Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics(NEMD) simulations have provided unique insights into the nanoscale behaviour of lubricants under shear. This review discusses the early history of NEMD and its progression from a tool...Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics(NEMD) simulations have provided unique insights into the nanoscale behaviour of lubricants under shear. This review discusses the early history of NEMD and its progression from a tool to corroborate theories of the liquid state, to an instrument that can directly evaluate important fluid properties, towards a potential design tool in tribology. The key methodological advances which have allowed this evolution are also highlighted. This is followed by a summary of bulk and confined NEMD simulations of liquid lubricants and lubricant additives, as they have progressed from simple atomic fluids to ever more complex, realistic molecules. The future outlook of NEMD in tribology, including the inclusion of chemical reactivity for additives, and coupling to continuum methods for large systems, is also briefly discussed.展开更多
Background: We desired relevant information from patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and their caregivers for help in planning a long-term support program. Methods: We compared 3 ap-proaches: 1) a standard needs a...Background: We desired relevant information from patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and their caregivers for help in planning a long-term support program. Methods: We compared 3 ap-proaches: 1) a standard needs assessment questionnaire, the Camberwell assessment of need in the elderly, 2) an open-ended listing of needs, and 3) participation in a narrative medicine program in which health care professionals were involved. Results: On the questionnaire, patients reported physical needs as the most important while their caregivers were more concerned about psychological needs. The open-ended listings revealed additional needs, particularly access to re-liable information about PD and to opportunities to participate in clinical research. The narrative medicine process yielded a number of new insights and proposed solutions, particularly related to the heterogeneity of needs across individuals, the importance of providing hope, and the fact that caregivers expressed that their needs had been largely neglected. Participation in the narrative medicine sessions led to an increase in measured empathy by health care professionals, an im-provement in measured depression among PD patients, but a worsening of measured depression among the caregivers. Conclusions: We have identified important needs and potential solutions to be considered in providing long-term support to patients with PD and their caregivers.展开更多
Objectives: This study aims to analyze the impact of age and sex on botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT-A) dosing and outcomes in adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD).Methods: A database review of all spasmodic dysphonia patien...Objectives: This study aims to analyze the impact of age and sex on botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT-A) dosing and outcomes in adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD).Methods: A database review of all spasmodic dysphonia patients treated with BoNT from 1989 to 2018 at the Mayo Clinic in Arizona was performed. Only patients who had received ≥4 injections of BoNT-A for AdSD were included. Patients were divided into two cohorts to analyze age, with an age of first treatment cutoff of 60 years. Patients were divided into male and female cohorts to analyze sex.Results: The final analysis included 398 patients. The mean dose of BoNT-A per treatment was significantly higher in the younger cohort (4.4 vs. 3.9 units,p = 0.048). The mean maximal benefit was similar (72% vs. 70%,p = 0.48);however, the mean length of benefit was significantly shorter in younger patients (3.0 vs. 3.6 months,p < 0.01). The mean BoNT-A dose was significantly higher in the female cohort (4.2 vs. 3.6 units,p = 0.02). The mean maximal benefit was similar (69% vs. 75%,p = 0.58), as was the mean length of benefit (3.2 vs. 3.5 months,p = 0.11).Conclusions: This study suggests that age and sex influence BoNT-A dosing and outcomes in AdSD.展开更多
In order to burn a hydrocarbon fuel efficiently using conventional cycles,very high temperatures are required.Chemical looping combustion（CLC）offers an alternative cycle for large scale power production.In CLC a car...In order to burn a hydrocarbon fuel efficiently using conventional cycles,very high temperatures are required.Chemical looping combustion（CLC）offers an alternative cycle for large scale power production.In CLC a carrier molecule is used to transport oxygen between two redox reactions,one where the carrier is oxidised and another where it is reduced by reaction with a fuel.Separation of the oxygen carrier from fuel ash can be aided by means of phase difference and this is a key advantage of fluid phase CLC where the carrier medium proposed is sodium,potassium or zinc.The principle exploited in fluid phase CLC is the recirculation of both energy and entropy.High thermal efficiencies,circa 75% at 35 bar are theoretically achievable taking into account component efficiencies,with separation of nitrogen and carbon dioxide,in combination with the water shift gas reaction,as an inherent part of the cycle if air is used as the oxygen source.展开更多
基金the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for financial support through a Doctoral Prize Fellowship
文摘Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics(NEMD) simulations have provided unique insights into the nanoscale behaviour of lubricants under shear. This review discusses the early history of NEMD and its progression from a tool to corroborate theories of the liquid state, to an instrument that can directly evaluate important fluid properties, towards a potential design tool in tribology. The key methodological advances which have allowed this evolution are also highlighted. This is followed by a summary of bulk and confined NEMD simulations of liquid lubricants and lubricant additives, as they have progressed from simple atomic fluids to ever more complex, realistic molecules. The future outlook of NEMD in tribology, including the inclusion of chemical reactivity for additives, and coupling to continuum methods for large systems, is also briefly discussed.
文摘Background: We desired relevant information from patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and their caregivers for help in planning a long-term support program. Methods: We compared 3 ap-proaches: 1) a standard needs assessment questionnaire, the Camberwell assessment of need in the elderly, 2) an open-ended listing of needs, and 3) participation in a narrative medicine program in which health care professionals were involved. Results: On the questionnaire, patients reported physical needs as the most important while their caregivers were more concerned about psychological needs. The open-ended listings revealed additional needs, particularly access to re-liable information about PD and to opportunities to participate in clinical research. The narrative medicine process yielded a number of new insights and proposed solutions, particularly related to the heterogeneity of needs across individuals, the importance of providing hope, and the fact that caregivers expressed that their needs had been largely neglected. Participation in the narrative medicine sessions led to an increase in measured empathy by health care professionals, an im-provement in measured depression among PD patients, but a worsening of measured depression among the caregivers. Conclusions: We have identified important needs and potential solutions to be considered in providing long-term support to patients with PD and their caregivers.
文摘Objectives: This study aims to analyze the impact of age and sex on botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT-A) dosing and outcomes in adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD).Methods: A database review of all spasmodic dysphonia patients treated with BoNT from 1989 to 2018 at the Mayo Clinic in Arizona was performed. Only patients who had received ≥4 injections of BoNT-A for AdSD were included. Patients were divided into two cohorts to analyze age, with an age of first treatment cutoff of 60 years. Patients were divided into male and female cohorts to analyze sex.Results: The final analysis included 398 patients. The mean dose of BoNT-A per treatment was significantly higher in the younger cohort (4.4 vs. 3.9 units,p = 0.048). The mean maximal benefit was similar (72% vs. 70%,p = 0.48);however, the mean length of benefit was significantly shorter in younger patients (3.0 vs. 3.6 months,p < 0.01). The mean BoNT-A dose was significantly higher in the female cohort (4.2 vs. 3.6 units,p = 0.02). The mean maximal benefit was similar (69% vs. 75%,p = 0.58), as was the mean length of benefit (3.2 vs. 3.5 months,p = 0.11).Conclusions: This study suggests that age and sex influence BoNT-A dosing and outcomes in AdSD.
文摘In order to burn a hydrocarbon fuel efficiently using conventional cycles,very high temperatures are required.Chemical looping combustion（CLC）offers an alternative cycle for large scale power production.In CLC a carrier molecule is used to transport oxygen between two redox reactions,one where the carrier is oxidised and another where it is reduced by reaction with a fuel.Separation of the oxygen carrier from fuel ash can be aided by means of phase difference and this is a key advantage of fluid phase CLC where the carrier medium proposed is sodium,potassium or zinc.The principle exploited in fluid phase CLC is the recirculation of both energy and entropy.High thermal efficiencies,circa 75% at 35 bar are theoretically achievable taking into account component efficiencies,with separation of nitrogen and carbon dioxide,in combination with the water shift gas reaction,as an inherent part of the cycle if air is used as the oxygen source.
