Fractures play a pivotal role in carbonate thermal storage systems,serving as primary hydraulic conductivity channels that significantly influence thermal breakthrough times and heat extraction efficiency in geotherma...Fractures play a pivotal role in carbonate thermal storage systems,serving as primary hydraulic conductivity channels that significantly influence thermal breakthrough times and heat extraction efficiency in geothermal-to-well systems.Their impact is critical for well placement and system life prediction.This paper focuses on a geothermal-to-well system within the carbonate reservoir of the Wumishan formation in the Rongcheng geothermal field,Xiong'an new area.It employs a combination of field tests and numerical simulations to determine the permeability of the reservoir and the evolution of fractures between wells.It also examines the influence of fracture width and roughness coefficient on the seepage and temperature fields under various injection scenarios and predicts thermal breakthrough times for production wells.The results show:Higher permeability is observed near well D16 compared to well D22 within the studied geothermal-to-well systems.Wider fractures between wells result in faster temperature decline in production wells.Lower injection flow rates lead to slower temperature reduction in injection wells.The use of roughness coefficients minimizes temperature variations in production wells.This study not only offers guidance for the development and utilization of the geothermal well system,but also contributes to a deeper understanding of the groundwater seepage and heat transfer process influenced by fractures.展开更多
目的探究高迁移率族蛋白1(high mobility group protein B1,HMGB1)和其受体Toll样受体4(Toll like receptor 4,TLR4)介导狼疮性肾炎(lupus nephritis,LN)肾小球细胞增殖和细胞外基质沉积机制。方法采用免疫组化、免疫细胞化学技术检测L...目的探究高迁移率族蛋白1(high mobility group protein B1,HMGB1)和其受体Toll样受体4(Toll like receptor 4,TLR4)介导狼疮性肾炎(lupus nephritis,LN)肾小球细胞增殖和细胞外基质沉积机制。方法采用免疫组化、免疫细胞化学技术检测LN患者肾穿标本和MRL/lpr小鼠肾小球细胞中TLR4表达水平;重组HMGB1刺激人肾小球系膜细胞(human mesangial cell,HMC),运用Western blot技术检测TLR4和髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,Myd88)表达水平;LN患者置换血浆刺激HMC,采用CCK8试剂盒检测细胞增殖水平,Western blot技术检测纤连蛋白(fibronectin,FN)表达水平,ELISA技术检测HMC培养上清中FN水平。结果与对照组相比,LN患者及小鼠肾小球细胞中TLR4水平均上调;与对照组相比,重组HMGB1刺激HMC后,TLR4和Myd88水平上调;而抑制HMGB1及TLR4均可改善LN患者置换血浆介导的HMC增殖水平升高及FN合成和分泌增加(均P<0.05)。结论HMGB1可能通过激活其受体TLR4介导LN系膜细胞的增殖活性增强及细胞外基质沉积增加。展开更多
基金supported by basic research project of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(No.YK202309).Special thanks are due to the reviewers and editors of this journal for their valuable suggestions and revisions of the manuscript.
文摘Fractures play a pivotal role in carbonate thermal storage systems,serving as primary hydraulic conductivity channels that significantly influence thermal breakthrough times and heat extraction efficiency in geothermal-to-well systems.Their impact is critical for well placement and system life prediction.This paper focuses on a geothermal-to-well system within the carbonate reservoir of the Wumishan formation in the Rongcheng geothermal field,Xiong'an new area.It employs a combination of field tests and numerical simulations to determine the permeability of the reservoir and the evolution of fractures between wells.It also examines the influence of fracture width and roughness coefficient on the seepage and temperature fields under various injection scenarios and predicts thermal breakthrough times for production wells.The results show:Higher permeability is observed near well D16 compared to well D22 within the studied geothermal-to-well systems.Wider fractures between wells result in faster temperature decline in production wells.Lower injection flow rates lead to slower temperature reduction in injection wells.The use of roughness coefficients minimizes temperature variations in production wells.This study not only offers guidance for the development and utilization of the geothermal well system,but also contributes to a deeper understanding of the groundwater seepage and heat transfer process influenced by fractures.
