The copper indium gallium selenium (CIGS) thin film is widely acknowledged as the most promising material for photovoltaic applications. Mainly due to appealing chemical and physical structures properties, low fabrica...The copper indium gallium selenium (CIGS) thin film is widely acknowledged as the most promising material for photovoltaic applications. Mainly due to appealing chemical and physical structures properties, low fabrication cost, high efficiency, and uncomplicated integration especially with the advancement in the use of the flexible substrate. Promising results have been achieved in CIGS-based solar cells in the last few years and these devices could be key in unlocking the potential of green energy. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the parameters that are critical to improving the efficiency of these devices. Parameters such as doping concentration, thickness, substrates, and energy bandgap. In this review, we comprehensively report on these parameters with an aim of showing the recent progress on the various methods used to optimize them, all geared towards efficient and low cost solar cells for PV applications.展开更多
Malaria is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Accurate and complete diagnosis is key for effective treatment of the disease. However, mainstream malaria diagnostic techniques...Malaria is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Accurate and complete diagnosis is key for effective treatment of the disease. However, mainstream malaria diagnostic techniques suffer from a number of shortcomings. There is therefore an urgent need for development of new and more efficient techniques for malaria diagnosis. In vivo Photoacoustic spectroscopy is an emerging technique, which has great potential of delivering a nearly ideal method for early diagnosis of the disease. The technique promises to be highly sensitive and specific. In this paper, a description of photoacoustic malaria sensing is given. This is followed by a review of photoacoustic-based malaria diagnostic techniques and suggestions for future improvements.展开更多
文摘The copper indium gallium selenium (CIGS) thin film is widely acknowledged as the most promising material for photovoltaic applications. Mainly due to appealing chemical and physical structures properties, low fabrication cost, high efficiency, and uncomplicated integration especially with the advancement in the use of the flexible substrate. Promising results have been achieved in CIGS-based solar cells in the last few years and these devices could be key in unlocking the potential of green energy. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the parameters that are critical to improving the efficiency of these devices. Parameters such as doping concentration, thickness, substrates, and energy bandgap. In this review, we comprehensively report on these parameters with an aim of showing the recent progress on the various methods used to optimize them, all geared towards efficient and low cost solar cells for PV applications.
文摘Malaria is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Accurate and complete diagnosis is key for effective treatment of the disease. However, mainstream malaria diagnostic techniques suffer from a number of shortcomings. There is therefore an urgent need for development of new and more efficient techniques for malaria diagnosis. In vivo Photoacoustic spectroscopy is an emerging technique, which has great potential of delivering a nearly ideal method for early diagnosis of the disease. The technique promises to be highly sensitive and specific. In this paper, a description of photoacoustic malaria sensing is given. This is followed by a review of photoacoustic-based malaria diagnostic techniques and suggestions for future improvements.
