The primary pattern of the late Cenozoic to the present tectonic deformation of China is characterized by relative movements and interactions of tectonic blocks. Active tectonic blocks are geological units that have b...The primary pattern of the late Cenozoic to the present tectonic deformation of China is characterized by relative movements and interactions of tectonic blocks. Active tectonic blocks are geological units that have been separated from each other by active tectonic zones. Boundaries between blocks are the highest gradient of differential movement. Most of tectonic activity occurs on boundaries of the blocks. Earthquakes are results of abrupt releases of accumulated strain energy that reaches the threshold of strength of the earth's crust. Boundaries of tectonic blocks are the locations of most discontinuous deformation and highest gradient of stress accumulation, thus are the most likely places for strain energy accumulation and releases, and in turn, devastating earthquakes. Almost all earthquakes of magnitude greater than 8 and 80%-90% of earthquakes of magnitude over 7 occur along boundaries of active tectonic blocks. This fact indicates that differential movements and interactions of active tectonic blocks are the primary mechanism for the occurrences of devastating earthquakes.展开更多
The genome sequence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-associated virus provides essential information for the identification of pathogen(s), exploration of etiology and evolution, interpretation of trans...The genome sequence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-associated virus provides essential information for the identification of pathogen(s), exploration of etiology and evolution, interpretation of transmission and pathogenesis, development of diagnostics, prevention by future vaccination, and treatment by developing new drugs. We report the complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of an isolate (BJ01) of the coronavirus that has been recognized as a pathogen for SARS. The genome is 29725 nt in size and has 11 ORFs (Open Reading Frames). It is composed of a stable region encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (composed of 2 ORFs) and a variable region representing 4 CDSs (coding sequences) for viral structural genes (the S, E, M, N proteins) and 5 PUPs (putative uncharacterized proteins). Its gene order is identical to that of other known coronaviruses. The sequence alignment with all known RNA viruses places this virus as a member in the family of Coronaviridae. Thirty putative substitutions have been identified by comparative analysis of the 5 SARS- associated virus genome sequences in GenBank. Fifteen of them lead to possible amino acid changes (non-synonymous mutations) in the proteins. Three amino acid changes, with predicted alteration of physical and chemical features, have been detected in the S protein that is postulated to beinvolved in the immunoreactions between the virus and its host. Two amino acid changes have been detected in the Mprotein, which could be related to viral envelope formation. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the possibility of non-human origin of the SARS-associated viruses but provides noevidence that they are man-made. Further efforts should focus on identifying the etiology of the SARS-associated virus and ruling out conclusively the existence of otherpossible SARS-related pathogen(s).展开更多
INTRODUCTIONIn China ,the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer rank the second among all cancers. Recent development of cancer [1-20].The aim of this study was investigat the insight of apoptosis and bcl-2, p53 a...INTRODUCTIONIn China ,the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer rank the second among all cancers. Recent development of cancer [1-20].The aim of this study was investigat the insight of apoptosis and bcl-2, p53 and C-myc protein expression in the development of gastric cancer .展开更多
A linked-fault-element model is employed to invert for contemporary slip rates along major active faults in the Sichuan-Yunnan region (96°-108°E, 21°-35°N) using the least squares method. The model...A linked-fault-element model is employed to invert for contemporary slip rates along major active faults in the Sichuan-Yunnan region (96°-108°E, 21°-35°N) using the least squares method. The model is based on known fault geometry, and constrained by a GPS-derived horizontal velocity field. Our results support a model attributing the eastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau driven mainly by the north-northeastward indentation of the Indian plate into Tibet and the gravitational collapse of the plateau. Resisted by a relatively stable south China block, materials of the Sichuan-Yunnan region rotate clockwise around the eastern Himalayan tectonic syntaxis. During the process the Garzê-Yushu, Xianshuihe, Anninghe, Zemuhe, Daliangshan, and Xiaojiang faults, the southwest extension of the Xiaojiang fault, and the Daluo-Jinghong and Mae Chan faults constitute the northeast and east boundaries of the eastward extrusion, with their left slip rates being 0.3-14.7, 8.9-17.1, 5.1 ± 2.5, 2.8 ± 2.3, 7.1 ± 2.1, 9.4 ± 1.2, 10.1 ± 2.0, 7.3 ± 2.6, and 4.9 ± 3.0 mm/a respectively. The southwestern boundary consists of a widely distributed dextral transpressional zone other than a single fault. Right slip rates of 4.2 ± 1.3, 4.3 ± 1.1, and 8.5 ± 1.7 mm/a are detected across the Nanhua-Chuxiong-Jianshui, Wuliangshan, and Longling-Lancang faults. Crustal deformation across the Longmenshan fault is weak, with short-ening rates of 1.4 ± 1.0 and 1.6 ± 1.3 mm/a across the Baoxing-Beichuan and Beichuan-Qingchuan segments. Northwest of the Longmenshan fault lies an active deformation zone (the Longriba fault) with 5.1±1.2 mm/a right slip across. Relatively large slip rates are detected across a few faults within the Sichuan-Yunnan block: 4.4±1.3 mm/a left slip and 2.7±1.1 mm/a shortening across the Litang fault, and 2.7±2.3 mm/a right-lateral shearing and 6.7±2.3 mm/a shortening across the Yunongxi fault and its surrounding regions. In conclusion, we find that the Sichuan-Yunnan region is divided into more than a doz展开更多
BACKGROUND: Plasma exchange (PE)-centered artificial liver support system reduced the high mortality rate of hepa titis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). But the data were diverse in ...BACKGROUND: Plasma exchange (PE)-centered artificial liver support system reduced the high mortality rate of hepa titis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). But the data were diverse in different medical centers. The present prospective nationwide study was to evaluate the effects of PE on patients with HBV-ACLF at different stages.展开更多
There has been a long-standing need for guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars that are based on an understanding of the pathomechanisms that underlie these skin fibrotic diseases....There has been a long-standing need for guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars that are based on an understanding of the pathomechanisms that underlie these skin fibrotic diseases.This is particularly true for clinicians who deal with Asian and African patients because these ethnicities are highly prone to these diseases.By contrast,Caucasians are less likely to develop keloids and hypertrophic scars,and if they do,the scars tend not to be severe.This ethnic disparity also means that countries vary in terms of their differential diagnostic algorithms.The lack of clear treatment guidelines also means that primary care physicians are currently applying a hotchpotch of treatments,with uneven outcomes.To overcome these issues,the Japan Scar Workshop(JSW)has created a tool that allows clinicians to objectively diagnose and distinguish between keloids,hypertrophic scars,and mature scars.This tool is called the JSW Scar Scale(JSS)and it involves scoring the risk factors of the individual patients and the affected areas.The tool is simple and easy to use.As a result,even physicians who are not accustomed to keloids and hypertrophic scars can easily diagnose them and judge their severity.The JSW has also established a committee that,in cooperation with outside experts in various fields,has prepared a Consensus Document on keloid and hypertrophic scar treatment guidelines.These guidelines are simple and will allow even inexperienced clinicians to choose the most appropriate treatment strategy.The Consensus Document is provided in this article.It describes(1)the diagnostic algorithm for pathological scars and how to differentiate them from clinically similar benign and malignant tumors,(2)the general treatment algorithms for keloids and hypertrophic scars at different medical facilities,(3)the rationale behind each treatment for keloids and hypertrophic scars,and(4)the body site-specific treatment protocols for these scars.We believe that this Consensus Document will be helpful for physi展开更多
Background: Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostfidium perffingens infection leads to serious economic losses in the global poultry production. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of essential ...Background: Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostfidium perffingens infection leads to serious economic losses in the global poultry production. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of essential oils (EO, which contained 25 % thymol and 25 % carvacrol as active components) supplementation on growth performance, gut lesions, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of the broiler chickens infected with C. perfringens. A total of 448 1-day-old male broiler chicks were allocated into eight treatment groups following a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement with four dietary EO dosages (0, 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg) and two infection status (with or without C. perfringens challenge from d 14 to 20). Results: The challenge did not impair the growth performance of birds, but induced gut lesions and increased crypt depth in the ileum (P ≤ 0.05). It also down-regulated the claudin-1 and occludin mRNA expression (P ≤0.05), up-regulated the mRNA expression of interleukin-113 (P≤ 0.05), tended to increase the toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 mRNA expression (P 〈 0.10) in the ileum, and enhanced the mucosal secretory IgA production (P 〈 0.05). In the challenged birds, dietary EO supplementation linearly alleviated the gut lesions and improved the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (P ≤0.05), and the supplementation of 120 and 240 mg/kg EO increased the serum antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus (P≤ 0.05). Regardless of challenge, the EO supplementation showed a tendency to linearly elevate the feed conversion efficiency between 14 and 28 d of age as well as the occludin mRNA expression (P〈 0.10), and linearly inhibited the mRNA expression of TLR2 and tumor necrotic factor-o in the ileum (P≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The dietary supplementation of EO could alleviate the intestinal injury by improving intestinal integrity and modulating immune responses in the C. perffingens-challenged broiler chickens.展开更多
INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was earlier defined as "hyperglycemia first recognized during pregnancy" and has more recently been described by American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2012) as d...INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was earlier defined as "hyperglycemia first recognized during pregnancy" and has more recently been described by American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2012) as diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy that is not clearly overt diabetes. The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes study (HAPO) demonstrated that the risk of adverse maternal,fetal,and neonatal outcomes continuously increase as a function of maternal glycemia at 24-28 weeks,even within ranges previously considered normal for pregnancy.展开更多
AIM:To determine the basic demographic features of colorectal cancer (CRC) in five hospitals located in four different areas of Guangdong Province,China.METHODS:A review of patient records from 1986 to 2006 from five ...AIM:To determine the basic demographic features of colorectal cancer (CRC) in five hospitals located in four different areas of Guangdong Province,China.METHODS:A review of patient records from 1986 to 2006 from five hospitals was conducted. Patient data was obtained,including age,gender,location of le-sions,staging and histological type of CRC. The Chi-square test was used to assess differences in rates and a significance level of 0.05 was used. Univariate com-parisons were made via Fisher's exact tests.RESULTS:Analysis was carried out on 8172 CRC patents,6.1% (499/8172) of the patients were aged ≤ 30 years. The peak incidence was between the ages 61-70 years (27.8%). The mean age at CRC diagnosis increased from 52 years (1986-1988) to 60 years(2004-2006) and the proportion of young CRC patients decreased from 8.0% to 5.9% over the same period. Of 8172 lesions,4434 (54.3%) were located in rectum and 3738 (45.7%) in colon. The incidence of rectal cancer decreased significantly from 59.4% (1989-1991) to 51.8% (2004-2006) and right sided colon cancer increased from 40.6% to 48.2%. The mean age,ana-tomic distribution,histological type and differentiation degree were significantly different among the four geographical areas (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:The hospitalization rate for CRC has increased in Guangdong in recent years. The characteristics of CRC from the five hospitals located in the four different areas of Guangdong Province are also different. Further studies are needed to assess more recent trend in the incidence and prevalence of CRC as well as the respective roles of genetic and environ-mental factors in CRC.展开更多
Catalysts can accelerate the chemical reaction rate and effectively promote the molecules transformation,which is of great significance in the research of chemical industry and material science.The extreme utilization...Catalysts can accelerate the chemical reaction rate and effectively promote the molecules transformation,which is of great significance in the research of chemical industry and material science.The extreme utilization of reactive sites has led to the emergence and development of atomically dispersed materials(ADMs).The highly active coordination unsaturated metal sites and fully utilized metal atoms make ADMs show great potential in catalytic reactions.The adjustment of coordination environment and electronic structure provides more possibilities for constructing reactive centers with different properties.This review summarized the application and research progress of ADMs in different fields.The design strategy and structure–activity relationship of ADMs for specific reactions were summarized and analyzed.Moreover,we also provided advices for the challenges and opportunities faced by ADMs in catalytic reactions.展开更多
Hypertriglyceridemia is an established cause of pancreatitis. In a case-based approach, we present a review of hypertriglyceridemJa and how it can cause pancreatitis. We outline how to investigate and manage such pati...Hypertriglyceridemia is an established cause of pancreatitis. In a case-based approach, we present a review of hypertriglyceridemJa and how it can cause pancreatitis. We outline how to investigate and manage such patients. A 35 year old man presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain and biochemical evidence of acute pancreatitis. There was no history of alcohol consumption and biliary imaging was normal. The only relevant past medical history was that of mild hyperlipidemia, treated with diet alone. Physical exam revealed epigastric tenderness, right lateral rectus palsy, lipemia retinalis, bitemporal hemianopsia and a delay in the relaxation phase of his ankle reflexes. Subsequent laboratory investigation revealed marked hypertriglyceridemia and panhypopituarism. An enhanced CT scan of the head revealed a large suprasellar mass impinging on the optic chiasm and hypothalamus. The patient was treated supportively; thyroid replacement and lipid lowering agents were started. He underwent a successful resection of a craniopharyngioma. Postoperatively, the patient did well on hormone replacement therapy. He has had no further attacks of pancreatitis. This case highlights many of the factors involved in the regulation of triglyceride metabolism. We review the common causes of hypertriglyceridemia and the proposed mechanisms resulting in pancreatitis. The incidence and management of hypertriglyceridemiainduced pancreatitis are also discussed.展开更多
We obtain the preliminary result of crustal deformation velocity field for the Chinese con-tinent by analyzing GPS data from the Crustal Motion Observation Network of China (CMONOC), particularly the data from the reg...We obtain the preliminary result of crustal deformation velocity field for the Chinese con-tinent by analyzing GPS data from the Crustal Motion Observation Network of China (CMONOC), particularly the data from the regional networks of CMONOC observed in 1999 and 2001. We de-lineate 9 tectonically active blocks and 2 broadly distributed deformation zones out of a denseGPS velocity field, and derive block motion Euler poles for the blocks and their relative motionrates. Our result reveals that there are 3 categories of deformation patterns in the Chinese conti-nent. The first category, associated with the interior of the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan oro-genic belt, shows broadly distributed deformation within the regions. The third category, associatedwith the Tarim Basin and the region east of the north-south seismic belt of China, shows block-likemotion, with deformation accommodated along the block boundaries only. The second category, mainly associated with the borderland of the Tibetan Plateau, such as the Qaidam, Qilian, Xining(in eastern Qinghai), and the Diamond-shaped (in western Sichuan and Yunnan) blocks, has thedeformation pattern between the first and the third, i.e. these regions appear to deform block-like,but with smaller sizes and less strength for the blocks. Based on the analysis of the lithosphericstructures and the deformation patterns of the regions above, we come to the inference that thedeformation modes of the Chinese continental crust are mainly controlled by the crustal structure.The crust of the eastern China and the Tarim Basin is mechanically strong, and its deformationtakes the form of relative motion between rigid blocks. On the other hand, the northward indentation of the Indian plate into the Asia continent has created the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan Mountains, thickened their crust, and raised the temperature in the crust. The lower crust thus has become ductile, evidenced in low seismic velocity and high electric conductivity observed. The brittle part of t展开更多
AIM To investigate whether patients with refractory epilepsy and healthy infants differ in gut microbiota(GM),and how ketogenic diet(KD) alters GM.METHODS A total of 14 epileptic and 30 healthy infants were recruited ...AIM To investigate whether patients with refractory epilepsy and healthy infants differ in gut microbiota(GM),and how ketogenic diet(KD) alters GM.METHODS A total of 14 epileptic and 30 healthy infants were recruited and seizure frequencies were recorded. Stool samples were collected for 16 S r DNA sequencing using the Illumina Miseq platform. The composition of GM in each sample was analyzed with MOTHUR,and intergroup comparison was conducted by R software.RESULTS After being on KD treatment for a week,64% of epileptic infants showed an obvious improvement,with a 50% decrease in seizure frequency. GM structure in epileptic infants(P1 group) differed dramatically from that in healthy infants(Health group). Proteobacteria,which had accumulated significantly in the P1 group,decreased dramatically after KD treatment(P2 group). Cronobacter predominated in the P1 group and remained at a low level both in the Health and P2 groups. Bacteroides increased significantly in the P2 group,in which Prevotella and Bifidobacterium also grew in numbers and kept increasing.CONCLUSION GM pattern in healthy infants differed dramatically from that of the epileptic group. KD could significantly modify symptoms of epilepsy and reshape the GM of epileptic infants.展开更多
Drug delivery systems(DDS)are defined as methods by which drugs are delivered to desired tissues,organs,cells and subcellular organs for drug release and absorption through a variety of drug carriers.Its usual purpose...Drug delivery systems(DDS)are defined as methods by which drugs are delivered to desired tissues,organs,cells and subcellular organs for drug release and absorption through a variety of drug carriers.Its usual purpose to improve the pharmacological activities of therapeutic drugs and to overcome problems such as limited solubility,drug aggregation,low bioavailability,poor biodistribution,lack of selectivity,or to reduce the side effects of therapeutic drugs.During 2015-2018,significant progress in the research on drug delivery systems has been achieved along with advances in related fields,such as pharmaceutical sciences,material sciences and biomedical sciences.This review provides a conciseoverview of current progress in this research area through its focus on the delivery strategies,construction techniques and specific examples.It is a valuable reference for pharmaceutical scientists who want to learn more about the design of drug delivery systems.展开更多
The Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory(ASO-S)is a mission proposed for the 25 th solar maximum by the Chinese solar community.The scientific objectives are to study the relationships between the solar magnetic fie...The Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory(ASO-S)is a mission proposed for the 25 th solar maximum by the Chinese solar community.The scientific objectives are to study the relationships between the solar magnetic field,solar flares and coronal mass ejections(CMEs).Three payloads are deployed:the Full-disk vector Magneto Graph(FMG),the Lyman-αSolar Telescope(LST)and the Hard X-ray Imager(HXI).ASO-S will perform the first simultaneous observations of the photospheric vector magnetic field,non-thermal imaging of solar flares,and the initiation and early propagation of CMEs on a single platform.ASO-S is scheduled to be launched into a 720 km Sun-synchronous orbit in 2022.This paper presents an overview of the mission till the end of Phase-B and the beginning of Phase-C.展开更多
AIM To observe the therapeutic effect ofmoxibustion on ulcerative colitis and itsinfluence on the colonic mucosal morphology.METHODS Forty-six patients with ulcerativecolitis were randomly divided into themoxibustion ...AIM To observe the therapeutic effect ofmoxibustion on ulcerative colitis and itsinfluence on the colonic mucosal morphology.METHODS Forty-six patients with ulcerativecolitis were randomly divided into themoxibustion with herbal medicine underneathgroup and the western medicine group.Thirtypatients were treated with the abovemoxibustion and 16 patients with Salicylayefapyridine(SASP).The colonic mucosa of 13patients in the moxibustion group was observedby colonoscopy before and after the treatment.Mucin was also analyzed by H.E and AB-PASstaining.RESULTS Seventeen patients were clinicallycured,12 were improved and 1 unchanged in themoxibustion group.In the control group,5patients were clinically cured,7 improved and 4unchanged.Thirteen patients with active UCwere taken as the subjects for histopathologicanalysis in this study.The colonic mucosallesions were remarkably improved and thecharacteristic of the mucin also changed.Inmost sections,the chronic inflammation ofmucosa was geatly ameliorated(P【0.01).Theinflammatory cell infiltratation much decreased and neutrophils,disapeared in most sections(P【0.001).The goblet cells significantlyincreased(P【0.001);crypt paracrypt abscessor mucosal ulceration was seen(P【0.001).CONCLUSION The rate of cure of ulcerative colitis by moxibustion with herbal medicine beneath is superior to that by SASP. This sort of moxibustion can effectively improve the colonic mucosal lesions and restore the proportion of mucoprotein to near normal.展开更多
In this mini-review we summarize the progress of Lattice Boltzmann (LB) modeling and simulating compressible flows in our group in recent years. Main contents include (i) Single-Relaxation-Time (SRT) LB model su...In this mini-review we summarize the progress of Lattice Boltzmann (LB) modeling and simulating compressible flows in our group in recent years. Main contents include (i) Single-Relaxation-Time (SRT) LB model supplemented by additional viscosity, (ii) Multiple-Relaxation-Time (MRT) LB model, and (iii) LB study on hydrodynamic instabilities. The former two belong to improvements of physical modeling and the third belongs to simulation or application. The SRT-LB model sup- plemented by additional viscosity keeps the original framework of Lattice Bhatnagar-Gross Krook (LBGK). So, it is easier and more convenient for previous SRT-LB users. The MRT-LB is a com- pletely new framework for physical modeling. It significantly extends the range of LB applications. The cost is longer computational time. The developed SRT-LB and MRT-LB are complementary from the sides of convenience and applicability.展开更多
Yunnan Province of China suffered a record-breaking drought that persisted from autumn 2009 into spring 2010. The present study examined the physical causes of this extreme drought event in terms of persistent anomali...Yunnan Province of China suffered a record-breaking drought that persisted from autumn 2009 into spring 2010. The present study examined the physical causes of this extreme drought event in terms of persistent anomalies of intraseasonal oscillation in the tropical atmosphere (the Madden-Julian Oscillation hereafter the MJO). The results show that the occurrence of severe drought in Yunnan was caused directly by deficient rainfall lasting from the summer of 2009 to the spring of 2010. Further ex- ploration reveals a persistent positive variation of MJO index 1 from June to October. Accordingly, the convective activity over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) weakened continuously, and then an anomalous descending airflow was induced over the tropi- cal Indian Ocean, resulted in the anomalous weakening of vertical Asian monsoon circulation in South Asia. Consequently, the transport of water vapor from the tropical Indian Ocean to Yunnan decreased abnormally, leading to persistent below-normai rainfall over Yunnan from summer to autumn in 2009. As a result, a severe drought began to appear in autumn. In the winter of 2009-2010, MJO index 1 remained persistently positive, indicating the continuous weakening of convective activity over the BOB. The atmospheric circulation associated with the persistent positive anomalies in the MJO also demonstrated anomalous patterns. Specifically, there was an anomalous high-pressure ridge stretching from South Asia through the Tibetan Plateau and into the western part of southwestem China. This indicates that the atmospheric circulation over Yunnan was dominated by vertical descending airflow in the high-pressure ridge. Simultaneously, the India-Burma trough was weakened, which resulted in unfavorable conditions for the transport of water vapor from the BOB to Yunnan, causing the observed persistent deficient precipitation in winter and the subsequently intensified drought. Therefore, the persistent anomalies in MJO activity in the tropical atmosphere played an important role in the oc展开更多
AIM To explore the natural history of covert hepatic encephalopathy(CHE) in absence of medication intervention.METHODS Consecutive outpatient cirrhotic patients in a Chinese tertiary care hospital were enrolled and ev...AIM To explore the natural history of covert hepatic encephalopathy(CHE) in absence of medication intervention.METHODS Consecutive outpatient cirrhotic patients in a Chinese tertiary care hospital were enrolled and evaluated for CHE diagnosis. They were followed up for a mean of 11.2 ± 1.3 mo. Time to the first cirrhosis-related complications requiring hospitalization, including overt HE(OHE), resolution of CHE and death/transplantation, were compared between CHE and no-CHE patients. Predictors for complication(s) and death/transplantation were also analyzed.RESULTS A total of 366 patients(age: 47.2 ± 8.6 years, male: 73.0%) were enrolled. CHE was identified in 131 patients(35.8%). CHE patients had higher rates of death and incidence of complications requiring hospitalization, including OHE, compared to unimpaired patients. Moreover, 17.6% of CHE patients developed OHE, 42.0% suffered persistent CHE, and 19.8% of CHE spontaneously resolved. In CHE patients, serum albumin < 30 g/L(HR = 5.22, P = 0.03) was the sole predictor for developing OHE, and blood creatinine > 133 μmol/L(HR = 4.75, P = 0.036) predicted mortality. Child-Pugh B/C(HR = 0.084, P < 0.001) and OHE history(HR = 0.15, P = 0.014) were predictors of spontaneous resolution of CHE.CONCLUSION CHE exacerbates, persists or resolves without medication intervention in clinically stable cirrhosis. Triage of patients based on these predictors will allow for more cost-effect management of CHE.展开更多
文摘The primary pattern of the late Cenozoic to the present tectonic deformation of China is characterized by relative movements and interactions of tectonic blocks. Active tectonic blocks are geological units that have been separated from each other by active tectonic zones. Boundaries between blocks are the highest gradient of differential movement. Most of tectonic activity occurs on boundaries of the blocks. Earthquakes are results of abrupt releases of accumulated strain energy that reaches the threshold of strength of the earth's crust. Boundaries of tectonic blocks are the locations of most discontinuous deformation and highest gradient of stress accumulation, thus are the most likely places for strain energy accumulation and releases, and in turn, devastating earthquakes. Almost all earthquakes of magnitude greater than 8 and 80%-90% of earthquakes of magnitude over 7 occur along boundaries of active tectonic blocks. This fact indicates that differential movements and interactions of active tectonic blocks are the primary mechanism for the occurrences of devastating earthquakes.
文摘The genome sequence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-associated virus provides essential information for the identification of pathogen(s), exploration of etiology and evolution, interpretation of transmission and pathogenesis, development of diagnostics, prevention by future vaccination, and treatment by developing new drugs. We report the complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of an isolate (BJ01) of the coronavirus that has been recognized as a pathogen for SARS. The genome is 29725 nt in size and has 11 ORFs (Open Reading Frames). It is composed of a stable region encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (composed of 2 ORFs) and a variable region representing 4 CDSs (coding sequences) for viral structural genes (the S, E, M, N proteins) and 5 PUPs (putative uncharacterized proteins). Its gene order is identical to that of other known coronaviruses. The sequence alignment with all known RNA viruses places this virus as a member in the family of Coronaviridae. Thirty putative substitutions have been identified by comparative analysis of the 5 SARS- associated virus genome sequences in GenBank. Fifteen of them lead to possible amino acid changes (non-synonymous mutations) in the proteins. Three amino acid changes, with predicted alteration of physical and chemical features, have been detected in the S protein that is postulated to beinvolved in the immunoreactions between the virus and its host. Two amino acid changes have been detected in the Mprotein, which could be related to viral envelope formation. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the possibility of non-human origin of the SARS-associated viruses but provides noevidence that they are man-made. Further efforts should focus on identifying the etiology of the SARS-associated virus and ruling out conclusively the existence of otherpossible SARS-related pathogen(s).
基金Supported by the Medical Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.1997423
文摘INTRODUCTIONIn China ,the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer rank the second among all cancers. Recent development of cancer [1-20].The aim of this study was investigat the insight of apoptosis and bcl-2, p53 and C-myc protein expression in the development of gastric cancer .
基金the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB418403)the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40334042)the China Earthquake Administration Research Fund (Grant No. 200708002)
文摘A linked-fault-element model is employed to invert for contemporary slip rates along major active faults in the Sichuan-Yunnan region (96°-108°E, 21°-35°N) using the least squares method. The model is based on known fault geometry, and constrained by a GPS-derived horizontal velocity field. Our results support a model attributing the eastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau driven mainly by the north-northeastward indentation of the Indian plate into Tibet and the gravitational collapse of the plateau. Resisted by a relatively stable south China block, materials of the Sichuan-Yunnan region rotate clockwise around the eastern Himalayan tectonic syntaxis. During the process the Garzê-Yushu, Xianshuihe, Anninghe, Zemuhe, Daliangshan, and Xiaojiang faults, the southwest extension of the Xiaojiang fault, and the Daluo-Jinghong and Mae Chan faults constitute the northeast and east boundaries of the eastward extrusion, with their left slip rates being 0.3-14.7, 8.9-17.1, 5.1 ± 2.5, 2.8 ± 2.3, 7.1 ± 2.1, 9.4 ± 1.2, 10.1 ± 2.0, 7.3 ± 2.6, and 4.9 ± 3.0 mm/a respectively. The southwestern boundary consists of a widely distributed dextral transpressional zone other than a single fault. Right slip rates of 4.2 ± 1.3, 4.3 ± 1.1, and 8.5 ± 1.7 mm/a are detected across the Nanhua-Chuxiong-Jianshui, Wuliangshan, and Longling-Lancang faults. Crustal deformation across the Longmenshan fault is weak, with short-ening rates of 1.4 ± 1.0 and 1.6 ± 1.3 mm/a across the Baoxing-Beichuan and Beichuan-Qingchuan segments. Northwest of the Longmenshan fault lies an active deformation zone (the Longriba fault) with 5.1±1.2 mm/a right slip across. Relatively large slip rates are detected across a few faults within the Sichuan-Yunnan block: 4.4±1.3 mm/a left slip and 2.7±1.1 mm/a shortening across the Litang fault, and 2.7±2.3 mm/a right-lateral shearing and 6.7±2.3 mm/a shortening across the Yunongxi fault and its surrounding regions. In conclusion, we find that the Sichuan-Yunnan region is divided into more than a doz
基金supported by grants from the National Science and Technology Major Project(2012ZX10002004)Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department(Y201328037)the opening foundation of the State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases,First Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine(2015KF04)
文摘BACKGROUND: Plasma exchange (PE)-centered artificial liver support system reduced the high mortality rate of hepa titis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). But the data were diverse in different medical centers. The present prospective nationwide study was to evaluate the effects of PE on patients with HBV-ACLF at different stages.
文摘There has been a long-standing need for guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars that are based on an understanding of the pathomechanisms that underlie these skin fibrotic diseases.This is particularly true for clinicians who deal with Asian and African patients because these ethnicities are highly prone to these diseases.By contrast,Caucasians are less likely to develop keloids and hypertrophic scars,and if they do,the scars tend not to be severe.This ethnic disparity also means that countries vary in terms of their differential diagnostic algorithms.The lack of clear treatment guidelines also means that primary care physicians are currently applying a hotchpotch of treatments,with uneven outcomes.To overcome these issues,the Japan Scar Workshop(JSW)has created a tool that allows clinicians to objectively diagnose and distinguish between keloids,hypertrophic scars,and mature scars.This tool is called the JSW Scar Scale(JSS)and it involves scoring the risk factors of the individual patients and the affected areas.The tool is simple and easy to use.As a result,even physicians who are not accustomed to keloids and hypertrophic scars can easily diagnose them and judge their severity.The JSW has also established a committee that,in cooperation with outside experts in various fields,has prepared a Consensus Document on keloid and hypertrophic scar treatment guidelines.These guidelines are simple and will allow even inexperienced clinicians to choose the most appropriate treatment strategy.The Consensus Document is provided in this article.It describes(1)the diagnostic algorithm for pathological scars and how to differentiate them from clinically similar benign and malignant tumors,(2)the general treatment algorithms for keloids and hypertrophic scars at different medical facilities,(3)the rationale behind each treatment for keloids and hypertrophic scars,and(4)the body site-specific treatment protocols for these scars.We believe that this Consensus Document will be helpful for physi
基金supported by Novus International Company (Missouri, USA)the earmarked fund for China Agricultural Research Systems (CARS-42)
文摘Background: Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostfidium perffingens infection leads to serious economic losses in the global poultry production. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of essential oils (EO, which contained 25 % thymol and 25 % carvacrol as active components) supplementation on growth performance, gut lesions, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of the broiler chickens infected with C. perfringens. A total of 448 1-day-old male broiler chicks were allocated into eight treatment groups following a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement with four dietary EO dosages (0, 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg) and two infection status (with or without C. perfringens challenge from d 14 to 20). Results: The challenge did not impair the growth performance of birds, but induced gut lesions and increased crypt depth in the ileum (P ≤ 0.05). It also down-regulated the claudin-1 and occludin mRNA expression (P ≤0.05), up-regulated the mRNA expression of interleukin-113 (P≤ 0.05), tended to increase the toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 mRNA expression (P 〈 0.10) in the ileum, and enhanced the mucosal secretory IgA production (P 〈 0.05). In the challenged birds, dietary EO supplementation linearly alleviated the gut lesions and improved the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (P ≤0.05), and the supplementation of 120 and 240 mg/kg EO increased the serum antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus (P≤ 0.05). Regardless of challenge, the EO supplementation showed a tendency to linearly elevate the feed conversion efficiency between 14 and 28 d of age as well as the occludin mRNA expression (P〈 0.10), and linearly inhibited the mRNA expression of TLR2 and tumor necrotic factor-o in the ileum (P≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The dietary supplementation of EO could alleviate the intestinal injury by improving intestinal integrity and modulating immune responses in the C. perffingens-challenged broiler chickens.
文摘INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was earlier defined as "hyperglycemia first recognized during pregnancy" and has more recently been described by American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2012) as diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy that is not clearly overt diabetes. The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes study (HAPO) demonstrated that the risk of adverse maternal,fetal,and neonatal outcomes continuously increase as a function of maternal glycemia at 24-28 weeks,even within ranges previously considered normal for pregnancy.
文摘AIM:To determine the basic demographic features of colorectal cancer (CRC) in five hospitals located in four different areas of Guangdong Province,China.METHODS:A review of patient records from 1986 to 2006 from five hospitals was conducted. Patient data was obtained,including age,gender,location of le-sions,staging and histological type of CRC. The Chi-square test was used to assess differences in rates and a significance level of 0.05 was used. Univariate com-parisons were made via Fisher's exact tests.RESULTS:Analysis was carried out on 8172 CRC patents,6.1% (499/8172) of the patients were aged ≤ 30 years. The peak incidence was between the ages 61-70 years (27.8%). The mean age at CRC diagnosis increased from 52 years (1986-1988) to 60 years(2004-2006) and the proportion of young CRC patients decreased from 8.0% to 5.9% over the same period. Of 8172 lesions,4434 (54.3%) were located in rectum and 3738 (45.7%) in colon. The incidence of rectal cancer decreased significantly from 59.4% (1989-1991) to 51.8% (2004-2006) and right sided colon cancer increased from 40.6% to 48.2%. The mean age,ana-tomic distribution,histological type and differentiation degree were significantly different among the four geographical areas (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:The hospitalization rate for CRC has increased in Guangdong in recent years. The characteristics of CRC from the five hospitals located in the four different areas of Guangdong Province are also different. Further studies are needed to assess more recent trend in the incidence and prevalence of CRC as well as the respective roles of genetic and environ-mental factors in CRC.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFA0702003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21890383 and 21871159)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Key Project of Guangdong Province of China(No.2020B010188002)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M721796).
文摘Catalysts can accelerate the chemical reaction rate and effectively promote the molecules transformation,which is of great significance in the research of chemical industry and material science.The extreme utilization of reactive sites has led to the emergence and development of atomically dispersed materials(ADMs).The highly active coordination unsaturated metal sites and fully utilized metal atoms make ADMs show great potential in catalytic reactions.The adjustment of coordination environment and electronic structure provides more possibilities for constructing reactive centers with different properties.This review summarized the application and research progress of ADMs in different fields.The design strategy and structure–activity relationship of ADMs for specific reactions were summarized and analyzed.Moreover,we also provided advices for the challenges and opportunities faced by ADMs in catalytic reactions.
基金Supported by Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research and Canadian Institute of Health Research
文摘Hypertriglyceridemia is an established cause of pancreatitis. In a case-based approach, we present a review of hypertriglyceridemJa and how it can cause pancreatitis. We outline how to investigate and manage such patients. A 35 year old man presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain and biochemical evidence of acute pancreatitis. There was no history of alcohol consumption and biliary imaging was normal. The only relevant past medical history was that of mild hyperlipidemia, treated with diet alone. Physical exam revealed epigastric tenderness, right lateral rectus palsy, lipemia retinalis, bitemporal hemianopsia and a delay in the relaxation phase of his ankle reflexes. Subsequent laboratory investigation revealed marked hypertriglyceridemia and panhypopituarism. An enhanced CT scan of the head revealed a large suprasellar mass impinging on the optic chiasm and hypothalamus. The patient was treated supportively; thyroid replacement and lipid lowering agents were started. He underwent a successful resection of a craniopharyngioma. Postoperatively, the patient did well on hormone replacement therapy. He has had no further attacks of pancreatitis. This case highlights many of the factors involved in the regulation of triglyceride metabolism. We review the common causes of hypertriglyceridemia and the proposed mechanisms resulting in pancreatitis. The incidence and management of hypertriglyceridemiainduced pancreatitis are also discussed.
文摘We obtain the preliminary result of crustal deformation velocity field for the Chinese con-tinent by analyzing GPS data from the Crustal Motion Observation Network of China (CMONOC), particularly the data from the regional networks of CMONOC observed in 1999 and 2001. We de-lineate 9 tectonically active blocks and 2 broadly distributed deformation zones out of a denseGPS velocity field, and derive block motion Euler poles for the blocks and their relative motionrates. Our result reveals that there are 3 categories of deformation patterns in the Chinese conti-nent. The first category, associated with the interior of the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan oro-genic belt, shows broadly distributed deformation within the regions. The third category, associatedwith the Tarim Basin and the region east of the north-south seismic belt of China, shows block-likemotion, with deformation accommodated along the block boundaries only. The second category, mainly associated with the borderland of the Tibetan Plateau, such as the Qaidam, Qilian, Xining(in eastern Qinghai), and the Diamond-shaped (in western Sichuan and Yunnan) blocks, has thedeformation pattern between the first and the third, i.e. these regions appear to deform block-like,but with smaller sizes and less strength for the blocks. Based on the analysis of the lithosphericstructures and the deformation patterns of the regions above, we come to the inference that thedeformation modes of the Chinese continental crust are mainly controlled by the crustal structure.The crust of the eastern China and the Tarim Basin is mechanically strong, and its deformationtakes the form of relative motion between rigid blocks. On the other hand, the northward indentation of the Indian plate into the Asia continent has created the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan Mountains, thickened their crust, and raised the temperature in the crust. The lower crust thus has become ductile, evidenced in low seismic velocity and high electric conductivity observed. The brittle part of t
基金Supported by the Innovation Fund of Science and Technology Commission of Shenzhen Municipality,China,No.JCYJ-2015-0403100317071
文摘AIM To investigate whether patients with refractory epilepsy and healthy infants differ in gut microbiota(GM),and how ketogenic diet(KD) alters GM.METHODS A total of 14 epileptic and 30 healthy infants were recruited and seizure frequencies were recorded. Stool samples were collected for 16 S r DNA sequencing using the Illumina Miseq platform. The composition of GM in each sample was analyzed with MOTHUR,and intergroup comparison was conducted by R software.RESULTS After being on KD treatment for a week,64% of epileptic infants showed an obvious improvement,with a 50% decrease in seizure frequency. GM structure in epileptic infants(P1 group) differed dramatically from that in healthy infants(Health group). Proteobacteria,which had accumulated significantly in the P1 group,decreased dramatically after KD treatment(P2 group). Cronobacter predominated in the P1 group and remained at a low level both in the Health and P2 groups. Bacteroides increased significantly in the P2 group,in which Prevotella and Bifidobacterium also grew in numbers and kept increasing.CONCLUSION GM pattern in healthy infants differed dramatically from that of the epileptic group. KD could significantly modify symptoms of epilepsy and reshape the GM of epileptic infants.
基金supported by the projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81773650,81690264 and 81673376)the Drug Innovation Major Project of China(Grant No.2018ZX09721003-004).
文摘Drug delivery systems(DDS)are defined as methods by which drugs are delivered to desired tissues,organs,cells and subcellular organs for drug release and absorption through a variety of drug carriers.Its usual purpose to improve the pharmacological activities of therapeutic drugs and to overcome problems such as limited solubility,drug aggregation,low bioavailability,poor biodistribution,lack of selectivity,or to reduce the side effects of therapeutic drugs.During 2015-2018,significant progress in the research on drug delivery systems has been achieved along with advances in related fields,such as pharmaceutical sciences,material sciences and biomedical sciences.This review provides a conciseoverview of current progress in this research area through its focus on the delivery strategies,construction techniques and specific examples.It is a valuable reference for pharmaceutical scientists who want to learn more about the design of drug delivery systems.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program on Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. XDA15320100, XDA15320102, XDA15320103, XDA15320104, XDA15320300 and XDA15052200)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11427803, U1731241, U1631242 and 11820101002)
文摘The Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory(ASO-S)is a mission proposed for the 25 th solar maximum by the Chinese solar community.The scientific objectives are to study the relationships between the solar magnetic field,solar flares and coronal mass ejections(CMEs).Three payloads are deployed:the Full-disk vector Magneto Graph(FMG),the Lyman-αSolar Telescope(LST)and the Hard X-ray Imager(HXI).ASO-S will perform the first simultaneous observations of the photospheric vector magnetic field,non-thermal imaging of solar flares,and the initiation and early propagation of CMEs on a single platform.ASO-S is scheduled to be launched into a 720 km Sun-synchronous orbit in 2022.This paper presents an overview of the mission till the end of Phase-B and the beginning of Phase-C.
基金the National Science Foudation of China,No.39670899.39970922
文摘AIM To observe the therapeutic effect ofmoxibustion on ulcerative colitis and itsinfluence on the colonic mucosal morphology.METHODS Forty-six patients with ulcerativecolitis were randomly divided into themoxibustion with herbal medicine underneathgroup and the western medicine group.Thirtypatients were treated with the abovemoxibustion and 16 patients with Salicylayefapyridine(SASP).The colonic mucosa of 13patients in the moxibustion group was observedby colonoscopy before and after the treatment.Mucin was also analyzed by H.E and AB-PASstaining.RESULTS Seventeen patients were clinicallycured,12 were improved and 1 unchanged in themoxibustion group.In the control group,5patients were clinically cured,7 improved and 4unchanged.Thirteen patients with active UCwere taken as the subjects for histopathologicanalysis in this study.The colonic mucosallesions were remarkably improved and thecharacteristic of the mucin also changed.Inmost sections,the chronic inflammation ofmucosa was geatly ameliorated(P【0.01).Theinflammatory cell infiltratation much decreased and neutrophils,disapeared in most sections(P【0.001).The goblet cells significantlyincreased(P【0.001);crypt paracrypt abscessor mucosal ulceration was seen(P【0.001).CONCLUSION The rate of cure of ulcerative colitis by moxibustion with herbal medicine beneath is superior to that by SASP. This sort of moxibustion can effectively improve the colonic mucosal lesions and restore the proportion of mucoprotein to near normal.
文摘In this mini-review we summarize the progress of Lattice Boltzmann (LB) modeling and simulating compressible flows in our group in recent years. Main contents include (i) Single-Relaxation-Time (SRT) LB model supplemented by additional viscosity, (ii) Multiple-Relaxation-Time (MRT) LB model, and (iii) LB study on hydrodynamic instabilities. The former two belong to improvements of physical modeling and the third belongs to simulation or application. The SRT-LB model sup- plemented by additional viscosity keeps the original framework of Lattice Bhatnagar-Gross Krook (LBGK). So, it is easier and more convenient for previous SRT-LB users. The MRT-LB is a com- pletely new framework for physical modeling. It significantly extends the range of LB applications. The cost is longer computational time. The developed SRT-LB and MRT-LB are complementary from the sides of convenience and applicability.
基金supported by Union Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Yunnan Province (Grant No. U0833602)Special Project of the China Meteorological Administration (Grant No. GYHY200906017)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40705026, 40805036 and 40905043)Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (Grant No. 2010Z001)Science and Technology Program of Yunnan Province for the Development of Society (Grant No. 2009CA023)
文摘Yunnan Province of China suffered a record-breaking drought that persisted from autumn 2009 into spring 2010. The present study examined the physical causes of this extreme drought event in terms of persistent anomalies of intraseasonal oscillation in the tropical atmosphere (the Madden-Julian Oscillation hereafter the MJO). The results show that the occurrence of severe drought in Yunnan was caused directly by deficient rainfall lasting from the summer of 2009 to the spring of 2010. Further ex- ploration reveals a persistent positive variation of MJO index 1 from June to October. Accordingly, the convective activity over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) weakened continuously, and then an anomalous descending airflow was induced over the tropi- cal Indian Ocean, resulted in the anomalous weakening of vertical Asian monsoon circulation in South Asia. Consequently, the transport of water vapor from the tropical Indian Ocean to Yunnan decreased abnormally, leading to persistent below-normai rainfall over Yunnan from summer to autumn in 2009. As a result, a severe drought began to appear in autumn. In the winter of 2009-2010, MJO index 1 remained persistently positive, indicating the continuous weakening of convective activity over the BOB. The atmospheric circulation associated with the persistent positive anomalies in the MJO also demonstrated anomalous patterns. Specifically, there was an anomalous high-pressure ridge stretching from South Asia through the Tibetan Plateau and into the western part of southwestem China. This indicates that the atmospheric circulation over Yunnan was dominated by vertical descending airflow in the high-pressure ridge. Simultaneously, the India-Burma trough was weakened, which resulted in unfavorable conditions for the transport of water vapor from the BOB to Yunnan, causing the observed persistent deficient precipitation in winter and the subsequently intensified drought. Therefore, the persistent anomalies in MJO activity in the tropical atmosphere played an important role in the oc
基金Supported by Science and Technology Planning Project of Health and Family Planning Commission of Jiangxi Province,No.20171022National Natural Science Fund of China,No.81460122+2 种基金Project in the Science and Technology Pillar Program of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology,No.20161BBG70166Jiangxi Provincial Outstanding Young Talent Program,No.20171BCB23085Natural Science Fund of Jiangxi Province For Young Scholars,No.20171BAB215008
文摘AIM To explore the natural history of covert hepatic encephalopathy(CHE) in absence of medication intervention.METHODS Consecutive outpatient cirrhotic patients in a Chinese tertiary care hospital were enrolled and evaluated for CHE diagnosis. They were followed up for a mean of 11.2 ± 1.3 mo. Time to the first cirrhosis-related complications requiring hospitalization, including overt HE(OHE), resolution of CHE and death/transplantation, were compared between CHE and no-CHE patients. Predictors for complication(s) and death/transplantation were also analyzed.RESULTS A total of 366 patients(age: 47.2 ± 8.6 years, male: 73.0%) were enrolled. CHE was identified in 131 patients(35.8%). CHE patients had higher rates of death and incidence of complications requiring hospitalization, including OHE, compared to unimpaired patients. Moreover, 17.6% of CHE patients developed OHE, 42.0% suffered persistent CHE, and 19.8% of CHE spontaneously resolved. In CHE patients, serum albumin < 30 g/L(HR = 5.22, P = 0.03) was the sole predictor for developing OHE, and blood creatinine > 133 μmol/L(HR = 4.75, P = 0.036) predicted mortality. Child-Pugh B/C(HR = 0.084, P < 0.001) and OHE history(HR = 0.15, P = 0.014) were predictors of spontaneous resolution of CHE.CONCLUSION CHE exacerbates, persists or resolves without medication intervention in clinically stable cirrhosis. Triage of patients based on these predictors will allow for more cost-effect management of CHE.