and seasonal variations are obtained by a composite method and the relationships among the heat transfers between land and atmosphere, plateau monsoon and plateau rain season are also discussed.展开更多
This paper presents the special processing methods used for wide-angle land seismic data through both theoretical study and model testing. They are different from conventional ones in the following aspects: separation...This paper presents the special processing methods used for wide-angle land seismic data through both theoretical study and model testing. They are different from conventional ones in the following aspects: separation of reflection and refraction waves, long offset NMO and stacking and forward modeling and inversion. These processing techniques have been applied for the first time to land seismic data from Liaohe areas, resulting in greatly improved quality of the deep formation and better imaging of the shallow layer obtained in the volcanic-shielded area. Wide-angle reflection and refraction seismic surveys were carried out in the Liaohe area using the maximum offset of 6500m and with the target around 2000ms. In the processing, we adopted the τ-p transform and the high-order normal moveout correction.展开更多
The effects of freeze-thaw cycles on sorption/desorption of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in two wetland soils and one reclaimed wetland soil were investigated. DOC concentrations added were 0-600 mg/L. Laboratory ...The effects of freeze-thaw cycles on sorption/desorption of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in two wetland soils and one reclaimed wetland soil were investigated. DOC concentrations added were 0-600 mg/L. Laboratory incubations of sorption/desorption of DOC had been carried out at -15℃ for 10 h, and then at ＋5℃ for 13 h. Soil samples were refrozen and thawed subsequently for 5 cycles. Initial Mass model was used to describe sorption behavior of DOC. The results indicate that freeze-thaw cycles can significantly increase the sorption capacity of DOC and reduce the desorption capacity of DOC in the three soils. The freeze-thaw effects on desorpfion of DOC in soils increase with the increasing freeze-thaw cycles. The conversion of natural wetlands to soybean farmland can decrease the sorption capacity and increase the desorption capacity of DOC in soils. Global warming and reclamation may increase DOC release, and subsequently increase the loss of carbon and the emission of greenhouse gas.展开更多
Exercise has long been known for its active role in improving physical fitness and sustaining health.Regular moderate-intensity exercise improves all aspects of human health and is widely accepted as a preventative an...Exercise has long been known for its active role in improving physical fitness and sustaining health.Regular moderate-intensity exercise improves all aspects of human health and is widely accepted as a preventative and therapeutic strategy for various diseases.It is well-documented that exercise maintains and restores homeostasis at the organismal,tissue,cellular,and molecular levels to stimulate positive physiological adaptations that consequently protect against various pathological conditions.Here we mainly summarize how moderate-intensity exercise affects the major hallmarks of health,including the integrity of barriers,containment of local perturbations,recycling and turnover,integration of circuitries,rhythmic oscillations,homeostatic resilience,hormetic regulation,as well as repair and regeneration.Furthermore,we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for beneficial adaptations in response to exercise.This review aimed at providing a comprehensive summary of the vital biological mechanisms through which moderate-intensity exercise maintains health and opens a window for its application in other health interventions.We hope that continuing investigation in this field will further increase our understanding of the processes involved in the positive role of moderate-intensity exercise and thus get us closer to the identification of new therapeutics that improve quality of life.展开更多
Gaomiaozi （GMZ） bentonite is regarded as the favorable candidate backfilling material for a potential repository in China. It is important to understand the diffusion behavior of ^125I in GMZ bentonite and compare t...Gaomiaozi （GMZ） bentonite is regarded as the favorable candidate backfilling material for a potential repository in China. It is important to understand the diffusion behavior of ^125I in GMZ bentonite and compare the diffusion behavior in GMZ and other types of bentonite like MX-80, Avonlea, etc. Therefore, through- and out-diffusion experiments were conducted to obtain the effective diffusion coefficient （De） and distribution coefficient （Kd）. A computer code named Fitting for diffusion coefficient （FDP） was used for the experimental data processing and theoretical modeling. At the dry density of GMZ bentonite from 1600-2000 kg/m^3, the De values of ^125I were （2.4-20.4）×10 ^-12 m^2/s and Ka values were constants. At dry density above 1800 kg/m^3, the diffusion behaviors were almost the same, indicating that the anion exclusion was ineffective. Out-diffusion results showed that the species of ^125I may be changed during the diffusion processing. It was probably caused by some organic mat- ters or reducing substances in GMZ bentonite. Since the main composition of bentonite is montmorillonite, similar diffusion parameters were obtained in GMZ and other types of bentonite. The relationship of DE and accessible porosity （εacc） could be described by Archie＇s law with exponent n = 1.2-2.8 for ^125I diffusion in bentonite, whereas n = 2.0 in GMZ bentonite. Fur- thermore, bentonite with the dry density of 1800 kg/m^3 was proposed as the backfilling materials used in the construction of high level radioactivity waste repository.展开更多
Large oilfields are often coincidentally located in major river deltas and wetlands,and potentially damage the structure,function and ecosystem service values of wetlands during oil exploration.In the present study,th...Large oilfields are often coincidentally located in major river deltas and wetlands,and potentially damage the structure,function and ecosystem service values of wetlands during oil exploration.In the present study,the effects of crude oil contamination during oil exploration on soil physical and chemical properties were investigated in marshes of the Momoge National Nature Reserve in Jilin Province,China.The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the marsh soil near the oil wells are significantly higher than those in the adjacent control marsh.Soil water contents in oil-contaminated marshes are negatively correlated with soil temperature and are significantly lower than those in the control area,especially in fall.Crude oil contamination significantly increases the soil pH up to8.0,and reduces available phosphorus concentrations in the soil.The concentrations of total organic carbon are significantly different among sampling sites.Therefore,crude oil contamination could potentially alkalinize marsh soils,adversely affect soil fertility and physical properties,and cause deterioration of the marshes in the Momoge National Nature Reserve.Phyto-remediation by planting Calamagrostis angustifolia has the potential to simultaneously restore and remediate the petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated wetlands.Crude oil contamination affects the soil physical and chemical properties,so developing an effective restoration program in the Momoge wetland is neccesary.展开更多
Our analyses of the monthly mean air temperature of meteorological stations show that altitude, global solar radiation and surface effective radiation have a significant impact on air temperature. We set up a physical...Our analyses of the monthly mean air temperature of meteorological stations show that altitude, global solar radiation and surface effective radiation have a significant impact on air temperature. We set up a physically-based empirical model for monthly air temperature simulation. Combined the proposed model with the distributed modeling results of global solar radiation and routine meteorological observation data, we also developed a method for the distributed simulation of monthly air temperatures over rugged terrain. Spatial distribution maps are generated at a resolution of 1 km×1 km for the monthly mean, the monthly mean maximum and the monthly mean minimum air temperatures for the Yellow River Basin. Analysis shows that the simulation results reflect to a considerable extent the macro and local distribution characteristics of air temperature. Cross-validation shows that the proposed model displays good stability with mean absolute bias errors of 0.19°C–0.35°C. Tests carried out on local meteorological station data and case year data show that the model has good spatial and temporal simulation capacity. The proposed model solely uses routine meteorological data and can be applied easily to other regions.展开更多
Fractures are of great significance to tight oil and gas development.Fracture identification using conventional well logs is a feasible way to locate the underground fractures in tight sandstones.However,there are thr...Fractures are of great significance to tight oil and gas development.Fracture identification using conventional well logs is a feasible way to locate the underground fractures in tight sandstones.However,there are three problems affecting its interpretation accuracy and practical application,namely weak well log responses of fractures,a lack of specific logs for fracture prediction,and relative change omission in log responses.To overcome these problems and improve fracture identification accuracy,a fracture indicating parameter(FIP)method composed of a comprehensive index method(CIM)and a comprehensive fractal method(CFM)is introduced.The CIM tries to handle the first problem by amplifying log responses of fractures.The CFM addresses the third one using fractal dimensions.The flexible weight parameters corresponding to logs in the CIM and CFM make the interpretation possible for wells lacking specific logs.The reconstructed logs in the CIM and CFM try to solve the second problem.It is noted that the FIP method can calculate the probability of fracture development at a certain depth,but cannot show the fracture development degree of a new well compared with other wells.In this study,a formation fracture intensity(FFI)method is also introduced to further evaluate fracture development combined with production data.To test the validity of the FIP and FFI methods,fracture identification experiments are implemented in a tight reservoir in the Ordos Basin.The results are consistent with the data of rock core observation and production,indicating the proposed methods are effective for fracture identification and evaluation.展开更多
The abscission layer formed on a pedicel situated at the basal part of a short rachilla is an important characteristic for discriminating between wild, japonica, and indica rice. The short rachillae of paddy rice grai...The abscission layer formed on a pedicel situated at the basal part of a short rachilla is an important characteristic for discriminating between wild, japonica, and indica rice. The short rachillae of paddy rice grains excavated from the Kuahuqiao, Luojiajiao, and Tianluoshan sites, located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and dating to 7000 years old, were observed. The results showed that the short rachillae could be divided into two types: a wild type and japonica type. These results indicated that the rice had been domesticated, but was a primitive cultivated rice that retained some of the characteristics of wild rice. The results also suggested that the rice was changing to resemble japonica type rice. Based on the ratios of wild and japonica types, it was inferred that rice domestication began 10000 years ago.展开更多
Archaeological analysis of a section of ancient rice fields at Tianluoshan for diatoms, seeds and phytoliths has shown that the highest local sea level in eastern China during the Holocene appeared before 7.0 ka BP. E...Archaeological analysis of a section of ancient rice fields at Tianluoshan for diatoms, seeds and phytoliths has shown that the highest local sea level in eastern China during the Holocene appeared before 7.0 ka BP. Entering the Mid-Holocene, as seawater regressed, a vast wetland plain appeared in the coastal area, where farmers of the Neolithic Hemudu culture cultivated rice. However, there were still several sea-level fluctuations in the Mid-Holocene, of which the biggest were from 6.4 to 6.3 ka BP and from 4.6 to 2.1 ka BP. In addition, in the period dominated by wetland grass vegetation, 6.3 to 4.6 ka BP, smaller fluctuations appar- ently pushed the coastline back on to the land. Even though the sea-level rises associated with these shoreline transgressions did not have the intensity of the highest sea level period, there still would have been profound impacts on the lives and production activities of people living in the region. Archaeological evidence from ancient rice fields at Tianluoshan shows that larger sea-level rise events pushed seawater onto the land and inundated large areas of rice fields, whereas weaker sea-level rise events resulted in the intrusion of seawater along rivers, causing an increase in soil salinity and a decrease in rice yields. The impact of sea-level rise on rice cultivation caused changes in local diet. In regions where rice production fell, the prevalence of gathering and hunting rose. High sea levels in the early Holocene imply that the origin of rice cultivation in the eastern coastal plain is likely to have been in small nearby mountain basins.展开更多
Southern corn rust(SCR),caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia polysora,is a major threat to maize pro-duction worldwide.Efficient breeding and deployment of resistant hybrids are key to achieving durable control of S...Southern corn rust(SCR),caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia polysora,is a major threat to maize pro-duction worldwide.Efficient breeding and deployment of resistant hybrids are key to achieving durable control of SCR.Here,we report the molecular cloning and characterization of RppC,which encodes an NLR-type immune receptor and is responsible for a major SCR resistance quantitative trait locus.Further-more,we identified the corresponding avirulence effector,AvrRppC,which is secreted by P.polysora and triggers RppC-mediated resistance.Allelic variation of AvrRppC directly determines the effectiveness of RppC-mediated resistance,indicating that monitoring of AvrRppC variants in the field can guide the rational deployment of RppC-containing hybrids in maize production.Currently,RppC is the most frequently deployed SCR resistance gene in China,and a better understanding of its mode of action is crit-ical for extending its durability.展开更多
Andrographolide from traditional Chinese herbal medicines previously showed it possesses a strong anti- inflammatory activity. In present study, we investigated whether Andrographolide could inhibit allergen-induced a...Andrographolide from traditional Chinese herbal medicines previously showed it possesses a strong anti- inflammatory activity. In present study, we investigated whether Andrographolide could inhibit allergen-induced airway inflammation and airways hyper-responsiveness and explored the mechanism of Andrographolide on allergen-induced airway inflammation and airways hyper-responsiveness. After sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin, the BALB/c mice were administered intraperitoneally with Andrographolide. Hyper-responsiveness was recorded. The lung tissues were assessed by histological examinations. NF-κB in lung was determined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. Treatment of mice with Androqrapholide displayed lower Penh in response to asthma group mice. After treatment with Andrographolide, the extent of inflammation and cellular infiltration in the airway were reduced. Andrographolide interrupted NF-κB to express in cell nucleus. The level of NF-κB expression was inhibited by Andrographolide. The data indicate that Andrographolide from traditional Chinese herbal medicines could inhibit extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells in lung and decrease airway hyperreactivity. Andrographolide could inhibit NF-κB expression in lung and suppress NF-κB expressed in the nucleus of airway epithelial cells.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number:81770810)。
文摘In recent years,as living standards have continued to improve,the number of diabetes patients in China,along with the incidence of complications associated with the disease,has been increasing.Among these complications,diabetic foot disease is one of the main causes of disability and death in diabetic patients.Due to the differences in economy,culture,religion and level of medical care available across different regions,preventive and treatment methods and curative results for diabetic foot vary greatly.In multidisciplinary models built around diabetic foot,the timely assessment and diagnosis of wounds and appropriate methods of prevention and treatment with internal and external surgery are key to clinical practice for this pathology.In 2019,under the leadership of the Jiangsu Medical Association and Chinese Diabetes Society,the writing group for the Guidelines on multidisciplinary approaches for the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease(2020 edition)was established with the participation of scholars from the specialist areas of endocrinology,burn injury,vascular surgery,orthopedics,foot and ankle surgery and cardiology.Drawing lessons from diabetic foot guidelines from other countries,this guide analyses clinical practices for diabetic foot,queries the theoretical basis and grades and gives recommendations based on the characteristics of the pathology in China.This paper begins with assessments and diagnoses of diabetic foot,then describes treatments for diabetic foot in detail,and ends with protections for high-risk feet and the prevention of ulcers.This manuscript covers the disciplines of internal medicine,surgical,nursing and rehabilitation and describes a total of 50 recommendations that we hope will provide procedures and protocols for clinicians dealing with diabetic foot.
文摘Ginsenosides, the main pharmacologically active natural compounds in ginseng （Panax ginseng）, are mostly the glycosylated products of protopanaxadiol （PPD） and protopanaxatriol （PPT）. No uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase （UGT）, which catalyzes PPT to produce PPT-type ginsenosides, has yet been reported. Here, we show that UGTPgl, which has been demonstrated to regio-specifically glycosylate the C20-OH of PPD, also specifically glycosylates the C20-OH of PPT to produce bioactive ginsenoside FI. We report the characterization of four novel UGT genes isolated from P. ginseng, sharing high deduced amino acid identity （〉84%） with UGTPgl. We demonstrate that UGTPgl00 specifically glycosylates the C6-OH of PPT to produce bioactive ginsenoside Rhl, and UGTPgl01 catalyzes PPT to produce F1, followed by the generation of ginsenoside Rgl from FI. However, UGTPgl02 and UGTPgl03 were found to have no detectable activity on PPT. Through structural modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified several key amino acids of these UGTs that may play important roles in determining their activities and substrate regio-specificities. Moreover, we constructed yeast recombinants to biosynthesize F1 and Rhl by introducing the genetically engineered PPT-producing pathway and UGTPgl or UGTPgl00. Our study reveals the possible biosynthetic pathways of PPT-type ginsenosides in Panax plants, and provides a sound manufacturing approach for bioactive PPT-type ginsenosides in yeast via synthetic biology strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81290342,81501757)the Special National Project on Research and Development of Key Biosafety Technologies(2016YFC1201904)+3 种基金the National Key Plan for Scientific Research and Development of China(2016YFD0500300)the Development Grants of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control(2014SKLID103,2015SKLID505)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1200202)the Open Research Fund Program of Wuhan National Bio-Safety Level 4 Lab of CAS(2017SPCAS003)
文摘A field investigation of arboviruses was conducted in Dejiang, Guizhou Province in the summer of 2016. A total of 8,795 mosquitoes, belonging to four species of three genera, and 1,300 midges were collected. The mosquito samples were identified on site according to their morphology, and the pooled samples were ground and centrifuged in the laboratory. The supernatant was incubated with mosquito tissue culture cells(C6/36) and mammalian cells(BHK-21) for virus isolation. The results indicated that 40%(3,540/8,795) were Anopheles sinensis, 30%(2,700/8,795) were Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, and 29%(2,530/8,795)were Armigeres subbalbeatus. Furthermore, a total of eight virus isolates were obtained, and genome sequencing revealed two Zika viruses(ZIKVs) isolated from Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Armigeres subbalbeatus, respectively; three Japanese encephalitis viruses(JEVs) isolated from Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus; two Banna viruses(BAVs) isolated from Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Anopheles sinensis, respectively; and one densovirus(DNV) isolated from Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus.The ZIKVs isolated from the Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Armigeres subbalbeatus mosquitoes represent the first ZIKV isolates in China's Mainland. This discovery presents new challenges for the prevention and control of ZIKV in China, and prompts international cooperation on this global issue.
文摘Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) are members of the neutral proteinase family. They were previously thought to be anti-fibrotic because of their ability to degrade and remodel of extracellular matrix. However, recent studies have shown that MMPs are implicated in initiation and progression of kidney fibrosis through tubular cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition(EMT) as well as activation of resident fibroblasts, endothelial-mesenchymal transition(Endo MT) and pericyte-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Interstitial macrophage infiltration has also been shown to correlate with the severity of kidney fibrosis in various chronic kidney diseases. MMPs secreted by macrophages, especially MMP-9, hasbeen shown by us to be profibrotic by induction of tubular cells EMT. EMT is mainly induced by transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β). However, MMP-9 was found by us and others to be up-regulated by TGF-β1 in kidney tubular epithelial cells and secreted by activated macrophages, resulting in EMT and ultimately kidney fibrosis. Therefore, MMP-9 may serve as a potential therapeutic target to prevent kidney fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. This review, by a particular focus on EMT, seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of MMPs, especially MMP-9, in kidney fibrosis.
基金the Plan Program of Shenyang Science and Technology Bureau, No. 1091161-0-00
文摘Adipose-derived stem cells and bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells were co-cultured with untreated or Aβ1-40-treated PC12 cells, or grown in supernatant derived from untreated or Aβ1-40-treated PC12 cells. Analysis by western blot and quantitative real-time PCR showed that protein levels of Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2, and mRNA levels of miR/125a/3p were decreased, while expression of insulin-like growth factor-2 and neuron specific enolase was increased. In comparison the generation of neuron specific enolase-positive cells was most successful when adipose-derived stem cells were co-cultured with Aβ1-40-treated PC12 cells. Our results demonstrate that adipose-derived stem cells and bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells exhibit trends of neuronal-like cell differentiation after co-culture with Aβ1-40-treated PC12 cells. This process may relate to a downregulation of miR-125a-3p mRNA expression and increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-2 expression.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 40306005 and 40376007.
文摘The upper ocean thermohaline structures in the region of the Chukchi Plateauare analyzed with the hydrographic data collected by the Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditionin the summer of 2003. Three types of the Pacific-origin water were found in the upper ocean,Alaska Coastal Water (ACW), summer Bering Sea Water (sBSW) and winter Bering Sea Water (wBSW) areindicated by two maximums temperature and one minimum temperature, piling up from the upper to thelower respectively. The extreme warm ACW with a maximum temperature of 1.62℃ was found in thesouthwestern Canada Basin at a depth of about 50 m. A pathway of the ACW into the basin from itsadjacent area did not existed in the expedition period. So it is speculated that the extreme warmfeature of the ACW was formed locally in 2003. The relative weak ACW occurred to the east of theChukchi Cap and in the southern Chukchi Abyssal Plain. The latter one might originate from a warmdownwelling that existed in a small canyon at the shelf break of the Chukchi Sea. The sBSW withoutthe ACW was found only at the southwestern flank of the Chukchi Cap. The ACW and the sBSW were notfound in the northernmost station at 81°N,which indicates the north boundary of the upperPacific-origin water in the Canada Basin. The wBSW, which existed in all deep stations, was exactlyuniform at temperature. The difference of the core potential temperature of the wBSW in the deepregions is only 0.08℃.
基金the National Key Basic Research Project (no. 2015CB150205)Natural Science Foundation of China,China (no. 31671597,31370313,31670283)+1 种基金Sino-German Science Center for Research Promotion,China (GZ 1099)Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production,China,and the Singapore National Research Foundation Investigatorship Program,Singapore (NRF-NRFI2016-02).
文摘Rapeseed (Brassica napus),an important oilseed crop,has adapted to diverse climate zones and latitudes by forming three main ecotype groups,namely winter,semiwinter,and spring types. However,genetic variations underlying the divergence of these ecotypes are largely unknown. Here,we report the global pattern of genetic polymorphisms in rapeseed determined by resequencing a worldwide collection of 991 germplasm accessions.A total of 5.56 and 5.53 million singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)as Well as 1.86 and 1.92 million InDels were identified by mapping reads to the reference genomes of "Darmor-bzh"and "Tapidor,"respectively.We generated a map of allelic drift paths that shows splits and mixtures of the main populations,and revealed an asymmetric evolution of the two subgenomes of B.napus by calculating the genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium parameters.Selective-sweep analysis revealed genetic changes in genes orthologous to those regulating various aspects of plant development and response to stresses.A genome-wide association study identified SNPs in the promoter regions of FLOWERING LOCUS T and FLOWERING LOCUS C orthologs that corresponded to the different rapeseed ecotype groups. Our study provides important insights into the genomic footprints of rapeseed evolution and flowering-time divergence among three ecotype groups,and will facilitate screening of molecular markers for accelerating rapeseed breeding.
文摘Strong DC coupling with weak AC and large-scale renewable energy integration are the two significant characteristics of ultra-high-voltage AC/DC(UHVAC/DC)hybrid power grids in China.Strong coupling between AC and DC grids and the different integration performance of renewable energy sources have profoundly changed the stability characteristics of the power system.The traditional stability control system is inadequate for the stability control of UHVAC/DC power grids.This paper analyzes the requirements for constructing an integrated defense system in a UHVAC/DC hybrid power grid(i.e.power system protection).The definition,connotation,and designing principles of power system protection are put forward.The relationship between the power system protection and the traditional three-defense lines is investigated.The design principles,general hardware structure and main functions of a power system protection are presented.Key problems and technologies are specified in the construction of the power system protection.
文摘On the gradient observational data of the atmospheric surface layer from September 1997 to December 1998 collected by two sets of Automatic Weather Station (AWS) installed in Gaize and Shiquanhe on the western Tibetan Plateau, mean surface roughness lengths at the two stations above are determined to be 2.7 and 2.9 cm, respectively. The bulk transfer coefficients each day are computed by the profile-flux method, means of the bulk transfer coefficient for momentum (i.e. drag coefficient) in 1998 are 4.83×10-3 and 4.75×103 at the two stations. The surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat each day are further estimated by the bulk formulas, annual mean of these fluxes is 3.4×10-2 and 1.8×102N/m2, 73.1 and 67.2 W/m2, 15.4 and 2.9 W/m2, respectively. The diurnal and seasonal variations are obtained by a composite method and the relationships among the heat transfers between land and atmosphere, plateau monsoon and plateau rain season are also discussed.
文摘This paper presents the special processing methods used for wide-angle land seismic data through both theoretical study and model testing. They are different from conventional ones in the following aspects: separation of reflection and refraction waves, long offset NMO and stacking and forward modeling and inversion. These processing techniques have been applied for the first time to land seismic data from Liaohe areas, resulting in greatly improved quality of the deep formation and better imaging of the shallow layer obtained in the volcanic-shielded area. Wide-angle reflection and refraction seismic surveys were carried out in the Liaohe area using the maximum offset of 6500m and with the target around 2000ms. In the processing, we adopted the τ-p transform and the high-order normal moveout correction.
基金Under the auspices of Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-309)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40871089, 40830535)
文摘The effects of freeze-thaw cycles on sorption/desorption of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in two wetland soils and one reclaimed wetland soil were investigated. DOC concentrations added were 0-600 mg/L. Laboratory incubations of sorption/desorption of DOC had been carried out at -15℃ for 10 h, and then at ＋5℃ for 13 h. Soil samples were refrozen and thawed subsequently for 5 cycles. Initial Mass model was used to describe sorption behavior of DOC. The results indicate that freeze-thaw cycles can significantly increase the sorption capacity of DOC and reduce the desorption capacity of DOC in the three soils. The freeze-thaw effects on desorpfion of DOC in soils increase with the increasing freeze-thaw cycles. The conversion of natural wetlands to soybean farmland can decrease the sorption capacity and increase the desorption capacity of DOC in soils. Global warming and reclamation may increase DOC release, and subsequently increase the loss of carbon and the emission of greenhouse gas.
基金Among these,patents were licensed to Bayer(WO2014020041-A1 and WO2014020043-A1)Bristol-Myers Squibb(WO2008057863-A1)+4 种基金Osasuna Therapeutics(WO2019057742A1)Pharmamar(WO2022049270A1 and WO2022048775-A1)Raptor Pharmaceuticals(EP2664326-A1)Samsara Therapeutics(GB202017553D0)Therafast Bio(EP3684471A1).The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
文摘Exercise has long been known for its active role in improving physical fitness and sustaining health.Regular moderate-intensity exercise improves all aspects of human health and is widely accepted as a preventative and therapeutic strategy for various diseases.It is well-documented that exercise maintains and restores homeostasis at the organismal,tissue,cellular,and molecular levels to stimulate positive physiological adaptations that consequently protect against various pathological conditions.Here we mainly summarize how moderate-intensity exercise affects the major hallmarks of health,including the integrity of barriers,containment of local perturbations,recycling and turnover,integration of circuitries,rhythmic oscillations,homeostatic resilience,hormetic regulation,as well as repair and regeneration.Furthermore,we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for beneficial adaptations in response to exercise.This review aimed at providing a comprehensive summary of the vital biological mechanisms through which moderate-intensity exercise maintains health and opens a window for its application in other health interventions.We hope that continuing investigation in this field will further increase our understanding of the processes involved in the positive role of moderate-intensity exercise and thus get us closer to the identification of new therapeutics that improve quality of life.
基金supported by Qianjiang Talents Project in Zhejiang ProvinceProject Supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry
文摘Gaomiaozi （GMZ） bentonite is regarded as the favorable candidate backfilling material for a potential repository in China. It is important to understand the diffusion behavior of ^125I in GMZ bentonite and compare the diffusion behavior in GMZ and other types of bentonite like MX-80, Avonlea, etc. Therefore, through- and out-diffusion experiments were conducted to obtain the effective diffusion coefficient （De） and distribution coefficient （Kd）. A computer code named Fitting for diffusion coefficient （FDP） was used for the experimental data processing and theoretical modeling. At the dry density of GMZ bentonite from 1600-2000 kg/m^3, the De values of ^125I were （2.4-20.4）×10 ^-12 m^2/s and Ka values were constants. At dry density above 1800 kg/m^3, the diffusion behaviors were almost the same, indicating that the anion exclusion was ineffective. Out-diffusion results showed that the species of ^125I may be changed during the diffusion processing. It was probably caused by some organic mat- ters or reducing substances in GMZ bentonite. Since the main composition of bentonite is montmorillonite, similar diffusion parameters were obtained in GMZ and other types of bentonite. The relationship of DE and accessible porosity （εacc） could be described by Archie＇s law with exponent n = 1.2-2.8 for ^125I diffusion in bentonite, whereas n = 2.0 in GMZ bentonite. Fur- thermore, bentonite with the dry density of 1800 kg/m^3 was proposed as the backfilling materials used in the construction of high level radioactivity waste repository.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31170476)Chinese Academy of Sciences/State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams(No.KZZD-EW-TZ-07)+1 种基金Major Program of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(No.20075014)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.11GJHZ002)
文摘Large oilfields are often coincidentally located in major river deltas and wetlands,and potentially damage the structure,function and ecosystem service values of wetlands during oil exploration.In the present study,the effects of crude oil contamination during oil exploration on soil physical and chemical properties were investigated in marshes of the Momoge National Nature Reserve in Jilin Province,China.The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the marsh soil near the oil wells are significantly higher than those in the adjacent control marsh.Soil water contents in oil-contaminated marshes are negatively correlated with soil temperature and are significantly lower than those in the control area,especially in fall.Crude oil contamination significantly increases the soil pH up to8.0,and reduces available phosphorus concentrations in the soil.The concentrations of total organic carbon are significantly different among sampling sites.Therefore,crude oil contamination could potentially alkalinize marsh soils,adversely affect soil fertility and physical properties,and cause deterioration of the marshes in the Momoge National Nature Reserve.Phyto-remediation by planting Calamagrostis angustifolia has the potential to simultaneously restore and remediate the petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated wetlands.Crude oil contamination affects the soil physical and chemical properties,so developing an effective restoration program in the Momoge wetland is neccesary.
基金Supported by China Meteorological Administration key Project on New Technique Diffusion (Grant No. CMATG2006Z10)Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Meteoro-logical Disasters (Grant No. KLME050102)
文摘Our analyses of the monthly mean air temperature of meteorological stations show that altitude, global solar radiation and surface effective radiation have a significant impact on air temperature. We set up a physically-based empirical model for monthly air temperature simulation. Combined the proposed model with the distributed modeling results of global solar radiation and routine meteorological observation data, we also developed a method for the distributed simulation of monthly air temperatures over rugged terrain. Spatial distribution maps are generated at a resolution of 1 km×1 km for the monthly mean, the monthly mean maximum and the monthly mean minimum air temperatures for the Yellow River Basin. Analysis shows that the simulation results reflect to a considerable extent the macro and local distribution characteristics of air temperature. Cross-validation shows that the proposed model displays good stability with mean absolute bias errors of 0.19°C–0.35°C. Tests carried out on local meteorological station data and case year data show that the model has good spatial and temporal simulation capacity. The proposed model solely uses routine meteorological data and can be applied easily to other regions.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2017ZX05009001-002 and 2017ZX05013002-004)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2462020YJRC005)Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(Grant No.2462020XKJS02).
文摘Fractures are of great significance to tight oil and gas development.Fracture identification using conventional well logs is a feasible way to locate the underground fractures in tight sandstones.However,there are three problems affecting its interpretation accuracy and practical application,namely weak well log responses of fractures,a lack of specific logs for fracture prediction,and relative change omission in log responses.To overcome these problems and improve fracture identification accuracy,a fracture indicating parameter(FIP)method composed of a comprehensive index method(CIM)and a comprehensive fractal method(CFM)is introduced.The CIM tries to handle the first problem by amplifying log responses of fractures.The CFM addresses the third one using fractal dimensions.The flexible weight parameters corresponding to logs in the CIM and CFM make the interpretation possible for wells lacking specific logs.The reconstructed logs in the CIM and CFM try to solve the second problem.It is noted that the FIP method can calculate the probability of fracture development at a certain depth,but cannot show the fracture development degree of a new well compared with other wells.In this study,a formation fracture intensity(FFI)method is also introduced to further evaluate fracture development combined with production data.To test the validity of the FIP and FFI methods,fracture identification experiments are implemented in a tight reservoir in the Ordos Basin.The results are consistent with the data of rock core observation and production,indicating the proposed methods are effective for fracture identification and evaluation.
基金Supported by Zhejiang Provincial Department of Culture and Zhejiang Provincial Department of Finance
文摘The abscission layer formed on a pedicel situated at the basal part of a short rachilla is an important characteristic for discriminating between wild, japonica, and indica rice. The short rachillae of paddy rice grains excavated from the Kuahuqiao, Luojiajiao, and Tianluoshan sites, located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and dating to 7000 years old, were observed. The results showed that the short rachillae could be divided into two types: a wild type and japonica type. These results indicated that the rice had been domesticated, but was a primitive cultivated rice that retained some of the characteristics of wild rice. The results also suggested that the rice was changing to resemble japonica type rice. Based on the ratios of wild and japonica types, it was inferred that rice domestication began 10000 years ago.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Department of FinanceZhejiang Provincial Department of Culture
文摘Archaeological analysis of a section of ancient rice fields at Tianluoshan for diatoms, seeds and phytoliths has shown that the highest local sea level in eastern China during the Holocene appeared before 7.0 ka BP. Entering the Mid-Holocene, as seawater regressed, a vast wetland plain appeared in the coastal area, where farmers of the Neolithic Hemudu culture cultivated rice. However, there were still several sea-level fluctuations in the Mid-Holocene, of which the biggest were from 6.4 to 6.3 ka BP and from 4.6 to 2.1 ka BP. In addition, in the period dominated by wetland grass vegetation, 6.3 to 4.6 ka BP, smaller fluctuations appar- ently pushed the coastline back on to the land. Even though the sea-level rises associated with these shoreline transgressions did not have the intensity of the highest sea level period, there still would have been profound impacts on the lives and production activities of people living in the region. Archaeological evidence from ancient rice fields at Tianluoshan shows that larger sea-level rise events pushed seawater onto the land and inundated large areas of rice fields, whereas weaker sea-level rise events resulted in the intrusion of seawater along rivers, causing an increase in soil salinity and a decrease in rice yields. The impact of sea-level rise on rice cultivation caused changes in local diet. In regions where rice production fell, the prevalence of gathering and hunting rose. High sea levels in the early Holocene imply that the origin of rice cultivation in the eastern coastal plain is likely to have been in small nearby mountain basins.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF1000302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901550)+2 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2016YFD0101803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31501326)Innovative Talents in Colleges and Universities of Henan Province(19HASTIT010)was a funding pro-vided by Henan Province government of China.
文摘Southern corn rust(SCR),caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia polysora,is a major threat to maize pro-duction worldwide.Efficient breeding and deployment of resistant hybrids are key to achieving durable control of SCR.Here,we report the molecular cloning and characterization of RppC,which encodes an NLR-type immune receptor and is responsible for a major SCR resistance quantitative trait locus.Further-more,we identified the corresponding avirulence effector,AvrRppC,which is secreted by P.polysora and triggers RppC-mediated resistance.Allelic variation of AvrRppC directly determines the effectiveness of RppC-mediated resistance,indicating that monitoring of AvrRppC variants in the field can guide the rational deployment of RppC-containing hybrids in maize production.Currently,RppC is the most frequently deployed SCR resistance gene in China,and a better understanding of its mode of action is crit-ical for extending its durability.
文摘Andrographolide from traditional Chinese herbal medicines previously showed it possesses a strong anti- inflammatory activity. In present study, we investigated whether Andrographolide could inhibit allergen-induced airway inflammation and airways hyper-responsiveness and explored the mechanism of Andrographolide on allergen-induced airway inflammation and airways hyper-responsiveness. After sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin, the BALB/c mice were administered intraperitoneally with Andrographolide. Hyper-responsiveness was recorded. The lung tissues were assessed by histological examinations. NF-κB in lung was determined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. Treatment of mice with Androqrapholide displayed lower Penh in response to asthma group mice. After treatment with Andrographolide, the extent of inflammation and cellular infiltration in the airway were reduced. Andrographolide interrupted NF-κB to express in cell nucleus. The level of NF-κB expression was inhibited by Andrographolide. The data indicate that Andrographolide from traditional Chinese herbal medicines could inhibit extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells in lung and decrease airway hyperreactivity. Andrographolide could inhibit NF-κB expression in lung and suppress NF-κB expressed in the nucleus of airway epithelial cells.
