Emerging and re-emerging pathogens are great challenges to the public health(1).A cluster of pneumonia cases with an unknown cause occurred in Wuhan starting on December 21,2019.As of January 20,2020,a total of 201 ca...Emerging and re-emerging pathogens are great challenges to the public health(1).A cluster of pneumonia cases with an unknown cause occurred in Wuhan starting on December 21,2019.As of January 20,2020,a total of 201 cases of pneumonia in China have been confirmed.A team of professionals from the National Health Commission and China CDC conducted epidemiological and etiological investigations.On January 3,2020,the first complete genome of the novelβgenus coronaviruses(2019-nCoVs)was identified in samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)from a patient from Wuhan by scientists of the National Institute of Viral Disease Control and Prevention(IVDC)through a combination of Sanger sequencing,Illumina sequencing,and nanopore sequencing.Three distinct strains have been identified,the virus has been designated as 2019-nCoV,and the disease has been subsequently named novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia(NCIP).展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Though coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has largely been controlled in China,several outbreaks of COVID-19 have occurred from importation of cases or of suspected virus-...Summary What is already known about this topic?Though coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has largely been controlled in China,several outbreaks of COVID-19 have occurred from importation of cases or of suspected virus-contaminated products.Though several outbreaks have been traced to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)isolated on the outer packaging of cold chain products,live virus has not been obtained.展开更多
Starting from December 2019,Wuhan,China,encountered the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)(1-2).The epidemic was successfully suppressed by strict containment so that the number of infected people wa...Starting from December 2019,Wuhan,China,encountered the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)(1-2).The epidemic was successfully suppressed by strict containment so that the number of infected people was reduced to 0 on April 8,2020(3–4).After that,China experienced roughly 3 dozen outbreaks with local transmission caused by imported severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).展开更多
In January 2013, China suffered large-scale haze weather four times, affecting 30 cities in all. The average number of haze weather days in many regions was higher than the same period in every year since 1961. PM2.s,...In January 2013, China suffered large-scale haze weather four times, affecting 30 cities in all. The average number of haze weather days in many regions was higher than the same period in every year since 1961. PM2.s, which is defined as fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less, is the main health hazard in the context of haze weather. It can carry large amounts of poisonous and harmful substances, and penetrate deep into the lungs and blood circulation through the respiratory tract, thereby affecting human health.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Compared with the international mRNA and adenovirus-vectored coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccines,there is less real-world research data about breakthrough cases in...Summary What is already known about this topic?Compared with the international mRNA and adenovirus-vectored coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccines,there is less real-world research data about breakthrough cases in people vaccinated with China-made COVID-19 vaccines.Analyses of clinical outcomes of breakthrough cases will be an important supplement to the clinical trial efficacy and observational effectiveness data of China-made COVID-19 vaccines.展开更多
On July 23,2022,the World Health Organization(WHO)Director-General,Dr.Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus claimed monkeypox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern(PHEIC),the 7th such an event in the 21st century(1)...On July 23,2022,the World Health Organization(WHO)Director-General,Dr.Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus claimed monkeypox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern(PHEIC),the 7th such an event in the 21st century(1).This is an alarming challenge to the world while we are still combating the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Until mid-August,approximately 40 thousand cases had been reported in more than 89 nations and regions worldwide(2).展开更多
On January 2,2021,2 cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)were identified in 2 cities of Hebei Province,and genomic sequencing suggested that the cases likely resulted from the same origin.The first case(Patient ...On January 2,2021,2 cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)were identified in 2 cities of Hebei Province,and genomic sequencing suggested that the cases likely resulted from the same origin.The first case(Patient A)was identified as positive at 12∶18 in Shijiazhuang City,the capital of Hebei Province,and the second case(Patient B)was identified as positive at 21∶00 in Xingtai City.展开更多
Dear editor,Vaccines are the most efficient and effective means to prevent infectious diseases,but improving the long-term protective efficacy is still a major challenge in contemporary vaccine development.1 The wanin...Dear editor,Vaccines are the most efficient and effective means to prevent infectious diseases,but improving the long-term protective efficacy is still a major challenge in contemporary vaccine development.1 The waning immunity varies depending on the diversification of the pathogen and the number of booster doses.1 Strategies to overcome this warrant is using adjuvants that amplify the immune response,and drive the production of memory B and T cells or long-lived plasma cells that recognize the pathogen for durable protection.2–4 Although existing adjuvants have achieved promising results,research on generating durable protective immunity is lacking in promoting vaccine development and staying ahead of global pandemics such as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).The precisely designed nanoadjuvants can enhance lymph node targeting and increase antigenpresenting cell(APCs)uptake,achieving the co-delivery of adjuvants and antigens and activating innate and adaptive immune responses.5 Previously,we reported a manganese nanoadjuvant(MnARK)and receptor-binding domain(RBD)monomer antigen formulated nanovaccine.6 MnARK transported antigens to lymph nodes,activated the STING pathway,elicited strong neutralizing abilities and increased immune memory T cell percentage against the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).6 Regarding the long-term protection potential of MnARK for subunit vaccine development,we further explored the durable immune regulation abilities of MnARK to a SARS-CoV-2 RBD dimer antigen,which has been used in an approved COVID-19 subunit vaccine ZF2001 with aluminum adjuvant(alum).7,8 TEM result revealed that RBD dimer could interact with BSA on MnARK surface and epitope can be well preserved(Supplementary Fig.1a).The size and zeta potential of MnARK-RBD dimer nanovaccine was~58 nm and-14 mV,respectively(Supplementary Fig.1b,c).展开更多
BACKGROUND Liangshan,officially the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,is an autonomous prefecture occupying much of the southern portion of Sichuan Province.It has been a remote and deeply impoverished area and also ...BACKGROUND Liangshan,officially the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,is an autonomous prefecture occupying much of the southern portion of Sichuan Province.It has been a remote and deeply impoverished area and also has the largest population of ethnic Yi people in China(1).For many years,due to geographical environment conditions,traffic conditions,and other historic restrictions,the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)epidemic in Liangshan Prefecture has become the focus of HIV prevention and control in China since the first acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)case was reported in this area in 1995(2-3).展开更多
As of 16∶00 on January 13,2021,95 positive cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)were reported in Suihua City of Heilongjiang Province and an additional 35 cases have been linked across 7 cities in 3 provinces:Q...As of 16∶00 on January 13,2021,95 positive cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)were reported in Suihua City of Heilongjiang Province and an additional 35 cases have been linked across 7 cities in 3 provinces:Qiqihar City(7 cases),Mudanjiang City(4 cases),Harbin City(3 cases),and Yichun City(1 case)of Heilongjiang Province;Changchun City(9 cases)and Tonghua City(6 cases)of Jilin Province;and Weihai City of Shandong Province(1 case).展开更多
A fine and equiaxed solidification process delivers multidimensional benefits to Mg-alloys, such as improved castability, reduced casting defects, enhanced mechanical properties, increased corrosion resistance and pot...A fine and equiaxed solidification process delivers multidimensional benefits to Mg-alloys, such as improved castability, reduced casting defects, enhanced mechanical properties, increased corrosion resistance and potential for increased recycled contents. Despite extensive research on grain refinement of Mg-alloys in the last few decades, currently, there is no effective grain refiner available for refining Mg-Al alloys, and our current understanding of grain refining mechanisms is not adequate to facilitate the development of effective grain refiners.Under the EPSRC(UK) Li ME Hub’s research program, substantial advances have been made in understanding the early stages of solidification covering prenucleation, heterogeneous nucleation, grain initiation and grain refinement. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of grain refinement of Mg-alloys by native MgO particles. We show that native MgO particles can be made available for effective grain refinement of Mg-alloys by intensive melt shearing regardless of the alloy compositions. More importantly, we demonstrate that(1) the addition of more potent exogenous particles will not be more effective than native MgO;and(2) MgO particles are difficult to be made more impotent for grain refinement through promoting explosive grain initiation. We suggest that the most effective approach to grain refinement of Mg-alloys is to make more native MgO particles available for grain refinement through dispersion, such as by intensive melt shearing.展开更多
In December 2019,a number of patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology(PUE)were reported in Wuhan,Hubei Province(1).The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by a virus also known as severe acute respiratory syn...In December 2019,a number of patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology(PUE)were reported in Wuhan,Hubei Province(1).The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by a virus also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2),was identified by China in January 2020.On January 30,2020,the World Health Organization(WHO)declared coronavirus a public health emergency of international concern(PHEIC).展开更多
Since its first discovery,the Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS‐CoV‐2)has evoked another wave of infection and caused global concern and panic.Moreover,although the data are sti...Since its first discovery,the Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS‐CoV‐2)has evoked another wave of infection and caused global concern and panic.Moreover,although the data are still limited,Omicron showed highly concerning characteristics,including higher transmissibility,extensive immune escape and potentially altered host range.We interpreted these characteristics based on currently available data and outlined some urgent questions,calling for a more comprehensive investigation.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Significant changes in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)transmission modes have occurred in China,and the proportion of heterosexual transmission increased in recent year...Summary What is already known about this topic?Significant changes in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)transmission modes have occurred in China,and the proportion of heterosexual transmission increased in recent years.What is added by this report?The proportions of diverse transmission routes and subgroups of heterosexual transmission were analyzed by provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs).展开更多
Guangdong CDC published in preprint a critically important study of the effectiveness of China’s inactivated vaccines against the B.1.617.2(Delta)variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)...Guangdong CDC published in preprint a critically important study of the effectiveness of China’s inactivated vaccines against the B.1.617.2(Delta)variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)—a strain of the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and is circulating globally(1–2).The Delta variant managed to get through China’s strong international border quarantine protection and spark an outbreak in Guangdong Province in May–June 2021.While the outbreak was being stopped using guidance of the Protocol for Prevention and Control of COVID-19(3),the investigators took advantage of provisions in the Protocol that identified close contacts of anyone infected with SARS-CoV-2。展开更多
Here,we report the identification of Histoplasma causing an unexplained disease cluster in Matthews Ridge,Guyana.In March 2019,14 employees of Chongqing Bosai Mining Company,China,working in a manganese mining of Guya...Here,we report the identification of Histoplasma causing an unexplained disease cluster in Matthews Ridge,Guyana.In March 2019,14 employees of Chongqing Bosai Mining Company,China,working in a manganese mining of Guyana,had unexplained fever,and two of them died.We obtained lung and brain tissues as well as the blood samples from the two deceased cases(patient No.1 and 2),and bronchoscopy lavages and cerebrospinal fluid samples from one severe case(patient No.3),respectively.All samples were tested by pathological examination,high-throughput sequencing,and real-time PCR.Pathological detection showed the presence of spore-like structures in the lung tissue of patient No.1,indicating a fungal infection in this patient.Nanopore sequencing identified the existing of H.capsulatum in the lung tissue sample within 13 h.Next-generation sequencing identified specific fragments of H.capsulatum in all of the samples tested(lung,brain and blood serum from the deceased cases,and plasma from the severe case).Real-time PCR assays did not reveal any viral infection related to transmission from bat feces.We conclude that H.capsulatum was the causative pathogen of this disease cluster based on epidemiologic,clinical,pathological and nucleic acid evidence.展开更多
Biological threats,whether naturally occurring,accidental,or deliberate in origin,can result in disasters that are regional,national,or even global in scope if not properly contained.Many global communities,internatio...Biological threats,whether naturally occurring,accidental,or deliberate in origin,can result in disasters that are regional,national,or even global in scope if not properly contained.Many global communities,international programs,and governmental organizations have been established to mitigate these risks and challenges.In China,for example,the government has systematically implemented long-term plans including a complete country-wide architecture for biosafety management.It includes the establishment of a series of improved biosafety laws/regulations/standards and of a large number of high-level biosafety laboratories.All countries should encourage preparedness and improve surveillance systems to predict,identify,and respond to the next public health crisis.More grants and funds should be established for research into biosafety and biosecurity.Most importantly,international collaborations,partnerships,and communications should be enhanced.The journal Biosafety and Health aims to provide a global communications platform on biosafety related to human and animal health.展开更多
CURRENT STATUS OF RABIES IN CHINA Through concerted stakeholder effort,rabies prevention and control in China has achieved remarkable results.The reported incidence of human rabies continues to decline at a rate of ap...CURRENT STATUS OF RABIES IN CHINA Through concerted stakeholder effort,rabies prevention and control in China has achieved remarkable results.The reported incidence of human rabies continues to decline at a rate of approximately 20%each year.In 2020,a total of 202 human rabies cases were reported countrywide,a decrease of 94%when compared with the most recent peak in 2007(3,300 human cases).Likewise,rabies was reported only in 143 counties and districts.展开更多
Summary What is known about this topic?The emerging H5Ny lineages of the avian influenza virus(AIV)with genomic reassortments have posed a continuous threat to animals and human beings.Since the first case of avian in...Summary What is known about this topic?The emerging H5Ny lineages of the avian influenza virus(AIV)with genomic reassortments have posed a continuous threat to animals and human beings.Since the first case of avian influenza A(H5N6)virus infection in 2014,the World Health Organization has reported a total of 38 cases by August 6,2021.展开更多
As of November 20,2020,there have been 56,982,476 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)globally,with the death toll reaching 1,361,847,as reported to the World Health Organization(WHO)(1).Given the mul...As of November 20,2020,there have been 56,982,476 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)globally,with the death toll reaching 1,361,847,as reported to the World Health Organization(WHO)(1).Given the multiple epicenters of the pandemic and mounting death toll,it is imperative to seek optimal alternative nonpharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)strategies from a broader,more integrated perspective to fully project the subsequent waves of the pandemic,as no specific viral inhibitors or vaccines are available at the moment.Many studies have implicated the role of community-based transmission and case importation in modulating the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 virus(2-3).展开更多
文摘Emerging and re-emerging pathogens are great challenges to the public health(1).A cluster of pneumonia cases with an unknown cause occurred in Wuhan starting on December 21,2019.As of January 20,2020,a total of 201 cases of pneumonia in China have been confirmed.A team of professionals from the National Health Commission and China CDC conducted epidemiological and etiological investigations.On January 3,2020,the first complete genome of the novelβgenus coronaviruses(2019-nCoVs)was identified in samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)from a patient from Wuhan by scientists of the National Institute of Viral Disease Control and Prevention(IVDC)through a combination of Sanger sequencing,Illumina sequencing,and nanopore sequencing.Three distinct strains have been identified,the virus has been designated as 2019-nCoV,and the disease has been subsequently named novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia(NCIP).
基金The SARS-CoV-2 emergency special project of the Chinese Government and National Key Research and Development Project(Project No.2021YFC0863000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72042012)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(Project No.2017ZX10104001,2018ZX10713002,2018ZX10713001-003,and 2018ZX10711001).
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Though coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has largely been controlled in China,several outbreaks of COVID-19 have occurred from importation of cases or of suspected virus-contaminated products.Though several outbreaks have been traced to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)isolated on the outer packaging of cold chain products,live virus has not been obtained.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(grant number 71934002)of the People’s Republic of China.
文摘Starting from December 2019,Wuhan,China,encountered the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)(1-2).The epidemic was successfully suppressed by strict containment so that the number of infected people was reduced to 0 on April 8,2020(3–4).After that,China experienced roughly 3 dozen outbreaks with local transmission caused by imported severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).
文摘In January 2013, China suffered large-scale haze weather four times, affecting 30 cities in all. The average number of haze weather days in many regions was higher than the same period in every year since 1961. PM2.s, which is defined as fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less, is the main health hazard in the context of haze weather. It can carry large amounts of poisonous and harmful substances, and penetrate deep into the lungs and blood circulation through the respiratory tract, thereby affecting human health.
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Compared with the international mRNA and adenovirus-vectored coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccines,there is less real-world research data about breakthrough cases in people vaccinated with China-made COVID-19 vaccines.Analyses of clinical outcomes of breakthrough cases will be an important supplement to the clinical trial efficacy and observational effectiveness data of China-made COVID-19 vaccines.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0500301).
文摘On July 23,2022,the World Health Organization(WHO)Director-General,Dr.Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus claimed monkeypox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern(PHEIC),the 7th such an event in the 21st century(1).This is an alarming challenge to the world while we are still combating the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Until mid-August,approximately 40 thousand cases had been reported in more than 89 nations and regions worldwide(2).
文摘On January 2,2021,2 cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)were identified in 2 cities of Hebei Province,and genomic sequencing suggested that the cases likely resulted from the same origin.The first case(Patient A)was identified as positive at 12∶18 in Shijiazhuang City,the capital of Hebei Province,and the second case(Patient B)was identified as positive at 21∶00 in Xingtai City.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2022YFA1603701 and 2021YFA1200900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82341044,22027810)+2 种基金the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Science(CIFMS 2019-I2M-5-018)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB36000000)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021TQ0085,2022M720932)。
文摘Dear editor,Vaccines are the most efficient and effective means to prevent infectious diseases,but improving the long-term protective efficacy is still a major challenge in contemporary vaccine development.1 The waning immunity varies depending on the diversification of the pathogen and the number of booster doses.1 Strategies to overcome this warrant is using adjuvants that amplify the immune response,and drive the production of memory B and T cells or long-lived plasma cells that recognize the pathogen for durable protection.2–4 Although existing adjuvants have achieved promising results,research on generating durable protective immunity is lacking in promoting vaccine development and staying ahead of global pandemics such as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).The precisely designed nanoadjuvants can enhance lymph node targeting and increase antigenpresenting cell(APCs)uptake,achieving the co-delivery of adjuvants and antigens and activating innate and adaptive immune responses.5 Previously,we reported a manganese nanoadjuvant(MnARK)and receptor-binding domain(RBD)monomer antigen formulated nanovaccine.6 MnARK transported antigens to lymph nodes,activated the STING pathway,elicited strong neutralizing abilities and increased immune memory T cell percentage against the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).6 Regarding the long-term protection potential of MnARK for subunit vaccine development,we further explored the durable immune regulation abilities of MnARK to a SARS-CoV-2 RBD dimer antigen,which has been used in an approved COVID-19 subunit vaccine ZF2001 with aluminum adjuvant(alum).7,8 TEM result revealed that RBD dimer could interact with BSA on MnARK surface and epitope can be well preserved(Supplementary Fig.1a).The size and zeta potential of MnARK-RBD dimer nanovaccine was~58 nm and-14 mV,respectively(Supplementary Fig.1b,c).
文摘BACKGROUND Liangshan,officially the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,is an autonomous prefecture occupying much of the southern portion of Sichuan Province.It has been a remote and deeply impoverished area and also has the largest population of ethnic Yi people in China(1).For many years,due to geographical environment conditions,traffic conditions,and other historic restrictions,the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)epidemic in Liangshan Prefecture has become the focus of HIV prevention and control in China since the first acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)case was reported in this area in 1995(2-3).
基金National Natural Science Foundation(grant number 71934002).
文摘As of 16∶00 on January 13,2021,95 positive cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)were reported in Suihua City of Heilongjiang Province and an additional 35 cases have been linked across 7 cities in 3 provinces:Qiqihar City(7 cases),Mudanjiang City(4 cases),Harbin City(3 cases),and Yichun City(1 case)of Heilongjiang Province;Changchun City(9 cases)and Tonghua City(6 cases)of Jilin Province;and Weihai City of Shandong Province(1 case).
文摘A fine and equiaxed solidification process delivers multidimensional benefits to Mg-alloys, such as improved castability, reduced casting defects, enhanced mechanical properties, increased corrosion resistance and potential for increased recycled contents. Despite extensive research on grain refinement of Mg-alloys in the last few decades, currently, there is no effective grain refiner available for refining Mg-Al alloys, and our current understanding of grain refining mechanisms is not adequate to facilitate the development of effective grain refiners.Under the EPSRC(UK) Li ME Hub’s research program, substantial advances have been made in understanding the early stages of solidification covering prenucleation, heterogeneous nucleation, grain initiation and grain refinement. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of grain refinement of Mg-alloys by native MgO particles. We show that native MgO particles can be made available for effective grain refinement of Mg-alloys by intensive melt shearing regardless of the alloy compositions. More importantly, we demonstrate that(1) the addition of more potent exogenous particles will not be more effective than native MgO;and(2) MgO particles are difficult to be made more impotent for grain refinement through promoting explosive grain initiation. We suggest that the most effective approach to grain refinement of Mg-alloys is to make more native MgO particles available for grain refinement through dispersion, such as by intensive melt shearing.
文摘In December 2019,a number of patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology(PUE)were reported in Wuhan,Hubei Province(1).The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by a virus also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2),was identified by China in January 2020.On January 30,2020,the World Health Organization(WHO)declared coronavirus a public health emergency of international concern(PHEIC).
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFC0863300).
文摘Since its first discovery,the Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS‐CoV‐2)has evoked another wave of infection and caused global concern and panic.Moreover,although the data are still limited,Omicron showed highly concerning characteristics,including higher transmissibility,extensive immune escape and potentially altered host range.We interpreted these characteristics based on currently available data and outlined some urgent questions,calling for a more comprehensive investigation.
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Significant changes in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)transmission modes have occurred in China,and the proportion of heterosexual transmission increased in recent years.What is added by this report?The proportions of diverse transmission routes and subgroups of heterosexual transmission were analyzed by provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs).
基金Supported by COVID-19 Vaccines Scientific Research Project of the China National Key R&D Program“Post-marketing Research on Immunity Persistence and Effectiveness of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine”(Grant Number:2021YFC0863900).
文摘Guangdong CDC published in preprint a critically important study of the effectiveness of China’s inactivated vaccines against the B.1.617.2(Delta)variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)—a strain of the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and is circulating globally(1–2).The Delta variant managed to get through China’s strong international border quarantine protection and spark an outbreak in Guangdong Province in May–June 2021.While the outbreak was being stopped using guidance of the Protocol for Prevention and Control of COVID-19(3),the investigators took advantage of provisions in the Protocol that identified close contacts of anyone infected with SARS-CoV-2。
基金This work was supported by grants from the China MegaProjects for Infectious Disease(2018ZX10713-002,2018ZX10711001,2017ZX10104001,and 2017ZX10302301-004-002).
文摘Here,we report the identification of Histoplasma causing an unexplained disease cluster in Matthews Ridge,Guyana.In March 2019,14 employees of Chongqing Bosai Mining Company,China,working in a manganese mining of Guyana,had unexplained fever,and two of them died.We obtained lung and brain tissues as well as the blood samples from the two deceased cases(patient No.1 and 2),and bronchoscopy lavages and cerebrospinal fluid samples from one severe case(patient No.3),respectively.All samples were tested by pathological examination,high-throughput sequencing,and real-time PCR.Pathological detection showed the presence of spore-like structures in the lung tissue of patient No.1,indicating a fungal infection in this patient.Nanopore sequencing identified the existing of H.capsulatum in the lung tissue sample within 13 h.Next-generation sequencing identified specific fragments of H.capsulatum in all of the samples tested(lung,brain and blood serum from the deceased cases,and plasma from the severe case).Real-time PCR assays did not reveal any viral infection related to transmission from bat feces.We conclude that H.capsulatum was the causative pathogen of this disease cluster based on epidemiologic,clinical,pathological and nucleic acid evidence.
文摘Biological threats,whether naturally occurring,accidental,or deliberate in origin,can result in disasters that are regional,national,or even global in scope if not properly contained.Many global communities,international programs,and governmental organizations have been established to mitigate these risks and challenges.In China,for example,the government has systematically implemented long-term plans including a complete country-wide architecture for biosafety management.It includes the establishment of a series of improved biosafety laws/regulations/standards and of a large number of high-level biosafety laboratories.All countries should encourage preparedness and improve surveillance systems to predict,identify,and respond to the next public health crisis.More grants and funds should be established for research into biosafety and biosecurity.Most importantly,international collaborations,partnerships,and communications should be enhanced.The journal Biosafety and Health aims to provide a global communications platform on biosafety related to human and animal health.
文摘CURRENT STATUS OF RABIES IN CHINA Through concerted stakeholder effort,rabies prevention and control in China has achieved remarkable results.The reported incidence of human rabies continues to decline at a rate of approximately 20%each year.In 2020,a total of 202 human rabies cases were reported countrywide,a decrease of 94%when compared with the most recent peak in 2007(3,300 human cases).Likewise,rabies was reported only in 143 counties and districts.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82041033)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2020FYS0015+1 种基金2020FYS0017)W.J.L.supported by the Excellent Young Scientist Program of the NSFC(No.81822040).
文摘Summary What is known about this topic?The emerging H5Ny lineages of the avian influenza virus(AIV)with genomic reassortments have posed a continuous threat to animals and human beings.Since the first case of avian influenza A(H5N6)virus infection in 2014,the World Health Organization has reported a total of 38 cases by August 6,2021.
文摘As of November 20,2020,there have been 56,982,476 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)globally,with the death toll reaching 1,361,847,as reported to the World Health Organization(WHO)(1).Given the multiple epicenters of the pandemic and mounting death toll,it is imperative to seek optimal alternative nonpharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)strategies from a broader,more integrated perspective to fully project the subsequent waves of the pandemic,as no specific viral inhibitors or vaccines are available at the moment.Many studies have implicated the role of community-based transmission and case importation in modulating the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 virus(2-3).
